This article studies the willingness of the citizens of the 27 EU countries to change their travel and tourism habits to assume a more sustainable behavior. The study wants to contribute to the recent literature on the topic of interconnections between tourism and sustainability. The data comes from the Flash Eurobarometer survey 499, involving more than 25,000 European citizens. The survey took place in October 2021 and wanted to analyze travel behavior and the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on it, booking channels and information sources for travel preparation, reasons for selecting destinations, options and information on sustainable tourism. The hierarchical structure of the data—citizens within countries—is assumed applying a multilevel approach of analysis that considers heterogeneity between and within countries. The estimation of the multilevel latent class model allowed to identify seven groups of European citizens similar by their willingness to adopt tourism-related sustainability practices, and the association of these latent groups with the 27 European countries. Using sociodemographic variables, it was also possible to profile these groups as well as to describe the typical citizen belonging to each cluster. Moreover, drivers of sustainable tourism are identified, both at country and citizen level. The results of the analyses give many useful information for strategic management in the tourism sector.

Although the numbers are relatively small with respect to non-organic livestock, the importance of organic livestock farms lies in their sustainable coexistence with the natural environment and in the high-quality food products obtained. In this type of production, no artificial chemicals or genetically modified organisms are used, therefore there will be less impact on the environment and, in most cases, native breeds are employed. This paper describes a geostatistical study of organic livestock farms in Andalusia (southern Spain), conducted using information from the 2009 Agricultural Census, by classes of livestock. This region currently records the highest output in Spain for organic livestock farming. The number of farms was fitted according to the univariate generalized Waring distribution, which is presented as a means of analyzing this type of discrete measurement, using agricultural or livestock data. The Waring distribution is used when the frequency of occurrence of a phenomenon is very low and allows one to divide the variance. The most important outcome of this study is the finding that livestock data variability is mainly due to external factors such as the proneness component of the variance.

Pets in general, and dogs in particular, have become an important part of families and their holiday planning. This research presents the results of a survey of dog owners in Spain to find out their perceptions of the possibility of travelling with their pets. The main practical application of this research lies in presenting a series of results that can be useful for destinations that aim to attract this type of tourist to define their places as "dog friendly". Las mascotas en general, y los perros en particular, se han convertido en una parte importante de las familias y de su planificación de las vacaciones. En esta investigación se presentan los resultados de una investigación realizada a propietarios de perros en España para conocer sus percepciones en relación con la posibilidad de viajar con sus mascotas. La principal aplicación práctica de esta investigación radica en presentar una serie de resultados que pueden ser útiles para que los destinos que pretendan atraer a esta tipología de turistas puedan definir sus lugares como “dog friendly”.

Social and behavioural sciences often deal with the analysis of associations for cross-classified data. This paper focuses on the study of the patterns observed on European citizens regarding their attitude towards sustainable tourism, specifically their willingness to change travel and tourism habits to be more sustainable. The data collected the intention to comply with nine sustainable actions; answers to these questions generated individual profiles; moreover, European country belonging is reported. Therefore, unlike a variable-oriented approach, here we are interested in a person-oriented approach through profiles. Some traditional methods are limited in their performance when using profiles, for example, by sparseness of the contingency table. We removed many of these limitations by using a latent class distance association model, clustering the row profiles into classes and representing these together with the categories of the response variable in a low-dimensional space. We showed, furthermore, that an easy interpretation of associations between clusters’ centres and categories of a response variable can be incorporated in this framework in an intuitive way using unfolding. Results of the analyses outlined that citizens mostly committed to an environmentally friendly behavior live in Sweden and Romania; citizens less willing to change their habits towards a more sustainable behavior live in Belgium, Cyprus, France, Lithuania and the Netherlands. Citizens preparedness to change habits however depends also on their socio-demographic characteristics such as gender, age, occupation, type of community where living, household size, and the frequency of travelling before the Covid-19 pandemic.

The measurement of competitiveness requires the consideration of factors specific to a region or country. This article addresses the identification of a basic set of factors that, in comparison with European countries, impact the competitiveness of Latin American countries. A retrospective nonexperimental design was carried out by conducting non‐parametric correlation analysis, testing subsequently with multiple linear regression analysis, as well as structural equation analysis. Next, different predictive models were considered, and the four main variables explaining competitiveness in Europe and Latin America were identified from the Global Competitiveness Report. The selected independent variables were: incidence of corruption, buyers sophistication, pay‐productivity ratio, and investment in research and development. The analyzed models satisfactorily met the assumptions and showed an adequate fit. Two models are reported which synthesize relevant factors explaining the competitiveness of the analyzed countries, favoring a parsimonious approach to the explanation of this variable.