Intentional food crime is plural in nature in terms of the types of crime and the differing levels of financial gain. Successful models of food crime are dependent on how well the crime has been executed and at what point, or even if, detection actually occurs. The aim of this paper is to undertake a literature review and critique the often contradictory definitions that can be found in the literature in order to compare and contrast existing food crime risk assessment tools and their application. Food safety, food defense, and food fraud risk assessments consider different criteria in order to determine the degree of situational risk for each criteria and the measures that need to be implemented to mitigate that risk. Further research is required to support the development of global countermeasures, that are of value in reducing overall risk even when the potential hazards may be largely unknown, and specific countermeasures that can act against unique risks.

Household food waste is gaining an increasing emphasis worldwide. Multiple factors have been identified that contribute to household food waste including a lack of consumer understanding of durability coding and expiration dates on food. The aim of research is to review the evolution of date labeling and associated on-pack information, its interrelationship with household food waste, and potential future developments in intelligent applications to address food waste, transparency of communication and food safety. The length of shelf-life influences food waste with a longer shelf-life leading to less waste. Whilst preservatives extend shelf-life, the trend towards “clean labels” means that alternative intelligent approaches may be required that meet the expectations of consumers, improve personal agency in terms of improving product storage conditions, purchasing behavior to minimize food waste and support effective household inventory management. Intelligent options considered in this paper include: intelligent packaging and also intelligent appliances as part of an internet of things (IoT) enabled “smart kitchen.”