Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are a promising and fast-growing type of photovoltaic cell due to their low cost and high conversion efficiency. The high efficiency of PSCs is closely related to the quality of the photosensitive layer, and the high-quality light absorbing layer depends on the growth condition of the crystals. In the formation of high-quality crystals, annealing is an indispensable and crucial part, which serves to evaporate the solvent and drive the crystallization of the film. Various annealing methods have different effects on the promotion of the film growth process owing to the way they work. Here, this review will present a discussion of the growth puzzles and quality of perovskite crystals under different driving forces, and then explain the relationship between the annealing driving force and crystal growth. We divided the main current annealing methods into physical and chemical annealing, which has never been summarized before. The main annealing methods currently reported for crystal growth are summarized to visualize the impact of annealing design strategies on photovoltaic performance, while the growth mechanisms of thin films under multiple annealing methods are also discussed. Finally, we suggest future perspectives and trends in the industrial fabrication of PSCs in the future. The review promises industrial manufacturing of annealed PSCs. The review is expected to facilitate the industrial fabrication of PSCs.

Uniform tetragonal-spinel MgMn₂O₄(T-MgMn₂O₄) hollow spheres with a micro/nanostructure are synthesized by using a simple and template-free method and they exhibit outstanding electrochemical performance as the cathode material for magnesium ion batteries.

The BP@Ni ₃ Se ₄ /CoSe ₂ heterostructure delivers superior sodium storage performance with long cycling stability and high energy density.

We investigate the spin-dependent electric and thermoelectric properties of ferromagnetic zigzag α-graphyne nanoribbons (ZαGNRs) using density-functional theory combined with non-equilibrium Green's function method. A giant magnetoresistance is obtained in the pristine even-width ZαGNRs and can be as high as 10⁶%. However, for the doped systems, a large magnetoresistance behavior may appear in the odd-width ZαGNRs rather than the even-width ones. This suggests that the magnetoresistance can be manipulated in a wide range by the dopants on the edges of ZαGNRs. Another interesting phenomenon is that in the B- and N-doped even-width ZαGNRs the spin Seebeck coefficient is always larger than the charge Seebeck coefficient, and a pure-spin-current thermospin device can be achieved at specific temperatures.

Based on nonequilibrium Green's functions (NGF) and density-functional theory (DFT), we investigate the magnetotransport properties and magnetothermoelectric effects in zigzag graphene nanoribbons (ZGNRs) with non-magnetic doping on the double ribbon edges. One of the carbon atoms without hydrogen saturation in each ribbon edge is replaced by one boron (B) or one nitrogen (N) atom. Compared with boron–boron (BB) and nitrogen–nitrogen (NN) double-edge doping, the boron–nitrogen (BN) double-edge doping induces a perfect spin-filter effect with 100% negative spin polarization at the Fermi level. Moreover, we find that the thermoelectric effect can be enhanced by the double-edge doping. Interestingly, the spin Seebeck effect in NN- and BN-doped ZGNRs becomes comparable with the charge Seebeck effect and even larger than it. These results originate from the spin-dependent transmission node near the Fermi level induced by the non-magnetic doping. These findings strongly suggest that the double-edge-doped ZGNRs are promising materials for spintronics and thermo-spintronics.