Floods are the most frequent natural disasters in the world. In the system of warning and flood protection of areas at risk of flooding in the event of its occurrence, it seems advisable to initially work out the possibility of evacuating the population, animals, equipment, material values, etc. In this article, a methodology for determining destinations (points of destination) for the evacuation of people and equipment from a predicted flood zone (of a natural disaster) to a safe area is proposed based upon the criterion of the shortest possible distance. In the paper, a scenario is considered that involves the contours of the flood zone boundaries for several variants of the intensity of the probable development of future events (with the aid of geoinformation technologies), and the coordinates of the objects to evacuate are permanent and known in advance. With the known coordinates of the objects and the closest points of the boundary of the predicted flood zone, the shortest distances can be calculated. Based on these calculations, the appropriate destinations for evacuation are determined. The proposed methodology can be used for flood forecasting and flood zone modeling to assess the economic and social risks of their aftereffects and to allow the public, local governments, and other organizations to better understand the potential risks of floods and to identify the measures needed to save lives and avoid damage to and loss of property and equipment. This methodology, in contrast to known approaches, allows the determination of the nearest locations for the evacuation of people and equipment from a flood zone (of a natural disaster) to safe areas, to be determined for several variants, depending on the possible development of future events. The methodology is algorithm-driven and presented in the form of a flowchart and is suitable for use in the appropriate software. The proposed methodology is an introduction to the next stages of research related to the determination of safe places for evacuation of people and their property (equipment) to safe places. This is especially important in case of sudden weather events (flash floods).

Today, unmanned systems have become one of the key weapons in the war against Russia, new and different ways of using these systems are being introduced, and the search for new ways of using them continues. For example, the Armed Forces of Ukraine use walking unmanned ground complexes of the Robot Dog type due to the features of the design, as well as mass, dimensions and cargo capabilities. Complexes of the Robot Dog type are already used for humanitarian missions, for example, they are used for demining territories. They also perform security and surveillance functions, patrolling the territory; study of hard-to-reach places, monitoring and reconnaissance, data collection in dangerous or difficult conditions. Such complexes are used for the transportation of light cargo (medical equipment or necessary resources). The article analyzes modern popular multifunctional biomorphic walking ground platforms - unmanned ground complexes of the Robot Dog type. Their functions and capabilities are considered, and the tasks performed today by walking unmanned ground systems of the Robot Dog type in the armed forces of the leading countries of the world are given. The main tactical and technical characteristics of these samples are provided. The evaluation of the level of technical perfection by the proportional scale and the "rating-weight" scale of the five most common samples of walking unmanned ground complexes of the Robot Dog type was carried out, and the influence of negative indicators of the technical perfection of the sample on its comprehensive evaluation. The rating among the studied samples of the same type of walking unmanned ground complexes of the Robot Dog type was determined.

Unmanned systems, and specifically Unmanned Ground Vehicles, have become a crucial element in conducting combat operations during Ukraine's war for independence against the russian aggressor. A fairly wide range of tasks is assigned to them, based on their purpose: reconnaissance, strike (fire support), logistics, evacuation, and others. The article provides an analysis of the most common multifunctional Unmanned Ground Vehicle models of various types, including those officially codified, currently in use by the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The potential and limitations of Unmanned Ground Vehicles are outlined based on an analysis of their tactical and technical characteristics and combat capabilities drawn from operational experience. The key performance indicator for evaluating the effectiveness of a Unmanned Ground Vehicle unit's application is defined and substantiated. This indicator incorporates group metrics: functionality / combat capabilities, maneuverability, protection (survivability), and autonomy. The interpretation of the chosen components is also commented upon. A developed methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of Unmanned Ground Vehicle unit application is presented. This methodology is based on a multi-criteria evaluation method using a group of indicators with weighting coefficients, and the main criterion is defined as a quantitative (numerical) performance indicator. The stages for evaluating the effectiveness of combat Unmanned Ground Vehicle application using the developed methodology are provided. An evaluation of the effectiveness of a combat Unmanned Ground Vehicle in performing its assigned tasks is conducted, and an illustrative example is provided for clarity.

Today, there is witnessing the process of integrated use of unmanned systems on the battlefield. Intensive work is underway to develop new models and various types of unmanned ground systems are being adopted. a qualitative effectiveness assessment of the use for existing and promising models of unmanned systems is necessary.Modern methods of the effectiveness assessing of the units use are analyzed. In the article, the graph-analytical method "potential square" using estimated partial indicators was chosen to assess the effectiveness of the use for combat unmanned systems. The total combat potential was chosen as a complex indicator and its components were substantiated: combat power; combat survivability, maneuverability and management potentials. A comprehensive assessment of the combat potential for the use of combat unmanned systems and their components was carried out using the "potential square" method for the "RIS Pro" remote controlled platform with the "Shablya M2" combat module with the task of defense. The obtained calculations were analyzed and conclusions were drawn regarding the features of the combat use of the sample. It is determinated that the sample is considered combat-ready; the individual components of the aggregate potential demonstrate that: combat power corresponds to the medium level; combat survivability, manoeuvring and management potentials correspond to the high level. Based on the obtained analysis result, recommendations are further provided for the sample as a whole and separately for each of its components. For example, to improve combat power, a mobile camera with a daytime thermal camera with a better zoom could be added; improving the cross-country ability and maneuverability of the system could be achieved using caterpillars or larger wheels. Thus, the methodology allows assessing the potential effectiveness of combat unmanned ground systems. The practical implementation of the proposed methodology based on the application of combat potential data will allow assessing the effectiveness of performing tasks by combat unmanned ground systems, clearly seeing existing problematic issues and justifying directions for their elimination.

Unmanned Systems and Unmanned Ground Vehicles, in particular, have become a crucial element of modern combat operations during the war for Ukraine’s independence against the Russian aggressor. A wide spectrum of tasks is assigned to them based on their designated roles: Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance, strike (fire support), logistics, medical evacuation, etc. This article provides an analysis of the most common types of multi-functional Unmanned Ground Vehicles in the Armed Forces of Ukraine, including those that are codified. It outlines the potential and limitations of Unmanned Ground Vehicles, based on an analysis of their Tactical and Technical Characteristics and combat capabilities derived from operational experience. The key performance indicator for evaluating the combat effectiveness of a Unmanned Ground Vehicle unit is determined and substantiated. This performance indicator integrates aggregate metrics: Functionality/Combat Capabilities, Maneuverability, Survivability/Protection, Autonomy, and a list of partial components. The influence of improving partial indicators on the Unmanned Ground Vehicles effectiveness assessment is determined using the system sensitivity analysis method. The article presents an effectiveness evaluation of the designated tasks performed by a modernized combat Unmanned Ground Vehicles, with an illustrative example provided for clarity.

Unmanned systems, particularly ground-based and airborne ones, are a crucial element of combat operations in Ukraine’s war for independence against the russian invader. They are tasked with a wide range of missions: reconnaissance, strike (firepower), logistics, evacuation, and so on. An analysis of materials on the experience of using UAS in combat operations highlights the need for the operator’s position to remain concealed and the high dependence of unmanned systems on power supply. The article presents an analysis of current research in the field of UAVs and heterogeneous robotic systems (in particular, ground-air tandems), which shows that studies of their operational effectiveness focus on several aspects: expanding coverage, route planning, optimising energy consumption, and increasing mission duration. An integrated indicator for assessing the effectiveness of the UAV-Nano-UAV (logistics platform + reconnaissance vehicle), which includes key indicators: field of view expansion ratio / energy efficiency ratio / mission duration extension ratio, and the interpretation of the selected components is discussed. A methodology has been proposed for assessing the effectiveness of deploying a tandem of UGV and nano-UAVs, based on a multi-criteria evaluation method using a set of indicators with weighting coefficients, with a quantitative (numerical) evaluation indicator identified as the primary criterion. In this model, the ground platform facilitates the transport of the nano-UAV across challenging terrain and also acts as a signal repeater, thereby conserving the nano-UAV’s resources for the execution of its mission. A robot dog (such as the Unitree Go2 Pro) serves as the mobile logistics base, whilst the nano-UAV (such as the Black Hornet) performs tasks in environments where the robot dog cannot access due to size constraints or the risk of detection. A methodology has been developed for evaluating the effectiveness of the tandem system comprising the UAV and nano-UAV. A schematic representation and the stages of work involved in assessing the effectiveness of the tandem system comprising an unmanned ground vehicle and a nano-UAV using the developed methodology are presented. An assessment of the effectiveness of the tandem system in performing its intended tasks has been carried out; an example is provided for clarity.