The instrument line shape (ILS), as a very important parameter, has a significant influence on the inversion of trace gas concentration. Different levels of ILS degradation for H₂O, CO₂, CH_4, and CO gases were investigated, and the influence of ILS on the inversion of column-averaged dry air mole fractions (DMFs) was assessed. Our results indicate that the averages of XH₂O, XCH_4, and XCO with modulation efficiency (ME) amplitude values have a positive correlation, the correlation coefficients are 0.9925, 0.9968, and 0.9981 respectively, whereas the relationship between the average of XCO₂ and ME is a negative correlation with 0.986 correlation coefficient. For a typical ILS degradation, a decrease of 5% in the modulation efficiency amplitude value results in the average of XCO₂ changing by 0.744%, XCH₄ and XH₂O are less sensitive species, with average values of −0.206% and −0.464%, whereas XCO shows the strongest intraday variability with an average value of −0.238%. However, with a decrease of 2‰ in the phase error (PE) value, the average of XCO changed by −0.150%, XCO₂ and XH₂O almost coincided with the same average value of −0.141%, whereas XCH₄ was the least sensitive species with an average value of −0.133%. At the same time, we measured the ILS for EM27/SUN spectrometers—the mean values of modulation efficiency amplitudes and phase errors were 0.9611 and 0.00593. Compared with standard values, the modulation efficiency amplitudes and the phase error deviations were 2.450% and 0.433%. During the observation period, the daily average of XCO₂ ranged from 415.09 to 421.78 ppm. XCH₄ ranged from 1.96 to 2.02 ppm with a mean of 1.982 ppm, and the daily average of XCO ranged from 0.118 to 0.157 ppm with a mean of 0.137 ppm. For the relationship between XCO₂ and XCH₄, the linear regression line shows a good correlation with the correlation coefficient R² ≥ 0.5. Especially, for the correlation coefficient R² = 0.82 on 8 October, our studies found a weak correlation in the variation of CO₂ and CO during the observations. The correlation coefficient R² ≥ 0.5 was only found on 30 September and 3 October. The trajectories dram at a height of 10 km give a hint of trace gas transport from the bay of western India, Bengal, and the Arabian Sea, whereas for the trajectories dram boundary layer height, trace gases were transported from southwest and east of China. These results provide a theoretical basis to understand the time and space distribution and the changes of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere as well as providing a theoretical basis for calculations of atmospheric radiation transmission.

Accurate estimations of evapotranspiration (ET) are essential for understanding land-atmosphere coupling and atmosphere-underlying surface energy and water vapor exchanges. Based on input data processing, this paper simulates the temporal and spatial variation of ET in the Dajiuhu Basin from 1990 to 2018 using the BEPS-TerrainLab V2.0 model. Compared with the ET measured by an eddy covariance (EC) tower, the model explained 80.1% of the ET variation. From 1990 to 2018, the average annual ET in the Dajiuhu Basin was 1262.7 mm/yr indicating a downward trend (−27.12 mm/yr). In 2005, a sudden change point was observed based on the Mann-Kendall (MK) test and 3-year moving t-test. Around 2005, the downward trend in ET slowed and the proportional trend of ET to precipitation changed from upward trend to downward trend. Regarding spatial distribution, the ET in the basin’s central part was smaller than that in the basin’s surrounding area, the ET of the southern slope was higher than that of the northern slope, and the decrease in the ET rate on the sunny side was lower than that on the shady side. ET decreased as the elevation increased, with the fastest decrease observed between 2184 and 2384 m. For different landcover types, the average ET exhibited the following order: deciduous forest > mixed forest > wetland > grass > agriculture land. Decreased solar radiation is the main reason for the decreased ET in the Dajiuhu Basin, followed by increased wind speed and relative humidity, which together contribute 83.9% to the ET trend. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the study of ET changes and the mechanism of ET and provides a decision-making reference for water resource management in the Dajiuhu Basin and even the South-to-North Water Transfer Project.

The linewidth broadening of the circular-polarized continuous wave laser mitigates the recoil effects of the sodium laser guide star very well. By choice of the optimal laser linewidth, the relations between the laser intensity and average spontaneous emission rates are obtained. The numerically simulated results show that the 1–100 MHz linewidth broadening effectively weakens recoil and enhances the average spontaneous emission rates. For laser powers from 10 W to 60 W, considering the intensity distribution with random at the mesospheric sodium layer, when the laser linewidth is broadened to be 1–100 MHz from 0 MHz, increments of the return photons go up to 110% from 50% and do not have an effect on the spot sizes of the sodium laser guide star. Several cases have proven that the linewidth broadening method is correct. Further calculations show that the linewidth broadening method similarly applies to the case of the multi-mode laser. Furthermore, the linewidth broadening of re-pumping should be taken into account.

The training of foreign language talents in cross-cultural communication in the context of the “Belt and Road” needs to change teaching concepts, cultivate a sense of two-way cultural exchange, provide relevant cross-cultural communication courses, carry out cross-cultural communication practices, integrate language teaching and cultural teaching, and strengthen culture background, cultural background, etc., to build a cross-cultural communicative competence teaching system. This article mainly discusses and analyzes the problems and strategies in the development of cross-cultural communicative competence in the context of the “Belt and Road”, and analyzes how to enhance cross-cultural awareness in foreign language teaching, hoping to help cross-cultural education.

采用无模激光器发射波长为330 nm的激光激发多色激光导星，需要考虑脉冲激光重频率、激光带宽、激光初始光斑直径以及大气透过率对回波光子数的影响.通过数值模拟，计算了高斯光束的脉冲激光和连续激光激发多色激光导星在实际大气中后向辐射330 nm和2207 nm波长的回波光子数.数值计算结果表明，在垂直发射和接收的情况下，当到达大气中间层的激光能量为1 W时，连续激光能够获得更多的回波光子数，并且回波光子数几乎无起伏.对于脉冲激光，提高脉冲激光重频率达到50 kHz以上时，多色激光导星330 nm的回波光子数随脉冲重频率的增加趋于有限值；当大气能见度小于5 km且大气相干长度为12.8 cm时，大约需要34 W以上的激光发射能量，才能获得满足使用自然星全倾斜探测的330 nm回波光子数.对于连续激光，相同情况下，大约需要20 W以上的激光发射能量.