Interest in carbon and clay-based nanofillers has grown in recent years. The crystallization behavior of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) was studied using a variety of notable nanofillers used in engineering applications and prepared using a solution crystallization method. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene oxide nano-platelets, clay (montmorillonite), and modified clay (surface-modified with trimethyl stearyl ammonium) were used to induce heterogeneous crystallization of LDPE. The crystallized LDPE samples, imaged using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, revealed different microstructures for each nanohybrid system, indicating these various nanofillers induce LDPE lamellae ordering. The underlying interactions between polymer and nanofiller were investigated using FTIR spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to determine crystallinity. This work examines how the differences in morphology and chemical structure of the nanofillers induce changes in the nucleation and growth of polymer crystals. These results will provide guidance on functional design of nano-devices with controlled properties.

Background: Waste activated sludge (WAS) has recently gained attention as a feedstock for resource recovery. The aim of this study is to investigate the corrosion inhibition efficiencies of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) extracted from WAS. Methods: The studied corrosion inhibitors were tested with carbon steel in 3.64% NaCl saturated with CO₂ at 25 °C, which is the typical oilfield environment. They were first prepared by EPS extraction (heating at 80 °C), followed by centrifugation for solid and liquid separation, then the supernatant was freeze-thawed five times for sterilization of microorganisms in WAS to terminate metabolic activities in the test inhibitors to ensure consistency in corrosion inhibition. The EPS mixture (supernatant) was then deemed as the test corrosion inhibitor. The inhibition performance was determined using potentiodynamic polarization scans. Results: Waste activated sludge alone showed unsatisfactory inhibition. However, EPS extracted from WAS showed an optimum inhibition of approximately 80% with 1,000 mg/L of inhibitor. The average total solid (TS) and EPS contents of the WAS were 7,330 mg TS/L WAS and 110 mg EPS/g TS, respectively. Three sets of extracted EPS were scanned with fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and showed almost overlapping curves, yielding the consistent inhibition performance. Discussion: The potentiodynamic polarization results indicated that EPS acts as a mixed-type inhibitor which inhibits corrosion on both anode and cathode sites of metal surfaces. Based on the FTIR results, it was assumed that major chemical groups O–H, N–H, C–N, C=O, and C–H contributed to the inhibition by adsorbing on the metal surface, forming a biofilm that acts as a protective barrier to isolate the metal from its corrosive environment. Results show that WAS EPS corrosion inhibitors have inhibition performance comparable to commercial products, signifying their potential in commercialization. This corrosion inhibitor is renewable, biodegradable, non-toxic, and free from heavy metal, making it a superior green corrosion inhibitor candidate. Additionally, turning biomass into value-added product can be beneficial to the environment and, in this case, deriving new materials from WAS could also transform the economics of wastewater treatment operations.

Background: Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) extracted from waste activated sludge (WAS) have previously shown its potential in corrosion inhibition. The aim of this study is to design a synthetic EPS formulation as a surrogate of natural WAS EPS to overcome the corrosion inhibition inconsistency in WAS EPS. The adsorption behavior of the designed inhibitor was studied by kinetic and thermodynamic analyses. Methods: Synthetic EPS is a bio-inspired material that was formulated based on the most typical chemical compositions of natural WAS EPS, that is, proteins, carbohydrates, humic substances, nucleic acids, and uronic acids, which was not optimized for corrosion inhibition performance. It is a mixture of glutamic acid, carboxymethylcellulose, humic acid, thymine, and alginic acid. Its corrosion inhibition performance was tested with carbon steel in 3.64% NaCl saturated with CO₂, using the potentiodynamic polarization scanning technique. The resulted electrochemical parameters were used to evaluate the empirical corrosion kinetic and thermodynamic adsorption parameters. Results: Addition of synthetic EPS showed significant decrease in corrosion rate as compared to the control. The inhibition efficiency improved with increasing inhibitor concentration and temperature. The optimum performance was 94% with 204 mg/L of inhibitor applied at 70 °C (343 K). The inhibition performance was controlled by both the concentration of inhibitor and temperature. Chemisorption of the inhibitor molecules contributed to the overall inhibition performance, reducing the contact of metal with the corrosive environment, thus, slowing down the overall corrosion rate.