Rationale: The colour of food is one of the major attributes which affect a consumer’s perception of its quality, and it is also a powerful tool for quality control and marketing. The Quesillo cheese is a typical Colombian cheese. The observed colour in Quesillo cheese is a composite of many contributing factors. Objectives: The objective of the current work was to characterize the colour of Quesillo cheese using parameters L*, a* and b* of the CIE (Commission Internationale d’Eclairage) system by spectrocolorimetry. Methods: The collection of data with colorimeters was used for the instrumental characterization of colour in Quesillo cheese. Colour parameters L*, a* and b* were measured in triplicate using CIE-LAB space for fourteen commercial Quesillo cheese and seven manufactured cheeses. Using the mean values of colour in the analysed cheeses, parameters of chroma metric (C*), hue (H*), colour differences (ΔE), whiteness index (WI) and yellowness indix (YI) were determined. Results: The general mean values obtained were, L*= 78.13, a*= -0.96, b* = 22.95, C*= 22.97 and H*= 92.38°. These can be estimated as the reference values for Quesillo cheese, which could be used in quality control in the manufacturing process. Different factors are discussed that can change or influence the colour in the final product. Conclusions:

Forage grass nutritional quality directly affects animal feed intake, productivity, and enteric methane (CH₄) emissions. This study evaluated the nutritional quality,in vitroenteric CH₄emission potential, and optimization of diets based on two widely grown tropical forage grasses either alone or mixed with legumes. The grassesUrochloahybrid cv. Cayman (UHC) andU. brizanthacv. Toledo (UBT), which typically have low concentrations of crude protein (CP), were incubatedin vitroeither alone or mixed with the legumesCanavalia brasiliensis(CB) andLeucaena diversifolia(LD), which have higher CP concentrations. Substitution of 30% of the grass dry matter (DM) with CB or LD did not affect gas production or DM degradability. After 96 h of incubation, accumulated CH₄was 87.3 mg CH₄g⁻¹DM and 107.7 mg CH₄g⁻¹DM for the grasses alone (UHC and UBT, respectively), and 100.7 mg CH₄g⁻¹DM and 113.2 mg CH₄g⁻¹DM for combined diets (70% grass, 15% CB, and 15% LD). Diets that combined legumes (CB or LC) and grass (UHC or UBT) had higher CP contents, gross, and metabolizable energy (GE, ME, respectively) densities, as well as lower concentrations of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL). The ME and nutritional variables such as NFD, tannins (T), and CP showed a positive correlation within vitronet gas production, while ruminal digestibility was affected by CP, ADL, T, and GE. Optimal ratios of components for ruminant diets to reduce rumen net gas production and increase protein content were found with mixtures consisting of 60% grass (either UHC or UBT), 30% CB, and 10% LD. However, this ratio did not result in a decrease in CH₄production.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar el efecto de la sal sobre algunas propiedades físicas del queso, su interacción con los componentes del queso, y el efecto del contenido de sodio sobre la salud de los consumidores. La sal es un ingrediente importante, ya que determina en gran parte la calidad del producto y la aceptación del consumidor. El salado del queso tiene in uencia en la calidad debido a sus efectos sobre la composición, el crecimiento microbiano y la actividad enzimática. Ejerce una in uencia signi cativa sobre la reología y textura, así como en la maduración, principalmente a través de sus efectos sobre la actividad del agua. Los niveles de sal en queso van desde aproximadamente 0,6% p/p hasta aproximadamente 7% p/p. Debido a que el consumo de queso está aumentando en todo el mundo, se debe dar importancia a la reducción de la sal sin afectar su consumo. Entre las estrategias que se han planteado con tal n está la sustitución parcial de la sal por otros compuestos. Pero el inconveniente de la sustitución del NaCl es su efecto sobre las propiedades sensoriales, la composición química, la proteólisis y la textura del queso. Otra interesante alternativa para el reemplazo del NaCl, es el uso de la tecnología de membranas para obtener permeado rico en sales provenientes del lactosuero; la adición de estas sales en la elaboración quesera, produce quesos bajos en sodio, con buena textura.

Membrane Techno logies MT has a great impact on the development of new and better products, on the conservation of the environment, on the paint industry and medicine, among others. In the food industry MT are applied in a variety of areas, for example, in seawater desalination, wastewater treatment and juice clarifi cation. In the case of dairy products, it has been used in the production of new derivatives, as in the case of whey proteins or lactose. In the present review, the use of Ultrafi ltration (UF) was studied. A special emphasis is placed on the dairy industry, which outlines the growing boom of MT, thanks to the fact that it allows the retention and separation of particles, is environmentally friendly and allows the development of new foods. Finally, it is essential to continue searching for alternatives to control the clogging of the membranes, extending the useful life of these materials, since it is the phenomenon that aff ects them the most.

El lactosuero, por ser altamente contaminante, se ha categorizado como un desperdicio, aunque, en la actualidad se realizan estudios (utilizando tecnologías como el fraccionamiento, la deshidratación, la fermentación, etc.) con el fin de transformarlo en producto útil de alto valor agregado. La tecnología que ha ganado importancia es la fermentación, ya que permite obtener una amplia gama de productos que van desde biomasa o proteína unicelular, hasta solventes e insecticidas. En este trabajo se presenta una revisión bibliográfica de los estudios más relevantes sobre la transformación del lactosuero por acción fermentativa, los cuales permiten comprobar que las transformaciones biotecnológicas son las más recomendadas para alcanzar el mayor potencial de esta materia prima.

The Gulupa (Passiflora edulis f. edulis Sims) is an expression of South America’s tropics’ biodiversity, and a source of B vitamins and amino acids. It is a climacteric export fruit for which it is necessary to incorporate emerging technologies for its conservation and transport. This work investigated the effect of ultrasound on gulupa pulp and verified the stability of the characters of interest in the shelf life of 20 days. Six treatments and a control sample were used, evaluated in triplicate, and varied in frequency (30 and 40 kHz) with an exposure time of 10, 20, and 30 min. A statistical analysis of unidirectional variances and Dunnett’s test was used. It was found that the ultrasound treatments did not affect the pH or the titratable acidity. Soluble solid results presented a significant increase (p < 0.05) (from 13.4 to 14.8% w/v) in the antioxidant capacity (from 1.13 to 1.54 µmol Trolox Equivalent (TE)/g by the ABTS•+ (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) Cationic Radical Assay and from 3.3 to 3.7 µmol TE/g by the DPPH· (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrilhydrazil) Radical Scavenging Assay). During the shelf life, ascorbic acid was the parameter that varied most (p < 0.05). It decreased from 42.7 to 21.6 mg ascorbic acid/100 g of pulp in the control sample. However, a smaller decrease was observed (23.8–24.5 mg ascorbic acid/100 g of pulp) in the 40 kHz treatments. The smallest global color difference (ΔE) for the control was found in the 40 kHz treatment at 30 min through the entire shelf life (day 0 to 20). Ultrasound treatment offers a new strategy to improve and extend the shelf life of chilled gulupa pulp.