Background: Hemerocallis citrina Baroni is a traditional medical and edible plant. It is rich in flavonoid compounds, which are a kind of important bioactive components with various health benefits and pharmaceutical value. However, the flavonoid metabolomics profile and the comparison of flavonoid compounds from different parts of H. citrina is scarce. Results: In this study, flavonoid metabolites were investigated from roots, stems, leaves and flowers of H. citrina. A total of 364 flavonoid metabolites were identified by UPLC-MS/MS based widely targeted metabolomics, and the four plant parts showed huge differences at flavonoid metabolic level. Compared to roots, 185, 234, and 119 metabolites accounted for upregulated differential flavonoid metabolites (DFMs) in stems, leaves, and flowers, respectively. Compared to stems, 168 and 29 flavonoid metabolites accounted for upregulated DFMs in leaves and flowers, respectively. Compared to leaves, only 29 flavonoid metabolites accounted for upregulated DFMs in flowers. A number of 35 common flavonoid metabolites were observed among six comparison groups, and each comparison group had its unique differential metabolites. The most abundant flavonoid metabolites in the four parts are flavonols and flavones, followed by flavanones, chalcones, flavanols, flavanonols, anthocyanidins, tannin, and proanthocyanidins. 6,7,8-Tetrahydroxy-5-methoxyflavone, 7,8,3’,4’-tetrahydroxyflavone, 1-Hydroxy-2,3,8-trimethoxyxanthone, Farrerol-7-O-glucoside, 3’,7-dihydroxy-4’-methoxyflavone, 3,3’-O-Dimethylellagic Acid, 5-Hydroxy-6,7-dimethoxyflavone, Nepetin (5,7,3’,4’-Tetrahydroxy-6-methoxyflavone), (2s)-4,8,10-trihydroxy-2-methoxy-1 h,2 h-furo[3,2-a]xanthen-11-one are dominant in roots. Isorhamnetin-3-O-(6’’-malonyl)glucoside-7-O-rhamnoside, 7-Benzyloxy-5-hydroxy-3’,4’-methylenedioxyflavonoid, 3-Hydroxyphloretin-4’-O-glucoside are dominant in stems. Chrysoeriol-7-O-glucoside, Epicatechin glucoside, Kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside (Afzelin)(Kaempferin)*, Azaleatin (5-O-Methylquercetin), Chrysoeriol-5-O-glucoside, Nepetin-7-O-glucoside(Nepitrin), 3,5,7,2’-Tetrahydroxyflavone; Datiscetin, Procyanidin B2*, Procyanidin B3*, Procyanidin B1, Isorhamnetin-3-O-(6’’-acetylglucoside) are dominant in leaves. kaempferol-3-p-coumaroyldiglucoside, Delphinidin-3-O-sophoroside-5-O-glucoside, Limocitrin-3-O-sophoroside, Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside(Nicotiflorin), Luteolin-7-O-(6’’-malonyl)glucoside-5-O-rhamnoside are dominant in flowers. Conclusion: There was significant difference in flavonoid metabolites among different parts of H. citrina. Leaves had relative higher metabolites contents than other parts. This study provided biological and chemical evidence for the different uses of various plant parts of H. citrina, and these informations are important theoretical basis for the food industry, and medical treatment.

Introduction:Astragalusmembranaceus Fisch. ex Bunge is a traditional botanical drug with antibacterial, antioxidant, antiviral, and other biological activities. In the process of industrialization of A. membranaceus, most of the aboveground stems and leaves are discarded without resource utilization except for a small amount of low-value applications such as composting. This study explored the antibacterial activity of A. membranaceus stem and leaf extracts to evaluate its potential as a feed antibiotic substitute.Materials and methods: The antibacterial activity of the flavonoid, saponin, and polysaccharide fractions in A. membranaceus stems and leaves was evaluated by the disk diffusion method. The inhibitory activity of the flavonoid fraction from A. membranaceus stems and leaves on B. cereus was explored from the aspects of the growth curve, cell wall, cell membrane, biofilm, bacterial protein, and virulence factors. On this basis, the flavonoid fraction in A. membranaceus stems and leaves were isolated and purified by column chromatography to determine the main antibacterial components.Results: The flavonoid fraction in A. membranaceus stems and leaves had significant inhibitory activity against B. cereus, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were 1.5625 and 6.25 mg/mL, respectively. A. membranaceus stem and leaf flavonoid fraction can induce death of B. cereus in many ways, such as inhibiting growth, destroying cell wall and cell membrane integrity, inhibiting biofilm formation, inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, and downregulating virulence factor expression. In addition, it was clear that the main flavonoid with antibacterial activity in A. membranaceus stems and leaves was isoliquiritigenin. Molecular docking showed that isoliquiritigenin could form a hydrogen bonding force with FtsZ.Conclusion:A. membranaceus stem and leaf flavonoid fractions had significant inhibitory activity against B. cereus, and the main chemical composition was isoliquiritigenin.

Stropharia populicola sp. nov., found during autumn under Populus spp. in Shanxi Province of North China, is described and illustrated. Stropharia populicola is similar and closely related to S. jilinensis and S. scabella but can be distinguished from the latter two species by the acanthocytes commonly present in the hymenium. Phylogenetic analysis supports its taxonomic position in the genus Stropharia.