The development of bio-coagulants from Moringa oleifera seeds for sewage wastewater treatment has been investigated. The prepared bio-coagulant was treated with distilled water, HCl, NaOH, and NaCl to surface-functionalize the M. oleifera seed powder (MOSP). The bio-coagulant performance was investigated by monitoring the reduction of turbidity, EC, pH, TS, BOD, and COD from the wastewater. SEM, EDAX, and FTIR characterized the native and functionalized MOSP bio-coagulants. The HCl treated MOSP was found to be effective and have good coagulation activity (∼90%) compared to natural and other MOSPs. The turbidity removal by all the MOPS conformed to the WHO acceptable limit of finished water. Hence, maximum turbidity reduction was recorded in HCl > NaCl > NaOH > Natural (distilled water) treated MOSP. The pseudo-first and second-order kinetics rate also showed the effectiveness against turbidity reduction in municipal sewage water. Hence, the prepared MOSP bio-coagulants could be suitable for primary water treatments.

L-methioninase is an enzyme that has recently gained significant interest in the scientific community because of its potential as a targeted therapy for cancer. This study aims to isolate and identify extremophilic bacteria that could produce L-methioninase and to access the enzymatic potential of isolated bacteria under stress conditions, specifically in agro-industrial waste. In this study, a rare marine bacterium, Alcaligenes aquatilis BJ-1, exhibited the highest specific activity of 4.61 U/mg at an optimum pH of 8.3. The L-methioninase was purified 4.3-fold and 7.15-fold by acetone precipitation and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration chromatography, which revealed a molecular weight of 46 kDa. In addition, agriculture waste materials such as cottonseed oil cake had the highest L-methioninase production. Moreover, A. aquatilis BJ-1 can tolerate and produce enzymes in the presence of 10% NaCl, 6% KCl, and 4% MgSO₄. Similarly, substrates such as L-asparagine, L-glutamine, L-alanine, and L-tyrosine were found suitable to increase enzyme production. The strain produced L-methioninase in the presence of various heavy metals. Maximum enzyme activity was found in Zn²⁺ at 0.1% (2.52 U/mL), Li²⁺ at 0.03% (2.90 U/mL), and Ni²⁺ at 0.01% (2.78 U/mL), as compared to the control (2.23 U/mL) without metal. Enzyme production was also observed at a high temperature (60 °C), with the produced enzymes possessing antioxidant properties. In addition, no hemolytic activity was observed. The results indicate that A. aquatilis BJ-1 is an appropriate bacterium for metal bioremediation procedures in unfavorable circumstances.

This scientific manuscript presents a comprehensive investigation into the purification of municipal sewage water through the utilization of agricultural waste materials [Arachis hypogaea shells (AHS), Triticum aestivum straw (TAS), and Gossypium herbaceum shells (GHS)]. The treatment process involved a modified approach with 24 hs of aeration and the addition of 1 gm of agricultural waste biomaterials. The performance of the bio-coagulant was evaluated by monitoring the reduction of physico−chemical parameters. AHS exhibited remarkable turbidity removal efficiency of 93.37%, supported by pseudo−first and pseudo−second−order kinetic modelling. The application of agricultural waste materials significantly reduced key parameters, including solids (up to 70%–80%), dissolved oxygen (DO) (50%), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) (up to 90%). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed the significant positive loading of PC1 (84.71%) that influencing the dual treatments of wastewater. Statistical analysis (p ≤ 0.05) confirmed the effectiveness of agricultural biomaterials in sewage water treatment compared to pre−treated water. The turbidity coagulation pseudo−first−order and pseudo−second−order kinetic modelling also revealed the efficiency against turbidity reduction in municipal sewage water. The findings underscore the significance of utilizing agricultural waste materials for sustainable and efficient purification of municipal sewage water, addressing water pollution and enhancing wastewater treatment processes.

This study presents a thorough investigation into the concentration of heavy metals and mineral composition within four distinct coastal flora species: Cyperus conglomeratus, Halopyrum mucronatum, Sericostem pauciflorum, and Salvadora persica. Employing rigorous statistical methodologies such as Pearson coefficient correlation, principal component analysis (PCA), analysis of variance (ANOVA), and interclass correlation (ICC), we aimed to elucidate the bioavailability of heavy metals, minerals, and relevant physical characteristics. The analysis focused on essential elements including copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg²⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺), and chloride (Cl^–), all of which are known to play pivotal roles in the ecological dynamics of coastal ecosystems. Through PCA, we discerned distinctive patterns within PC1 to PC4, collectively explaining an impressive 99.65% of the variance observed in heavy metal composition across the studied flora species. These results underscore the profound influence of environmental factors on the mineral composition of coastal flora, offering critical insights into the ecological processes shaping these vital ecosystems. Furthermore, significant correlations among mineral contents in H. mucronatum; K⁺ with content of Na⁺ (r = 0.989) and Mg²⁺ (r = 0.984); as revealed by ICC analyses, contributed to a nuanced understanding of variations in electrical conductivity (EC), pH levels, and ash content among the diverse coastal flora species. By shedding light on heavy metal and mineral dynamics in coastal flora, this study not only advances our scientific understanding but also provides a foundation for the development of targeted environmental monitoring and management strategies aimed at promoting the ecological sustainability and resilience of coastal ecosystems in the face of ongoing environmental challenges.