Pakistan has limited natural gas reserves, and most are found onshore. This article reports on the problems of an onshore gas gathering network (GGN) analysed through steady-state simulation modelling using PIPESIM software. The research methodology incorporates a comprehensive steady-state hydraulic analysis considering fluid flowing velocity limitations, liquid holdup and slugging along with other issues faced by gas gathering networks. The steady-state hydraulic analysis has led us to pinpoint specific GGN pipelines facing critically low gas velocities and consequent liquid holdup. Addressing these issues involved application of PIPESIM software for modelling, considering various operating schemes of gas-producing wells and their associated pipelines. To select an optimal operating scheme, the study utilized the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for operational optimization, to identify the most effective solution for reduced liquid holdup, improving production, and ensuring the safe operation among available alternatives. Findings from our hydraulic analysis highlight the importance of reducing GGN outlet pressure to mitigate challenges associated with liquid holdup which causes slugging and back pressure effect at source leading to low production and poor performance of the GGN. Study of three alternative cases reveals that decreasing outlet pressure lowers the liquid holdup, improve gas flowing velocities, and enhanced overall production. These findings validate our hypothesis that reducing GGN outlet pressure is a viable strategy to lower the liquid holdup in pipelines. This research offers significant value by providing a comprehensive solution to GGN liquid holdup, low flowing velocities, back pressure and low production challenges. The integration of steady-state hydraulic analysis, simulation modelling with PIPESIM, and the application of AHP for optimization contributes novel insights into the optimization of operation of gas gathering networks. Emphasizing the reduction of liquid holdup and enhancing production through outlet pressure adjustments offers a practical framework for optimizing the functionality of gas gathering networks.

Availability of smooth power supply for the industrial and residential consumption is a major resource that assists the economic and social development of a nation. Automation and intelligent systems are energy intensive and the adequate electricity is required in order to operate such systems. However, there are electricity generation and distribution challenges in most of the developing countries as a result of disparity in the energy supply & demand and the absence of improved infrastructure. Pakistan being the 5th most populated developing country has the substantial demand of energy, accounting for 56% of total generation whereas thermal energy accounts for 61% of all electricity generated in Pakistan. Therefore, it is required to look for the feasible alternate solutions to address these challenges by incorporating renewable energy and the net metering. In first phase of this study, a survey was conducted to collect the feedback from the photovoltaic (PV) consumers and in second phase, market assessment was performed and the electricity systems were designed & analyzed using cost benefit analysis to measure the financial performance as well as carbon credits. Analysis was performed using Meteonorm, Google Maps and Helioscope Simulation software. Following the objective of this study, a self-sustaining power distribution system for a housing society using net metering is proposed to balance the energy production and consumption, combating greenhouse gases emissions from the energy produced by fossil fuels and to upgrade the existing electricity distribution system. The results indicate a remarkable performance of the centralized power distribution system. Till date, no specific study has proposed a sustainable centralized model for addressing energy issues as a self-sustaining power distribution system in a housing society. The proposed integrated model can aid in maximizing the use of PV system.