Cement-based materials are widely utilized in infrastructure. The main product of hydrated products of cement-based materials is calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gels that are considered as the binding phase of cement paste. C-S-H gels in Portland cement paste account for 60–70% of hydrated products by volume, which has profound influence on the mechanical properties and durability of cement-based materials. The preparation method of C-S-H gels has been well documented, but the quality of the prepared C-S-H affects experimental results; therefore, this review studies the preparation method of C-S-H under different conditions and materials. The progress related to C-S-H microstructure is explored from the theoretical and computational point of view. The fractality of C-S-H is discussed. An evaluation of the mechanical properties of C-S-H has also been included in this review. Finally, there is a discussion of the durability of C-S-H, with special reference to the carbonization and chloride/sulfate attacks.

Magnesium oxysulfate (MOS) cement is a typical eco-friendly cementitious material, which presents excellent performances. In this work, a novel multiscale modeling strategy is proposed to simulate the hydration and pore structure of MOS cement system. This work collected and evaluated the Gibbs free energy of formation for main hydrates and equilibrium constant of main reactions in MOS cement system based on a first principle calculation using Material Studio. Followingly, the equilibrium phase compositions of MOS cement system were simulated through PHREEQC to investigate the molar ratio dependence of equilibrium phase compositions. Results showed that large M (MgO/MgSO₄) was beneficial for the formation of 5Mg(OH)₂·MgSO₄·7H₂O (Phase 517) and large H (H₂O/MgSO₄) tended to decompose MOS cement paste and cause leaching. The microstructure-based method visualized the hydration status of MOS cement systems at initial and ultimate stages via MATLAB and the results showed that large M was significant to reduce porosity, and similar results for the case of small H. Fractal analysis confirms that fractal dimension of pore structure (D_f) was significantly decreased after the hydration of MOS and was positively correlated to the porosity of the paste. In addition, it can be referred that large M and small H were beneficial for modifying the microstructure of MOS paste by decreasing the value of D_f.