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Duncan Whyatt
Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK

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Journal article
Published: 27 April 2020 in Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics
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This paper considers a process through which the wind costs the agricultural industry hundreds of millions of pounds per year - crop lodging. Lodging is the displacement of crops by wind (and rain) that can result in either stem breakage or uprooting. In particular this paper builds upon recent work to develop a generalised model of the lodging process and presents the results of several experimental campaigns to identify dynamic and aerodynamic parameters that are required as inputs to the model in order to estimate lodging wind speeds. These experiments were carried out at various sites in the UK and the Republic of Ireland to determine the natural frequencies, damping ratios and drag areas of maize, oats and oil seed rape. The experimental methodology, which was based upon the tracking of plant displacements, was shown to be robust, and consistent values of the parameters were obtained, albeit with much larger experimental uncertainties than would normally be expected in wind engineering applications. The values of these parameters were also consistent with those of earlier measurements for wheat. The generalised model was then used to determine lodging wind speeds for the three crops, and an assessment was made of the effect of experimental uncertainties in dynamic, aerodynamic and agronomic variables on the predicted values. In broad terms the generalised lodging model was shown to well describe the crop behaviour for isolated crops, and it was shown that it could be used in a simplified form for interlocked crop canopies. It was also shown that uncertainties in the aerodynamic parameters resulted in uncertainties of around an order of magnitude in lodging risk, whilst typical variations between plants in some crop parameters (notably stem strength and radius) could result in lodging risk uncertainties of two orders of magnitude.

ACS Style

G.M.D. Joseph; M. Mohammadi; M. Sterling; C.J. Baker; S.G. Gillmeier; D. Soper; M. Jesson; G.A. Blackburn; J.D. Whyatt; D. Gullick; J. Murray; P. Berry; D. Hartley; J. Finnan. Determination of crop dynamic and aerodynamic parameters for lodging prediction. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 2020, 202, 104169 .

AMA Style

G.M.D. Joseph, M. Mohammadi, M. Sterling, C.J. Baker, S.G. Gillmeier, D. Soper, M. Jesson, G.A. Blackburn, J.D. Whyatt, D. Gullick, J. Murray, P. Berry, D. Hartley, J. Finnan. Determination of crop dynamic and aerodynamic parameters for lodging prediction. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics. 2020; 202 ():104169.

Chicago/Turabian Style

G.M.D. Joseph; M. Mohammadi; M. Sterling; C.J. Baker; S.G. Gillmeier; D. Soper; M. Jesson; G.A. Blackburn; J.D. Whyatt; D. Gullick; J. Murray; P. Berry; D. Hartley; J. Finnan. 2020. "Determination of crop dynamic and aerodynamic parameters for lodging prediction." Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 202, no. : 104169.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2020 in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
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Although intergroup contact can reduce prejudice, opportunities to experience such contact are often constrained by systems of segregation. Work on this problem has focused on divisions entrenched within institutions of residence, education, and employment. Our research employed a complementary approach, which treated segregation as the outcome of individuals' movements over time within everyday life spaces. Taking as a case study Catholics' and Protestants' use of public environments in north Belfast, we used GPS tracking technology, combined with GIS analytics, to explore the time geography of residents' activity space use over a 2-week period (Study 1). We also conducted a field survey to explore how psychological factors shaped their willingness to use activity spaces beyond their own communities (Study 2). Analysis based on around 1,000 hr of raw movement data revealed that north Belfast is marked by high levels of segregation, expressed via residents' limited use of public spaces, facilities, and pathways located in outgroup areas. However, use of shared spaces is also common, with Catholics spending more time in such spaces than Protestants. Structural equation modeling suggested that residents' self-reported willingness to use activity spaces outside their own communities was associated with both negative and positive intergroup contact-relationships partially mediated by realistic threat, symbolic threat, and anxiety over interaction across sectarian lines. Both kinds of contact and realistic threat were also associated with the time residents actually spent in spaces beyond their own communities. Opportunities for integrating psychological and geographic research on contact and segregation are highlighted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

ACS Style

John Dixon; Colin Tredoux; Gemma Davies; Jonny Huck; Bree Hocking; Brendan Sturgeon; Duncan Whyatt; Neil Jarman; Dominic Bryan. Parallel lives: Intergroup contact, threat, and the segregation of everyday activity spaces. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2020, 118, 457 -480.

AMA Style

John Dixon, Colin Tredoux, Gemma Davies, Jonny Huck, Bree Hocking, Brendan Sturgeon, Duncan Whyatt, Neil Jarman, Dominic Bryan. Parallel lives: Intergroup contact, threat, and the segregation of everyday activity spaces. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2020; 118 (3):457-480.

Chicago/Turabian Style

John Dixon; Colin Tredoux; Gemma Davies; Jonny Huck; Bree Hocking; Brendan Sturgeon; Duncan Whyatt; Neil Jarman; Dominic Bryan. 2020. "Parallel lives: Intergroup contact, threat, and the segregation of everyday activity spaces." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 118, no. 3: 457-480.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2020 in City and Environment Interactions
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As a result of differences in heat absorption and release between urban and rural landscapes, cities develop a climate different from their surroundings. The rise in global average surface temperature and high rates of urbanization, make it important to understand the energy balance of cities, including whether any energy-balance-related patterns emerge as a function of city size. In this study, images from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) satellite instrument, covering the period between 2000 and 2017, were sampled to examine the seasonal (winter and summer) night-time clear-sky upwelling long-wave energy for 35 UK cities. Total (area-summed) emitted energy per overpass per city is shown to correlate closely (R2 ≥ 0.79) with population on a log-log ‘allometry’ plot. The production of emitted energy from the larger cities is smaller than would be produced from a constellation of smaller cities housing the same population. The mean allometry slope over all overpasses sampled is 0.84 ± 0.06, implying an ‘economy (or parsimony) of scale’ (i.e., a less-than-proportional increase) of about 21% (i.e. 100(2–100.84log(2))) for each doubling of city population. City area shows a very similar economy of scale, so that the scaling of night-time emitted energy with urban area is close to linear (1.0 ± 0.05). This linearity with area indicates that the urban forms used in UK cities to accommodate people more efficiently per unit area as the urban population grows, do not have a large effect on the thermal output per unit area in each city. Although often appearing superficially very different, UK cities appear to be similar in terms of the components of urban form that dictate thermal properties. The difference between the scaling of the heat source and literature reports of the scaling of urban-rural air (or surface) temperature difference is very marked, suggesting that the other factors affecting the temperature difference act to decrease strongly its scaling with population.

ACS Style

M. Abdulrasheed; A.R. MacKenzie; James Duncan Whyatt; L. Chapman. Allometric scaling of thermal infrared emitted from UK cities and its relation to urban form. City and Environment Interactions 2020, 5, 100037 .

AMA Style

M. Abdulrasheed, A.R. MacKenzie, James Duncan Whyatt, L. Chapman. Allometric scaling of thermal infrared emitted from UK cities and its relation to urban form. City and Environment Interactions. 2020; 5 ():100037.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Abdulrasheed; A.R. MacKenzie; James Duncan Whyatt; L. Chapman. 2020. "Allometric scaling of thermal infrared emitted from UK cities and its relation to urban form." City and Environment Interactions 5, no. : 100037.

Journal article
Published: 17 February 2020 in British Journal of Social Psychology
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Institutional structures of segregation typically entrench social inequality and sustain wider patterns of intergroup conflict and discrimination. However, initiatives to dismantle such structures may provoke resistance. Executive proposals to dismantle Northern Ireland's peace walls by 2023 provide a compelling case study of the nature of such resistance and may thus provide important clues about how it might be overcome. Drawing on a field survey conducted in north Belfast (n = 488), this research explored the role of physical proximity, realistic and symbolic threat, and past experiences of positive and negative cross-community contact on Catholic and Protestant residents' support for removing the walls. Structural equation modelling suggested that both forms of contact and proximity were significantly related to such support and that these relationships were partially mediated by realistic threat. It also suggested that positive contact moderated the effects of proximity. That is, for residents who had more frequent positive interactions with members of the other community, proximity to a peace wall had a weaker relationship with resistance to their removal than residents who had less frequent contact.

ACS Style

John Dixon; Colin Tredoux; Brendan Sturgeon; Bree Hocking; Gemma Davies; Jonathan Huck; James Duncan Whyatt; Neil Jarman; Dominic Bryan. ‘When the walls come tumbling down’: The role of intergroup proximity, threat, and contact in shaping attitudes towards the removal of Northern Ireland’s peace walls. British Journal of Social Psychology 2020, 59, 922 -944.

AMA Style

John Dixon, Colin Tredoux, Brendan Sturgeon, Bree Hocking, Gemma Davies, Jonathan Huck, James Duncan Whyatt, Neil Jarman, Dominic Bryan. ‘When the walls come tumbling down’: The role of intergroup proximity, threat, and contact in shaping attitudes towards the removal of Northern Ireland’s peace walls. British Journal of Social Psychology. 2020; 59 (4):922-944.

Chicago/Turabian Style

John Dixon; Colin Tredoux; Brendan Sturgeon; Bree Hocking; Gemma Davies; Jonathan Huck; James Duncan Whyatt; Neil Jarman; Dominic Bryan. 2020. "‘When the walls come tumbling down’: The role of intergroup proximity, threat, and contact in shaping attitudes towards the removal of Northern Ireland’s peace walls." British Journal of Social Psychology 59, no. 4: 922-944.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2019 in International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation
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ACS Style

Christopher B. Obida; George A. Blackburn; James Duncan Whyatt; Kirk Semple. River network delineation from Sentinel-1 SAR data. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 2019, 83, 1 .

AMA Style

Christopher B. Obida, George A. Blackburn, James Duncan Whyatt, Kirk Semple. River network delineation from Sentinel-1 SAR data. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. 2019; 83 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christopher B. Obida; George A. Blackburn; James Duncan Whyatt; Kirk Semple. 2019. "River network delineation from Sentinel-1 SAR data." International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 83, no. : 1.

Accepted manuscript
Published: 24 October 2019 in Environmental Research Letters
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We present allometric-scaling relationships between non-point-source emissions of air pollutants and settlement population, using 3030 urban settlements in Great Britain (home to ca. 80% of the population of that region). Sub-linear scalings (slope < 1.0; standard error on slope ~ 0.01; r2 > 0.6) were found for the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and microscopic airborne particles (PM10 and PM2.5). That is, emissions of these pollutants from larger cities are lower per capita than would be expected when compared to the same population dispersed in smaller settlements. The scalings of traffic-related emissions are disaggregated into a component due to under-use of roads in small settlements and a fraction due to congestion in large settlements. We use these scalings of emissions, along with a scaling related to urban form, to explain quantitatively how and why urban airshed-average air pollutant concentrations also scale with population. Our predicted concentration scaling with population is strongly sub-linear, with a slope about half that of the emissions scaling, consistent with satellite measurements of NO2 columns over large cities across Europe. We demonstrate that the urban form of a particular settlement can result in the airshed-average air pollution of that settlement being much larger or smaller than expected. We extend our analysis to predict that the likelihood of occurrence of local air pollution hotspots will scale super-linearly with population, a testable hypothesis that awaits suitable data. Our analysis suggests that coordinated management of emissions and urban form would strongly reduce the likelihood of local pollutant hotspots occurring whilst also ameliorating the urban heat island effect under climate change.

ACS Style

Rob MacKenzie; Duncan Whyatt; Matthew Barnes; Gemma Davies; C Nicholas Hewitt. Urban form strongly mediates the allometric scaling of airshed pollution concentrations. Environmental Research Letters 2019, 14, 124078 .

AMA Style

Rob MacKenzie, Duncan Whyatt, Matthew Barnes, Gemma Davies, C Nicholas Hewitt. Urban form strongly mediates the allometric scaling of airshed pollution concentrations. Environmental Research Letters. 2019; 14 (12):124078.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rob MacKenzie; Duncan Whyatt; Matthew Barnes; Gemma Davies; C Nicholas Hewitt. 2019. "Urban form strongly mediates the allometric scaling of airshed pollution concentrations." Environmental Research Letters 14, no. 12: 124078.

Review
Published: 12 September 2019 in Environmental Science & Technology
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Many modern populations spend ~90% of their time indoors, with household particulate matter being linked to millions of premature deaths worldwide. Particulate matter is currently measured using particle mass, particle number and particle size distribution metrics, with other metrics, such as particle surface area, likely to be of increasing importance in the future. Particulate mass is measured using gravimetric samplers and photometers and is best suited to use in compliance monitoring, trend analysis and high spatial resolution measurements. Particle numbers are measured by Condensation Particle Counters, Optical Particle Counters and Diffusion Chargers. Particle number measurements are best suited to source characterisation, trend analysis and ultrafine particle investigations. Particle size distributions are measured by gravimetric impactors, Scanning Mobility Particle Sizers, Aerodynamic Particle Sizers and Fast Mobility Particle Sizers. Particle size distribution measurements are most useful in source characterisation and particulate matter property investigations. Most measurement options remain expensive and intrusive. However, we are on the cusp of a revolution in indoor air quality monitoring and management. Low-cost sensors will facilitate personalized information about IAQ, allowing citizens to reduce exposures to PM indoors and to resolve issues such as IAQ vs energy efficiency. Indeed, the low cost will put this simple technology in the hands of citizens who wish to monitor their own IAQ in the home or workplace, to inform lifestyle decisions. Low-cost sensor networks also look promising as the solution to measuring spatial distributions of PM indoors, although there are important sensor/data quality, technological and ethical barriers to address. An improved understanding of epidemiology is essential to understanding which metrics correlate most against health effects, allowing indoor specific PM standards to be developed and to inform the future of experimental applications.

ACS Style

Scott Lowther; Kevin C. Jones; Xinming Wang; James Duncan Whyatt; Oliver Wild; Douglas Booker. Particulate Matter Measurement Indoors: A Review of Metrics, Sensors, Needs, and Applications. Environmental Science & Technology 2019, 53, 11644 -11656.

AMA Style

Scott Lowther, Kevin C. Jones, Xinming Wang, James Duncan Whyatt, Oliver Wild, Douglas Booker. Particulate Matter Measurement Indoors: A Review of Metrics, Sensors, Needs, and Applications. Environmental Science & Technology. 2019; 53 (20):11644-11656.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Scott Lowther; Kevin C. Jones; Xinming Wang; James Duncan Whyatt; Oliver Wild; Douglas Booker. 2019. "Particulate Matter Measurement Indoors: A Review of Metrics, Sensors, Needs, and Applications." Environmental Science & Technology 53, no. 20: 11644-11656.

Article
Published: 16 July 2019 in Precision Agriculture
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Within the agrifood sector, the production of high yields is a driver for UK orchard husbandry. Currently, orchard tree management is typically a non-discriminatory method with all trees subjected to the same interventions. Previous studies indicate that structural complexity of individual orchard trees is an indicator for future yield, which can guide the management of individual trees. However, data on the structure of individual trees is often limited. This study investigated the suitability of using remote sensing methods to capture data that can be used to quantify tree structure. Descriptive metrics based on the mathematical assessment of self-affinity and dimensionality were applied to the remotely-sensed data to quantify tree structure, and were also analysed for suitability as a predictor of fruit yield. The findings suggest that while proximal photogrammetry is informative, terrestrial LiDAR data can be used to quantify structural complexity most effectively and this approach holds greater potential for informing orchard management.

ACS Style

Jon Murray; Joseph T. Fennell; George Alan Blackburn; James Duncan Whyatt; Bo Li. The novel use of proximal photogrammetry and terrestrial LiDAR to quantify the structural complexity of orchard trees. Precision Agriculture 2019, 21, 473 -483.

AMA Style

Jon Murray, Joseph T. Fennell, George Alan Blackburn, James Duncan Whyatt, Bo Li. The novel use of proximal photogrammetry and terrestrial LiDAR to quantify the structural complexity of orchard trees. Precision Agriculture. 2019; 21 (3):473-483.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jon Murray; Joseph T. Fennell; George Alan Blackburn; James Duncan Whyatt; Bo Li. 2019. "The novel use of proximal photogrammetry and terrestrial LiDAR to quantify the structural complexity of orchard trees." Precision Agriculture 21, no. 3: 473-483.

Conference paper
Published: 08 July 2019 in Precision agriculture ’19
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ACS Style

P. Berry; A. Blackburn; M. Sterling; Y. Miao; D. Hatley; D. Gullick; G. Joseph; James Duncan Whyatt; David Soper; Jon Murray; C. Baker. A multi-disciplinary approach for the precision management of lodging risk. Precision agriculture ’19 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

P. Berry, A. Blackburn, M. Sterling, Y. Miao, D. Hatley, D. Gullick, G. Joseph, James Duncan Whyatt, David Soper, Jon Murray, C. Baker. A multi-disciplinary approach for the precision management of lodging risk. Precision agriculture ’19. 2019; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

P. Berry; A. Blackburn; M. Sterling; Y. Miao; D. Hatley; D. Gullick; G. Joseph; James Duncan Whyatt; David Soper; Jon Murray; C. Baker. 2019. "A multi-disciplinary approach for the precision management of lodging risk." Precision agriculture ’19 , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 24 June 2019 in Remote Sensing of Environment
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To assess the accuracy of individual tree crown (ITC) delineation techniques the same tree needs to be identified in two different datasets, for example, ground reference (GR) data and crowns delineated from LiDAR. Many studies use arbitrary metrics or simple linear-distance thresholds to match trees in different datasets without quantifying the level of agreement. For example, successful match-pairing is often claimed where two data points, representing the same tree in different datasets, are located within 5 m of one another. Such simple measures are inadequate for representing the multi-variate nature of ITC delineations and generate misleading measures of delineation accuracy. In this study, we develop a new framework for objectively quantifying the agreement between GR and remotely-sensed tree datasets: the Accuracy of Remotely-sensed Biophysical Observation and Retrieval (ARBOR) framework. Using common biophysical properties of ITC delineated trees (location, height and crown area), trees represented in different data sets were modelled as overlapping Gaussian curves to facilitate a more comprehensive assessment of the level of agreement. Extensive testing quantified the limitations of some frequently used match-pairing methods, in particular, the Hausdorff distance algorithm. We demonstrate that within the ARBOR framework, the Hungarian combinatorial optimisation algorithm improves the match between datasets, while the Jaccard similarity coefficient is effective for measuring the correspondence between the matched data populations. The ARBOR framework was applied to GR and remotely-sensed tree data from a woodland study site to demonstrate how ARBOR can identify the optimum ITC delineation technique, out of four different methods tested, based on two measures of statistical accuracy. Using ARBOR will limit further reliance on arbitrary thresholds as it provides an objective approach for quantifying accuracy in the development and application of ITC delineation algorithms.

ACS Style

Jon Murray; David Gullick; George Alan Blackburn; James Duncan Whyatt; Christopher Edwards. ARBOR: A new framework for assessing the accuracy of individual tree crown delineation from remotely-sensed data. Remote Sensing of Environment 2019, 231, 111256 .

AMA Style

Jon Murray, David Gullick, George Alan Blackburn, James Duncan Whyatt, Christopher Edwards. ARBOR: A new framework for assessing the accuracy of individual tree crown delineation from remotely-sensed data. Remote Sensing of Environment. 2019; 231 ():111256.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jon Murray; David Gullick; George Alan Blackburn; James Duncan Whyatt; Christopher Edwards. 2019. "ARBOR: A new framework for assessing the accuracy of individual tree crown delineation from remotely-sensed data." Remote Sensing of Environment 231, no. : 111256.

Articles
Published: 30 May 2019 in Annals of the American Association of Geographers
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Long-standing tensions between Protestant and Catholic communities in Northern Ireland have led to high levels of segregation. This article explores the spaces within which residents of north Belfast move within everyday life and the extent to which these are influenced by segregation. We focus in particular on the role that interconnecting tertiary streets have on patterns of mobility. We adapt Grannis’s (1998 Grannis, R. 1998. The importance of trivial streets: Residential streets and residential segregation. American Journal of Sociology 103 (6):1530–64.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) concept to define T-communities from sets of interconnecting tertiary streets within north Belfast. These are combined with more than 6,000 Global Positioning System (GPS) tracks collected from local residents to assess the amount of time spent within different spaces. Spaces are divided into areas of residents’ own community affiliations (in-group), areas not clearly associated with either community (mixed), or areas of opposing community affiliation (out-group). We further differentiate space as being either within a T-community or along a section of main road. Our work extends research on T-communities by expanding their role beyond exploring residential preference, to explore, instead, networks of (dis)connection through which social divisions are expressed via everyday mobility practices. We conclude that residents are significantly less likely to move within mixed and out-group areas and that this is especially true within T-communities. It is also evident that residents are more likely to travel along out-group sections of a main road if they are in a vehicle and that women show no greater likelihood than men to move within out-group space. Evidence from GPS tracks also provides insights into some areas where mixing appears to occur. Key Words: GIS, Northern Ireland, postconflict, segregation, T-communities.

ACS Style

Gemma Davies; John Dixon; Colin G. Tredoux; J. Duncan Whyatt; Jonny J. Huck; Brendan Sturgeon; Bree T. Hocking; Neil Jarman; Dominic Bryan. Networks of (Dis)connection: Mobility Practices, Tertiary Streets, and Sectarian Divisions in North Belfast. Annals of the American Association of Geographers 2019, 109, 1729 -1747.

AMA Style

Gemma Davies, John Dixon, Colin G. Tredoux, J. Duncan Whyatt, Jonny J. Huck, Brendan Sturgeon, Bree T. Hocking, Neil Jarman, Dominic Bryan. Networks of (Dis)connection: Mobility Practices, Tertiary Streets, and Sectarian Divisions in North Belfast. Annals of the American Association of Geographers. 2019; 109 (6):1729-1747.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gemma Davies; John Dixon; Colin G. Tredoux; J. Duncan Whyatt; Jonny J. Huck; Brendan Sturgeon; Bree T. Hocking; Neil Jarman; Dominic Bryan. 2019. "Networks of (Dis)connection: Mobility Practices, Tertiary Streets, and Sectarian Divisions in North Belfast." Annals of the American Association of Geographers 109, no. 6: 1729-1747.

Journal article
Published: 08 February 2019 in Remote Sensing
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Egypt has one of the largest and fastest growing populations in the world. However, nearly 96% of the total land area is uninhabited desert and 96% of the population is concentrated around the River Nile valley and the Delta. This unbalanced distribution and dramatically rising population have caused severe socio-economic problems. In this research, 24 land use/land cover (LULC) maps from 1992 to 2015 were used to monitor LULC changes in the Nile Delta and quantify the rates and types of LULC transitions. The results show that 74,600 hectares of fertile agricultural land in the Nile Delta (Old Lands) was lost to urban expansion over the 24 year period at an average rate of 3,108 ha year-1, whilst 206,100 hectares of bare land was converted to agricultural land (New Lands) at an average rate of 8,588 ha year-1. A Cellular Automata-Markov (CA-Markov) integrated model was used to simulate future alternative LULC change scenarios. Under a Business as Usual scenario, 87,000 hectares of land transitioned from agricultural land to urban areas by 2030, posing a threat to the agricultural sector sustainability and food security in Egypt. Three alternative future scenarios were developed to promote urban development elsewhere, hence, with potential to preserve the fertile soils of the Nile Delta. A scenario which permitted urban expansion into the desert only preserved the largest amount of agricultural land in the Nile Delta. However, a scenario that encouraged urban expansion into the desert and adjacent to areas of existing high population density resulted in almost the same area of agricultural land being preserved. The alternative future scenarios are valuable for supporting policy development and planning decisions in Egypt and demonstrating that continued urban development is possible while minimising the threats to environmental sustainability and national food security.

ACS Style

Taher M. Radwan; G. Alan Blackburn; J. Duncan Whyatt; Peter M. Atkinson. Dramatic Loss of Agricultural Land Due to Urban Expansion Threatens Food Security in the Nile Delta, Egypt. Remote Sensing 2019, 11, 332 .

AMA Style

Taher M. Radwan, G. Alan Blackburn, J. Duncan Whyatt, Peter M. Atkinson. Dramatic Loss of Agricultural Land Due to Urban Expansion Threatens Food Security in the Nile Delta, Egypt. Remote Sensing. 2019; 11 (3):332.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Taher M. Radwan; G. Alan Blackburn; J. Duncan Whyatt; Peter M. Atkinson. 2019. "Dramatic Loss of Agricultural Land Due to Urban Expansion Threatens Food Security in the Nile Delta, Egypt." Remote Sensing 11, no. 3: 332.

Research article
Published: 05 February 2019 in Earth Surface Processes and Landforms
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Intertidal bars are common in meso‐macrotidal low‐to‐moderate energy coastal environments and an understanding of their morphodynamics is important from the perspective of both coastal scientists and managers. However, previous studies have typically been limited by considering bar systems two‐dimensionally, or with very limited alongshore resolution. This paper presents the first multi‐annual study of intertidal alongshore bars and troughs in a macro‐tidal environment using airborne LiDAR data to extract three‐dimensional bar morphology at high resolution. Bar and trough positions are mapped along a 17.5 km stretch of coastline in the northwest of England on the eastern Irish Sea, using eight complete, and one partial, LiDAR surveys spanning 17 years. Typically, 3 – 4 bars are present, with significant obliquity identified in their orientation. This orientation mirrors the alignment of waves from the dominant south‐westerly direction of wave approach, undergoing refraction as they approach the shoreline. Bars also become narrower and steeper as they migrate onshore, in a pattern reminiscent of wave shoaling. This suggests that the configuration of the bars is being influenced by overlying wave activity. Net onshore migration is present for the entire coastline, though rates vary alongshore, and periods of offshore migration may occur locally, with greatest variability between northern and southern regions of the coastline. This work highlights the need to consider intertidal bar systems as three‐dimensional, particularly on coastlines with complex configurations and bathymetry, as localised studies of bar migration can overlook three‐dimensional behaviour. Furthermore, the wider potential of LiDAR data in enabling high‐resolution morphodynamic studies is clear, both within the coastal domain and beyond.

ACS Style

Andrew Miles; Suzana Ilic; Duncan Whyatt; Michael R. James. Characterizing beach intertidal bar systems using multi‐annual LiDAR data. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 2019, 44, 1572 -1583.

AMA Style

Andrew Miles, Suzana Ilic, Duncan Whyatt, Michael R. James. Characterizing beach intertidal bar systems using multi‐annual LiDAR data. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 2019; 44 (8):1572-1583.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrew Miles; Suzana Ilic; Duncan Whyatt; Michael R. James. 2019. "Characterizing beach intertidal bar systems using multi‐annual LiDAR data." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 44, no. 8: 1572-1583.

Journal article
Published: 13 November 2018 in Annals of the American Association of Geographers
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ACS Style

Jonny J. Huck; J. Duncan Whyatt; John Dixon; Brendan Sturgeon; Bree Hocking; Gemma Davies; Neil Jarman; Dominic Bryan. Exploring Segregation and Sharing in Belfast: A PGIS Approach. Annals of the American Association of Geographers 2018, 109, 223 -241.

AMA Style

Jonny J. Huck, J. Duncan Whyatt, John Dixon, Brendan Sturgeon, Bree Hocking, Gemma Davies, Neil Jarman, Dominic Bryan. Exploring Segregation and Sharing in Belfast: A PGIS Approach. Annals of the American Association of Geographers. 2018; 109 (1):223-241.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jonny J. Huck; J. Duncan Whyatt; John Dixon; Brendan Sturgeon; Bree Hocking; Gemma Davies; Neil Jarman; Dominic Bryan. 2018. "Exploring Segregation and Sharing in Belfast: A PGIS Approach." Annals of the American Association of Geographers 109, no. 1: 223-241.

Journal article
Published: 03 September 2018 in Mobilities
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ACS Style

Bree T. Hocking; Brendan Sturgeon; Duncan Whyatt; Gemma Davies; Jonny Huck; John Dixon; Neil Jarman; Dominic Bryan. Negotiating the ground: ‘mobilizing’ a divided field site in the ‘post-conflict’ city. Mobilities 2018, 13, 876 -893.

AMA Style

Bree T. Hocking, Brendan Sturgeon, Duncan Whyatt, Gemma Davies, Jonny Huck, John Dixon, Neil Jarman, Dominic Bryan. Negotiating the ground: ‘mobilizing’ a divided field site in the ‘post-conflict’ city. Mobilities. 2018; 13 (6):876-893.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bree T. Hocking; Brendan Sturgeon; Duncan Whyatt; Gemma Davies; Jonny Huck; John Dixon; Neil Jarman; Dominic Bryan. 2018. "Negotiating the ground: ‘mobilizing’ a divided field site in the ‘post-conflict’ city." Mobilities 13, no. 6: 876-893.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2017 in Atmospheric Environment
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ACS Style

M.A. Solera García; R.J. Timmis; N. Van Dijk; J.D. Whyatt; I.D. Leith; S.R. Leeson; C.F. Braban; L.J. Sheppard; M.A. Sutton; Y.S. Tang. Directional passive ambient air monitoring of ammonia for fugitive source attribution; a field trial with wind tunnel characteristics. Atmospheric Environment 2017, 167, 576 -585.

AMA Style

M.A. Solera García, R.J. Timmis, N. Van Dijk, J.D. Whyatt, I.D. Leith, S.R. Leeson, C.F. Braban, L.J. Sheppard, M.A. Sutton, Y.S. Tang. Directional passive ambient air monitoring of ammonia for fugitive source attribution; a field trial with wind tunnel characteristics. Atmospheric Environment. 2017; 167 ():576-585.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M.A. Solera García; R.J. Timmis; N. Van Dijk; J.D. Whyatt; I.D. Leith; S.R. Leeson; C.F. Braban; L.J. Sheppard; M.A. Sutton; Y.S. Tang. 2017. "Directional passive ambient air monitoring of ammonia for fugitive source attribution; a field trial with wind tunnel characteristics." Atmospheric Environment 167, no. : 576-585.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2016 in Applied Geography
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ACS Style

A.M. Gormally; J.D. Whyatt; R.J. Timmis; C.G. Pooley. Renewable energy scenarios: Exploring technology, acceptance and climate – Options at the community-scale. Applied Geography 2016, 74, 73 -83.

AMA Style

A.M. Gormally, J.D. Whyatt, R.J. Timmis, C.G. Pooley. Renewable energy scenarios: Exploring technology, acceptance and climate – Options at the community-scale. Applied Geography. 2016; 74 ():73-83.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A.M. Gormally; J.D. Whyatt; R.J. Timmis; C.G. Pooley. 2016. "Renewable energy scenarios: Exploring technology, acceptance and climate – Options at the community-scale." Applied Geography 74, no. : 73-83.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2016 in International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation
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This study aims to determine the dynamics and controls of Surface Urban Heat Sinks (SUHS) and Surface Urban Heat Islands (SUHI) in desert cities, using Dubai as a case study. A Local Climate Zone (LCZ) schema was developed to subdivide the city into different zones based on similarities in land cover and urban geometry. Proximity to the Gulf Coast was also determined for each LCZ. The LCZs were then used to sample seasonal and daily imagery from the MODIS thermal sensor to determine Land Surface Temperature (LST) variations relative to desert sand. Canonical correlation techniques were then applied to determine which factors explained the variability between urban and desert LST. Our results indicate that the daytime SUHS effect is greatest during the summer months (typically ∼3.0 °C) with the strongest cooling effects in open high-rise zones of the city. In contrast, the night-time SUHI effect is greatest during the winter months (typically ∼3.5 °C) with the strongest warming effects in compact mid-rise zones of the city. Proximity to the Arabian Gulf had the largest influence on both SUHS and SUHI phenomena, promoting daytime cooling in the summer months and night-time warming in the winter months. However, other parameters associated with the urban environment such as building height had an influence on daytime cooling, with larger buildings promoting shade and variations in airflow. Likewise, other parameters such as sky view factor contributed to night-time warming, with higher temperatures associated with limited views of the sky.

ACS Style

Ahmed K. Nassar; G. Alan Blackburn; J. Duncan Whyatt. Dynamics and controls of urban heat sink and island phenomena in a desert city: Development of a local climate zone scheme using remotely-sensed inputs. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 2016, 51, 76 -90.

AMA Style

Ahmed K. Nassar, G. Alan Blackburn, J. Duncan Whyatt. Dynamics and controls of urban heat sink and island phenomena in a desert city: Development of a local climate zone scheme using remotely-sensed inputs. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. 2016; 51 ():76-90.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmed K. Nassar; G. Alan Blackburn; J. Duncan Whyatt. 2016. "Dynamics and controls of urban heat sink and island phenomena in a desert city: Development of a local climate zone scheme using remotely-sensed inputs." International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 51, no. : 76-90.

Journal article
Published: 18 June 2015 in Journal of Spatial Information Science
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ACS Style

Jonny Huck; Duncan Whyatt; Paul Coulton. Visualizing patterns in spatially ambiguous point data. Journal of Spatial Information Science 2015, 1 .

AMA Style

Jonny Huck, Duncan Whyatt, Paul Coulton. Visualizing patterns in spatially ambiguous point data. Journal of Spatial Information Science. 2015; (10):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jonny Huck; Duncan Whyatt; Paul Coulton. 2015. "Visualizing patterns in spatially ambiguous point data." Journal of Spatial Information Science , no. 10: 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2015 in Remote Sensing of Environment
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Gas flaring has gained global recognition as a prominent agent of pollution, leading to the establishment of the Global Gas Flaring Reduction (GGFR) initiative, which requires an objective means of monitoring flaring activity. Because auditable information on flaring activity is difficult to obtain there have recently been attempts to detect flares using satellite imagery, typically at global scales. However, to adequately assess the environmental and health impacts of flaring from local to regional scales, it is important that we have a means of acquiring information on the location of individual active flaring sites and the volume of gas combusted at these sites. In this study we developed an approach to the retrieval of such information using nighttime MODIS thermal imagery. The MODIS flare detection technique (MODET) and the MODIS flare volume estimation technique (MOVET) both exploit the absolute and contextual radiometric response of flare sites. The levels of detection accuracy and estimation error were quantified using independent observations of flare location and volume. The MODET and MOVET were applied to an archive of MODIS data spanning 2000–2014 covering the Niger Delta, Nigeria, a significant global hotspot of flaring activity. The results demonstrate the substantial spatial and temporal variability in gas flaring across the region, between states and between onshore and offshore sites. Thus, whilst the estimated total volume of gas flared in the region over the study period is large (350 Billion Cubic Metres), the heterogeneity in the flaring indicates that the impacts of such flares will be highly variable in space and time. In this context, the MODET and MOVET offer a consistent and objective means of monitoring flaring activity over an appropriate range of scales and it is now important that their robustness and transferability is tested in other oil-producing regions of the world

ACS Style

Obinna C.D. Anejionu; G. Alan Blackburn; J. Duncan Whyatt. Detecting gas flares and estimating flaring volumes at individual flow stations using MODIS data. Remote Sensing of Environment 2015, 158, 81 -94.

AMA Style

Obinna C.D. Anejionu, G. Alan Blackburn, J. Duncan Whyatt. Detecting gas flares and estimating flaring volumes at individual flow stations using MODIS data. Remote Sensing of Environment. 2015; 158 ():81-94.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Obinna C.D. Anejionu; G. Alan Blackburn; J. Duncan Whyatt. 2015. "Detecting gas flares and estimating flaring volumes at individual flow stations using MODIS data." Remote Sensing of Environment 158, no. : 81-94.