Life cycle analysis (LCA) is a powerful method to quantify impacts based on material input in the process production. The results of midpoint impact analysis categories vary from global warming potential to water footprint. In addition, endpoint impact analysis also provides quantitative results of general environmental impact assessment which is possible to be written as additional results and a deeper analysis in Government or Company Environmental Report. There are many types of software that can be used for impact analysis, for example, SimaPro, OpenLCA, Gabi, Umberto, etc. In this study we analyze the difference of impact assessment result using Simapro and OpenLCA with same material input data and similar database. The results of the environmental impact analysis using the CML-IA baseline V3.05 / EU25 method in the SimaPro software after normalization are as follows: global warning impact contribution 0.0206, ozone layer depletion 0.0002, acidification 0.0016, and eutrophication 0.0134. Meanwhile, the analysis results from OpenLCA software after normalization are: global warming impact contribution 4,5071 × 10⁻¹³, ozone depletion 1,0794 × 10⁻¹⁴, acidification 3,2878 × 10⁻¹³, and eutrophication 8,4541 × 10⁻¹³.

Tourism-driven activities have increasingly contributed to marine microplastic (MPs) pollution, particularly in island ecosystems. This study assesses the abundance, characteristics, and spatial distribution of MPs in Gili Trawangan, Indonesia, by analyzing samples from coastal water, sediments, and fish across three zones: a seaport, recreational beach, and mangrove area. Standardized filtration, density separation, and FTIR spectroscopy were used to identify MPs types and polymers. Results show the highest MPs concentrations in coastal water at recreational beaches (19.25 particles/L), sediment at seaports (23.15 particles/kg), and fish near seaports (17.5 particles/individual), indicating elevated risks of bioaccumulation. Fragments and fibers were the dominant forms, with prevalent polymers including PS, PE, and LDPE, mostly in black, blue, and red colors. The mangrove area exhibited lower MPs levels due to its natural filtration capacity but still showed MPs presence in biota. This multi-compartment approach highlights a clear link between tourism intensity and MPs contamination. The findings provide new insights for designing localized interventions, including waste reduction strategies and regulatory measures. By integrating ecological and anthropogenic factors, this study supports the development of sustainable tourism policies to mitigate MPs pollution and protect coastal biodiversity.

The rapid development in Indonesia has caused cement production to be directly proportional to its needs. The cement industry produces commercial cement for domestic development needs. Cement is made by means of a series of exploitation and production processes that involve the main process and supporting processes in its activities. To be able to produce cement, it requires raw materials, fuel and chemical additives, and these activities produce emissions that have an impact of decreasing environmental quality. The gas emissions produced are CO₂, CH₄, NO_x, SO_x, N₂O and particulate. These emissions have an impact of increasing global warming and decreasing ambient air quality which has an impact on human health and the environment. This study identifies the impact of the main process based on the cradle-to-gate approach, starting from the process of exploitation of raw materials to the production process that produces cement as the main product. Impact identification was done using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method with the SimaPro 8.5.2 application. The Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) categories include global warming potential for 100 years, acidification, and carcinogens. The method used was TRACI, a midpoint approach. Results after normalization show that the highest impacts generated were global warming from kiln process (353,473); acidification from kiln process (95,273), and carcinogens from raw mill process (4,837,721).

Pakistan has limited natural gas reserves, and most are found onshore. This article reports on the problems of an onshore gas gathering network (GGN) analysed through steady-state simulation modelling using PIPESIM software. The research methodology incorporates a comprehensive steady-state hydraulic analysis considering fluid flowing velocity limitations, liquid holdup and slugging along with other issues faced by gas gathering networks. The steady-state hydraulic analysis has led us to pinpoint specific GGN pipelines facing critically low gas velocities and consequent liquid holdup. Addressing these issues involved application of PIPESIM software for modelling, considering various operating schemes of gas-producing wells and their associated pipelines. To select an optimal operating scheme, the study utilized the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for operational optimization, to identify the most effective solution for reduced liquid holdup, improving production, and ensuring the safe operation among available alternatives. Findings from our hydraulic analysis highlight the importance of reducing GGN outlet pressure to mitigate challenges associated with liquid holdup which causes slugging and back pressure effect at source leading to low production and poor performance of the GGN. Study of three alternative cases reveals that decreasing outlet pressure lowers the liquid holdup, improve gas flowing velocities, and enhanced overall production. These findings validate our hypothesis that reducing GGN outlet pressure is a viable strategy to lower the liquid holdup in pipelines. This research offers significant value by providing a comprehensive solution to GGN liquid holdup, low flowing velocities, back pressure and low production challenges. The integration of steady-state hydraulic analysis, simulation modelling with PIPESIM, and the application of AHP for optimization contributes novel insights into the optimization of operation of gas gathering networks. Emphasizing the reduction of liquid holdup and enhancing production through outlet pressure adjustments offers a practical framework for optimizing the functionality of gas gathering networks.

Oil and gas are strategic, non-renewable natural resources and are vital commodities. It is explained that upstream business activities are business activities that are cored or rely on exploration and exploitation. While downstream business activities are business activities whose core are in processing, transportation, storage and/or commercial business activities. At present, 68% of the world’s energy needs are derived from fossil fuels. Fossil fuels that are often used include coal, petroleum and natural gas. The results of the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) study showed that the concentration of CO₂ gas in the pre-industrial period amounted to 278 ppm, while in 2005 it was 379 ppm. The consequences of this change are rising global temperatures by 0.74°C, and there has also been a sea-level rise of 0.17 m, then there has also been a 7% reduction in snow cover in the northern hemisphere and rivers experience slower freeze. The contribution of greenhouse gas emissions from the oil and gas sector is expected to increase from 122 metric tons (Mt) of CO₂ in 2005 to 137 metric tons (Mt) of CO₂ in 2030. Emissions produced by crude oil exploration in 2015 amounted to 48,947.35 tonnes of CO_2e and increased in 2016 amounting to 232,950.30 CO_2e. Therefore, an LCA study is needed as a solution to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, NO_x and SO_x at a company in East Java. The purpose of this study is to determine the environmental impacts generated by crude oil exploration. The emission data of CO2, CH4, N2O, NOx and SOx, mass balance, the amount of raw materials, fuels used and emissions produced in each of the main process units and supporting units, as well as data on the amount of products produced from petroleum production activities in one company in East Java, are used to determine the impact on the environment that would arise through the stages of LCA analysis using the Eco Indicator 99 method in the SimaPro 8.5.2 software. The results obtained from this study revealed that the process which has the highest impact value on the environment is the process of producing oil in the PV-9900 separator unit, with an impact value of 12620 MPt and the value of each category of damage was 4,76 × 1011 MJ surplus for the “resources” category, 0,00118 DALY for the “human health” category and 0,0847 PDF⋅m²⋅year for “ecosystem quality” category.