In this work, we present 16 directional and 27 intensity high‐quality values from Iberia. Moreover, we have updated the Iberian archeomagnetic catalogue published more than 10 years ago with a considerable increase in the database. This has led to a notable improvement of both temporal and spatial data distribution. A full vector paleosecular variation curve from 1000 BC to 1900 AD has been developed using high‐quality data within a radius of 900 km from Madrid. A hierarchical bootstrap method has been followed for the computation of the curves. The most remarkable feature of the new curves is a notable intensity maximum of about 80 μT around 600 BC, which has not been previously reported for the Iberian Peninsula. We have also analyzed the evolution of the paleofield in Europe for the last three thousand years and conclude that the high maximum intensity values observed around 600 BC in the Iberian Peninsula could respond to the same feature as the Levantine Iron Age Anomaly, after travelling westward through Europe.

This research presents a virtual tour performed on the oppidum of Ulaca, one of the most relevant archaeological sites of the Iberian Peninsula during the Late Iron Age (ca. 400–50 BC). Beyond the clear benefits of the tool to the interpretation, dissemination, and knowledge of the mentioned archaeological site and its surroundings, the novelty of this research is the implementation of the platform in alternative scenarios and purposes. In this way, the present work verifies how the access to multi-source and spatially geolocated information in the same tool (working as a geospatial database) allows the promotion of cross-sectional investigations in which different specialists intervene. This peculiarity is also considered useful to promote tourism with an interest beyond the purely historical/archaeological side. Likewise, the possibility of storing and managing a large amount of information in different formats facilitates the investigation in the contexts of excavations and archaeological or environmental works. In this sense, the use of this kind of tool for the study of cultural landscapes is especially novel. In order to better contextualize the potential of the virtual tour presented here, an analysis about the challenges and possibilities of implementing this tool in environments such as the Ulaca oppidum is performed. The selected site stands out for: (i) being in a unique geological, environmental and ecological context, allowing us to appreciate how human beings have modified the landscape over time; (ii) presenting numerous visible archaeological remains with certain conservation problems; and (iii) not having easy access for visitors.

Desde 2016 venimos desarrollando prospecciones geofísicas y excavaciones arqueológicas en el oppidum de Ulaca (Solosancho, Ávila) con el objetivo de comprender mejor un edificio singular conocido como el “Torreón”. Se trata de una estructura en ruinas de planta rectangular (14 × 10 m) que debió tener una importante altura. El interés que presenta esta construcción nos ha llevado a realizar su reconstrucción virtual en 3D utilizando el software Blender 2.90. Los resultados se han concretado en nueve imágenes estáticas donde mostramos el edificio en su época de uso (ss. II-I a. C.) y su asociación con un manantial. En la reconstrucción virtual hemos conjugado distintos rasgos del edificio: arquitectónicos, de emplazamiento, de posibles funcionalidades e incorporado información etnográfica y de sistemas constructivos tradicionales. Este proyecto demuestra las capacidades interpretativas y divulgativas de las técnicas tridimensionales y, aun con todas sus limitaciones, contribuye a una mejor comprensión del pasado.

This research focuses on the study of the ruins of a large building known as “El Torreón” (the Tower), belonging to the Ulaca oppidum (Solosancho, Province of Ávila, Spain). Different remote sensing and geophysical approaches have been used to fulfil this objective, providing a better understanding of the building’s functionality in this town, which belongs to the Late Iron Age (ca. 300–50 BCE). In this sense, the outer limits of the ruins have been identified using photogrammetry and convergent drone flights. An additional drone flight was conducted in the surrounding area to find additional data that could be used for more global interpretations. Magnetometry was used to analyze the underground bedrock structure and ground penetrating radar (GPR) was employed to evaluate the internal layout of the ruins. The combination of these digital methodologies (surface and underground) has provided a new perspective for the improved interpretation of “El Torreón” and its characteristics. Research of this type presents additional guidelines for better understanding of the role of this structure with regards to other buildings in the Ulaca oppidum. The results of these studies will additionally allow archaeologists to better plan future interventions while presenting new data that can be used for the interpretation of this archaeological complex on a larger scale.

Recently the incorporation of artificial intelligence has allowed the development of valuable methodological advances in taphonomy. Some studies have achieved great precision in identifying the carnivore that produced tooth marks. Additionally, other works focused on human activity have managed to specify what type of tool or raw material was used in the filleting processes identified at the sites. Through the use of geometric morphometrics and machine learning techniques, the present study intends to analyze the cut marks of the Ulaca oppidum (Solosancho, Ávila, Spain) in order to identify the type of tools used during carcass modification. Although the Ulaca oppidum is an Iron Age site, the results suggest that most of the cut marks were produced with flint tools.

Climatic, social and demographic change is putting increasing pressure on Europe’s cultural landscapes. The European Landscape Convention (ELC) recognises these threats and the need to integrate a wider range of stakeholders in the active management of landscapes in order to negotiate the trade-offs needed for future sustainability. This study explores the complexity of the ELC’s aims by analysing stakeholder perceptions and values connected to four European cultural landscapes. Connected by the presence of Late Iron Age oppida, the historic significance of these landscapes is integrated alongside their other ecosystems services in order to make detailed comparisons between approaches to landscapes management in France, Spain and the UK. The analysis highlights conflicts and solutions regarding the unification of heritage, farming, environmental and social needs from the diverse contexts in order to make suggestions for wider best practice in the management of cultural landscapes which align more closely with the integrated stakeholder aims of the ELC.