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China has undergone rapid urban expansion in recent decades. At the same time, environmental pollution and its risk to public health have increased. However, the relationship between urban land-use changes and health is ambiguous and insufficiently understood. Based on a typical city-scale case—namely, Changzhou, China—this research aimed to interpret the evolution of health risks alongside land-use change during the process of urbanization. We gathered data from multiple sources, including population mortality data, socioeconomic data, remote-sensing images, data for the points of interest of enterprises, and relevant information on environmental health events and cancers. The results showed that Changzhou’s urbanization was typical insofar as it was characterized by massive growth in industry, a rapid increase in the urban population, and urban land expansion. Health risks related to environmental pollution increased considerably with urban land expansion over time, and they increased with proximity to the pollution. The results from a generalized linear model confirmed that Changzhou’s urbanization triggered increasing health risks. Our study interpreted the relationship between urban land expansion and health risks from a spatiotemporal perspective. It can be used as a reference for urban planning and policymaking with regard to urban environmental health.
Dongyang Yang; Chao Ye; Jianhua Xu. Land-Use Change and Health Risks in the Process of Urbanization: A Spatiotemporal Interpretation of a Typical Case in Changzhou, China. Land 2021, 10, 820 .
AMA StyleDongyang Yang, Chao Ye, Jianhua Xu. Land-Use Change and Health Risks in the Process of Urbanization: A Spatiotemporal Interpretation of a Typical Case in Changzhou, China. Land. 2021; 10 (8):820.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDongyang Yang; Chao Ye; Jianhua Xu. 2021. "Land-Use Change and Health Risks in the Process of Urbanization: A Spatiotemporal Interpretation of a Typical Case in Changzhou, China." Land 10, no. 8: 820.
In the original period of rural–urban relationship, it’s mainly geographical environment that determines the uniqueness of China’s rural–urban relationship. Chinese culture is a product of conformity to this natural environment. When the historical period arrived, a set of rural–urban governance system was established with the formation of countries and technological progress. These systems and their cultures have greatly changed rural–urban relations.
Chao Ye. Rural–Urban Relationship in China’s Historical Periods. A Theory and History of Rural–urban Governance in China 2021, 107 -163.
AMA StyleChao Ye. Rural–Urban Relationship in China’s Historical Periods. A Theory and History of Rural–urban Governance in China. 2021; ():107-163.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChao Ye. 2021. "Rural–Urban Relationship in China’s Historical Periods." A Theory and History of Rural–urban Governance in China , no. : 107-163.
After putting forward the Smith Framework, the key problem that follows closely is how to apply it to examine the actual situation of the changes in the relations between urban and rural areas in China. This chapter is intended to verify the core concept of the Smith Framework—the rationality of the natural order and its significance by comparing the origins of rural–urban relationship within China and outside China, summarizing its generality and Chinese particularity.
Chao Ye. The Origin of China’s Rural–Urban Relations. A Theory and History of Rural–urban Governance in China 2021, 79 -105.
AMA StyleChao Ye. The Origin of China’s Rural–Urban Relations. A Theory and History of Rural–urban Governance in China. 2021; ():79-105.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChao Ye. 2021. "The Origin of China’s Rural–Urban Relations." A Theory and History of Rural–urban Governance in China , no. : 79-105.
Human society has experienced great ups and downs from primitive villages to modern metropolises. Throughout the history of the East and the West, rural–urban relationship is not only a major issue related to the nation’s economy and the people’s livelihood, but also the focus of the study of many disciplines.
Chao Ye. Introduction. A Theory and History of Rural–urban Governance in China 2021, 1 -24.
AMA StyleChao Ye. Introduction. A Theory and History of Rural–urban Governance in China. 2021; ():1-24.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChao Ye. 2021. "Introduction." A Theory and History of Rural–urban Governance in China , no. : 1-24.
The Opium War is not only the beginning of modern history in China, but also the symbol of the march into another period of antagonism between rural–urban relations. After China degenerated to the semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, the nature of the rural–urban relations experienced great changes. With capitalism intruding and penetrating, the traditional agricultural economy gradually disintegrated and the trading ports developed lopsidedly.
Chao Ye. Rural–Urban Relations in Modern China. A Theory and History of Rural–urban Governance in China 2021, 165 -211.
AMA StyleChao Ye. Rural–Urban Relations in Modern China. A Theory and History of Rural–urban Governance in China. 2021; ():165-211.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChao Ye. 2021. "Rural–Urban Relations in Modern China." A Theory and History of Rural–urban Governance in China , no. : 165-211.
This book proposes a new theory, Smith Framework, to explain the evolution of rural–urban relationship based on the overview and combing the thoughts and theories of rural–urban relations. Based on Adam Smith’s theory on rural–urban relationship, the book also integrates, deepens and expands Smith’s theory.
Chao Ye. Conclusion. A Theory and History of Rural–urban Governance in China 2021, 213 -220.
AMA StyleChao Ye. Conclusion. A Theory and History of Rural–urban Governance in China. 2021; ():213-220.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChao Ye. 2021. "Conclusion." A Theory and History of Rural–urban Governance in China , no. : 213-220.
First, this chapter will try to define the concept of rural–urban relations. Then, the method of theoretical research will be determined. Finally, on the basis of combing the research literature on rural–urban relations systematically, the author evaluates the existing research results comprehensively and summarizes the main line through the theoretical evolution.
Chao Ye. Rural–Urban Relations: Concepts, Methods and Theories. A Theory and History of Rural–urban Governance in China 2021, 25 -55.
AMA StyleChao Ye. Rural–Urban Relations: Concepts, Methods and Theories. A Theory and History of Rural–urban Governance in China. 2021; ():25-55.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChao Ye. 2021. "Rural–Urban Relations: Concepts, Methods and Theories." A Theory and History of Rural–urban Governance in China , no. : 25-55.
On the basis of the comprehensive analysis of rural–urban relation theories.
Chao Ye. Smith Framework. A Theory and History of Rural–urban Governance in China 2021, 57 -77.
AMA StyleChao Ye. Smith Framework. A Theory and History of Rural–urban Governance in China. 2021; ():57-77.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChao Ye. 2021. "Smith Framework." A Theory and History of Rural–urban Governance in China , no. : 57-77.
New-type urbanization and rural revitalization have gradually become national strategies, and are an objective requirement for China to be able to enter into a new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics and also an inevitable result of the integration of new-type urbanization and rural development in the new stage. This paper reviews the classic theories and cognition of the research on urban–rural relations at home and abroad, and outlines the stage evolution characteristics of urban–rural relations in China. It is believed that urban-biased urbanization has widened the development gap between urban and rural areas since reform and opening up. Under the guidance of the two strategies of new-type urbanization and rural revitalization, urban and rural areas have transitioned from “one-way flow” to “bilateral interaction”, and from “urban bias” to “urban–rural integration”. This paper puts forward a research framework and scientific issues regarding the integration of new-type urbanization and rural revitalization from multidisciplinary perspectives. The integration of these two major strategies will contribute to a new situation of the coordinated and high-quality development of urban and rural areas in the new era.
Mingxing Chen; Yuan Zhou; Xinrong Huang; Chao Ye. The Integration of New-Type Urbanization and Rural Revitalization Strategies in China: Origin, Reality and Future Trends. Land 2021, 10, 207 .
AMA StyleMingxing Chen, Yuan Zhou, Xinrong Huang, Chao Ye. The Integration of New-Type Urbanization and Rural Revitalization Strategies in China: Origin, Reality and Future Trends. Land. 2021; 10 (2):207.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMingxing Chen; Yuan Zhou; Xinrong Huang; Chao Ye. 2021. "The Integration of New-Type Urbanization and Rural Revitalization Strategies in China: Origin, Reality and Future Trends." Land 10, no. 2: 207.
Using games to teach is an interesting and worthwhile practice; however, the couplet game has not been described before. In this study, first-year students played a couplet game with their teacher at the end of the course. Each student was asked to summarize and write individual opinions on human geography in one keyword; then, the teacher wrote the corresponding or matching keywords. Analyzing the correspondences and the contrasts between couples of words, the students showed an improved understanding of human geography. The results suggested that the couplet game elicited students’ creative and independent thinking. This method can also be applied to other fields.
Chao Ye; Yang Gao; Jie Yu; Yixu He. Teaching human geography using a couplet game. Journal of Geography in Higher Education 2020, 1 -11.
AMA StyleChao Ye, Yang Gao, Jie Yu, Yixu He. Teaching human geography using a couplet game. Journal of Geography in Higher Education. 2020; ():1-11.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChao Ye; Yang Gao; Jie Yu; Yixu He. 2020. "Teaching human geography using a couplet game." Journal of Geography in Higher Education , no. : 1-11.
With rapid globalization, industrial parks are playing an increasingly important role in the national and regional development. Since the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) was put forward, national-level overseas industrial parks of China have emerged with new development features and trends. It is of great importance to carry out a comparative study on domestic and overseas industrial parks of China. Based on the perspective of spatiotemporal evolution, this paper compares and analyzes national-level overseas industrial parks along the Belt and Road (B&R) and domestic industrial parks of China. In time, China’s industrial parks have experienced four stages with distinctive state-led characteristic. There are different development paths and modes for overseas industrial parks along the B&R and domestic industrial parks. In space, the national-level overseas industrial parks are invested and constructed by Chinese enterprises (mostly from the coastal developed cities), and mainly distributed in the countries along the B&R. Through typical cases comparison of Thai-Chinese Rayong Industrial Zone and Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, the paper finds that national-level overseas industrial parks are basically market-driven and concentrated in traditional advantageous industries, while domestic industrial parks are mainly government-led high-tech industries. Localization of overseas industrial parks and remote coupling with domestic industrial parks become very important.
Chao Ye; Simeng Li; Liang Zhuang; Xiaodan Zhu. A comparison and case analysis between domestic and overseas industrial parks of China since the Belt and Road Initiative. Journal of Geographical Sciences 2020, 30, 1266 -1282.
AMA StyleChao Ye, Simeng Li, Liang Zhuang, Xiaodan Zhu. A comparison and case analysis between domestic and overseas industrial parks of China since the Belt and Road Initiative. Journal of Geographical Sciences. 2020; 30 (8):1266-1282.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChao Ye; Simeng Li; Liang Zhuang; Xiaodan Zhu. 2020. "A comparison and case analysis between domestic and overseas industrial parks of China since the Belt and Road Initiative." Journal of Geographical Sciences 30, no. 8: 1266-1282.
Chao Ye; Zhimin Liu. Rural-urban co-governance: multi-scale practice. Science Bulletin 2020, 65, 778 -780.
AMA StyleChao Ye, Zhimin Liu. Rural-urban co-governance: multi-scale practice. Science Bulletin. 2020; 65 (10):778-780.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChao Ye; Zhimin Liu. 2020. "Rural-urban co-governance: multi-scale practice." Science Bulletin 65, no. 10: 778-780.
Rapid urbanization, especially in many developing countries, is accompanied by the decline of rural populations and rural culture. Tangwan village in Shanghai in China is a typical case. Based on the theory of production of space, this article presents spatial production of rural culture from three dimensions: ideological space, superficial space and everyday life space, and analyzes the reasons for the gradual decline of rural culture. The development of rural culture in China is seriously affected by the national and local policies. The formal power of a place which is mainly represented by the administrative level, dominates many cultural changes. With the decline of Tangwan's position to a village in an urbanized Shanghai, its local rural culture is declining. Under the pattern of production of space dominated by power and capital the village is challenged to maintain its rural culture and to develop a new culture. The traditional rural culture cannot be protected, however, the new rural culture has not matured. The lack of everyday life space for village residents to express and develop culture is partly to blame. The culture is the root of the rural development. The lost culture leads to the lost village. Adequate everyday life space is important for rural culture to flourish and though those spaces need careful planning to accommodate and grow local cultural needs.
Chao Ye; Xiangyi Ma; Yang Gao; Laurel Johnson. The lost countryside: Spatial production of rural culture in Tangwan village in Shanghai. Habitat International 2020, 98, 102137 .
AMA StyleChao Ye, Xiangyi Ma, Yang Gao, Laurel Johnson. The lost countryside: Spatial production of rural culture in Tangwan village in Shanghai. Habitat International. 2020; 98 ():102137.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChao Ye; Xiangyi Ma; Yang Gao; Laurel Johnson. 2020. "The lost countryside: Spatial production of rural culture in Tangwan village in Shanghai." Habitat International 98, no. : 102137.
Science parks are popular in most countries of the world. In China they have taken the form of National High-Tech Industrial Development Zones (NHTIDZs), which have demonstrated special spatiotemporal characteristics over the past thirty years. NHTIDZs, as exclusive spaces, epitomize the close relationship between governmental power and urbanization, and have become an organizational form of the production of space. However, little research has been carried out into the spatial production of China’s NHTIDZs. Based on the theory of the production of space, this article designs a framework for identifying the interactions between governmental power, NHTIDZs, and urbanization. We find there are two main characteristics of the changing imbalance between time and space: a rapid and unstable centralizing trend and an extremely uneven spatial distribution. The NHTIDZ, as a spatial organization pattern of urbanization, is dominated by governmental power. Because of rapid spatial expansion and great policy privileges, national-level NHTIDZs have become targets for governments at all levels. The purpose of the central government is to promote urbanization by expanding high-technology zones nationwide; therefore, urbanization in China is becoming a process of spatial production. To help China achieve a better urban-rural integration and sustainable development, policy suggestions for NHTIDZs are recommended.
Liang Zhuang; Chao Ye. Changing imbalance: Spatial production of national high-tech industrial development zones in China (1988-2018). Land Use Policy 2020, 94, 104512 .
AMA StyleLiang Zhuang, Chao Ye. Changing imbalance: Spatial production of national high-tech industrial development zones in China (1988-2018). Land Use Policy. 2020; 94 ():104512.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiang Zhuang; Chao Ye. 2020. "Changing imbalance: Spatial production of national high-tech industrial development zones in China (1988-2018)." Land Use Policy 94, no. : 104512.
Academic conferences are key places for knowledge communication, innovation and production. Since the papers from large geography conferences are an important manifestation of the trending topics and frontiers of geographical research, we break through the limitations of traditional conference reviews through implementation of a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of conference papers. This is of great significance for understanding the subject characteristics and communication modes of academic geography. This article argues that: the American Association of Geographers’ Annual Meeting (hereinafter referred to as AAG) and China Conference on Geography (CCG) have both similarities and differences in their characteristics, especially in their focus on specific geographical problems; under the influence of the conference history, academic authority, and institutional culture, AAG and CCG respectively highlight “globality” and “locality” characteristics, and there are partial common concerns and multiple interweavings on global and local research topics. Compared with AAG’s diversified technical applications and sub-discipline development, CCG has neglected humanistic thinking in the empirical bias. With the continuous intersection and integration of different disciplines or areas, the geography of each country in the future should jointly enhance the inclusiveness and openness of academic conferences to promote academic freedom and develop solutions to geographic issues.
Liang Zhuang; Chao Ye; Scott N. Lieske. Intertwining globality and locality: bibliometric analysis based on the top geography annual conferences in America and China. Scientometrics 2019, 122, 1075 -1096.
AMA StyleLiang Zhuang, Chao Ye, Scott N. Lieske. Intertwining globality and locality: bibliometric analysis based on the top geography annual conferences in America and China. Scientometrics. 2019; 122 (2):1075-1096.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiang Zhuang; Chao Ye; Scott N. Lieske. 2019. "Intertwining globality and locality: bibliometric analysis based on the top geography annual conferences in America and China." Scientometrics 122, no. 2: 1075-1096.
China’s complicated and diverse poverty problems gradually emerged as poverty alleviation efforts deepened and rural urbanization progressed. Among these problems, the intergenerational transmission of poverty (ITP) is the most prominent and is an entrenched issue in rural China. This study selects six typical poverty-stricken counties in the eastern, central, and western regions of China on the basis of geography and uses the transformation matrix method and a regression model to analyze the regional differentiation characteristics of ITP. We further explore its impact mechanisms based on a sustainable livelihood analysis framework with the following results: (1) ITP in rural China exhibits the phenomenon of income-stratified transmission, and the groups at both ends of the low-income spectrum are more prone to having ITP; (2) ITP and the intergenerational mobility of income for different income levels have different spatial distribution characteristics, with these intergenerational relationships exhibiting a reverse variation trend in the eastern region, while exhibiting a codirectional variation trend in the central and western regions; (3) there are differences in the subsistence livelihood capital, which affect ITP in different regions. Financial capital has a significant impact on ITP across all of China. Natural capital has a significant impact on the eastern region, and physical capital plays a significant role in the central region, while the western region is greatly affected by both human and physical capital. In view of the differences in the influence of livelihood capital on ITP in different regions, China should formulate policies to accurately address ITP in order to narrow regional differences and accelerate the comprehensive construction of a financially affluent society.
Xiaoying Wu; Xinhua Qi; Shan Yang; Chao Ye; Biao Sun. Research on the Intergenerational Transmission of Poverty in Rural China Based on Sustainable Livelihood Analysis Framework: A Case Study of Six Poverty‐Stricken Counties. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2341 .
AMA StyleXiaoying Wu, Xinhua Qi, Shan Yang, Chao Ye, Biao Sun. Research on the Intergenerational Transmission of Poverty in Rural China Based on Sustainable Livelihood Analysis Framework: A Case Study of Six Poverty‐Stricken Counties. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (8):2341.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiaoying Wu; Xinhua Qi; Shan Yang; Chao Ye; Biao Sun. 2019. "Research on the Intergenerational Transmission of Poverty in Rural China Based on Sustainable Livelihood Analysis Framework: A Case Study of Six Poverty‐Stricken Counties." Sustainability 11, no. 8: 2341.
This article describes a new teaching method for a university geography course based on the core idea that everyone should be “makers” rather than passive learners. After enough teaching and learning preparation, freshman students in a Chinese university were asked to select keywords on the topic “What is human geography?” Nearly half of the selected keywords were different from what they had learned previously. They were linked to the frontier of human geography, to some extent, demonstrating that students were “makers.” The result shows the method of keyword selection and the idea that “we are all makers” can help the teacher and students reconstruct the process of teaching and learning, even for newcomers to the field. Thus, students could learn more autonomously and efficiently. At the same time, they would try to make new progress. Key Words: China, human geography, keyword selection, learner, maker.
Chao Ye; Renjie Ji. We Are All Makers: The Method of Keyword Selection in Teaching and Learning Human Geography. The Professional Geographer 2019, 71, 462 -471.
AMA StyleChao Ye, Renjie Ji. We Are All Makers: The Method of Keyword Selection in Teaching and Learning Human Geography. The Professional Geographer. 2019; 71 (3):462-471.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChao Ye; Renjie Ji. 2019. "We Are All Makers: The Method of Keyword Selection in Teaching and Learning Human Geography." The Professional Geographer 71, no. 3: 462-471.
Urban agglomeration plays an essential role in world urbanization. Urban agglomerations in developing countries like China, although have the same characteristics as the developed countries because of globalization, often show a more different and dynamic process. Urban agglomerations in China are generally dominated and planned as a mode of organizing and improving urbanization by the Chinese government; however, in different regions, urban agglomeration has different trajectories based on a different historical and geographical context. The paper applies a new social theory, production of space, into explaining the development and governance of urban agglomeration in China, which is effective and meaningful to help understand the developmental process of urban agglomeration and urbanization. The theory of spatial production focuses on the relation between society and space, in which ‘society’ has a broad meaning and can be divided into three factors or parts: power, capital, and class. This paper chooses YRD (the Yangtze River Delta) as a typical case and designs a simple index system to reflect the influences of these three factors on urban agglomeration. The governance of urban agglomeration will be indicated by national or regional policies analysis. According to such a synthesis method of index assessment, GIS (Geographic Information System), and policies analysis, we find Chinese urban agglomeration is a capital-intensive region, and the national policies tend to regard it as an intensive investment object. Planning and governance from top-down power have more influence than the market in the evolving process of urban agglomeration. There is a contradiction between spatial production and people-oriented urbanization, with the latter more important than the former, but China’s urbanization often emphasizes the former. It is high time to link the techniques and methods such as GIS to the social theories like the production of space in urban studies.
Chao Ye; Zhaojing Liu; Wenbo Cai; Ruishan Chen; Liangliang Liu; Yongli Cai. Spatial Production and Governance of Urban Agglomeration in China 2000–2015: Yangtze River Delta as a Case. Sustainability 2019, 11, 1343 .
AMA StyleChao Ye, Zhaojing Liu, Wenbo Cai, Ruishan Chen, Liangliang Liu, Yongli Cai. Spatial Production and Governance of Urban Agglomeration in China 2000–2015: Yangtze River Delta as a Case. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (5):1343.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChao Ye; Zhaojing Liu; Wenbo Cai; Ruishan Chen; Liangliang Liu; Yongli Cai. 2019. "Spatial Production and Governance of Urban Agglomeration in China 2000–2015: Yangtze River Delta as a Case." Sustainability 11, no. 5: 1343.
With rapid urbanization in the world, new town construction has become prosperous. In particular, new emerging towns in China are unique because of the most significant movement of “building cities”. Over four decades of reform and opening-up, this movement has brought about a special development model known as State-level New Area (SLNA) which, like a new town, is causing a growth spurt in national and regional economic development. By applying the critical theory of production of space, this paper gives an overall analysis. SLNAs generate a new expansion pattern of urban space in the regionalization process dominated by governments. To reveal the spatiotemporal evolution logic of SLNA, the framework identifies the main characteristics contributing to spatial production: both bottom-up and top-down project on construction; a sharp and unordered trend of increment in time scale; an unbalanced regional distribution in the sequential order of “Eastern–Western–Northeastern–Central” among regions; complex spatial overlaying with different development zones and administrative divisions; and large-scale spatial expanding. This paper finds that the ongoing growth of SLNAs is a rapid process of spatial production with more contradictions, which is especially marked by tension between disorder and reorder. We hope to provide theoretical reference and practical guidance for the sustainable urbanization and orderly regional development of SLNAs.
Liang Zhuang; Chao Ye. Disorder or Reorder? The Spatial Production of State-Level New Areas in China. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3628 .
AMA StyleLiang Zhuang, Chao Ye. Disorder or Reorder? The Spatial Production of State-Level New Areas in China. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (10):3628.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiang Zhuang; Chao Ye. 2018. "Disorder or Reorder? The Spatial Production of State-Level New Areas in China." Sustainability 10, no. 10: 3628.
Since 2014, the Chinese government has initiatednew-type urbanization under the guidance of ‘the National New-type Urbanization Plan (2014–2020)’, which embarks on a significant transformation of the model of urbanization in post-reform China. To understand the origin and outputs of this policy, this article demonstrates the context of China’s new-type urbanization. The paper proposes a conceptual framework of new-type urbanization, which mainly includes four aspects: humanism, people-oriented urbanization; inclusivism, benefits sharing for urban and rural; sustainability, development without sacrifice of resources and environment; and harmonism, coordination. This is followed by an examination of the case of Anhui province, as a pilot province of China’s new-type urbanization. Anhui has performed a lot of related work to promote citizenization of peasant workers and has made great progress on the reform of the household registration system. The study found that despite a special emphasis on people-oriented urbanization, the pressures and costs of citizenization of peasant workers are growing fast, accompanied by rising housing prices in cities. This insight suggests there are benefits and costs of promoting China’s new-type urbanization. Despite the advantages of institutional innovation, the unexpected side effects such as rapid rising housing prices actually undermine the success of plan implementation.
Mingxing Chen; Yinghua Gong; Dadao Lu; Chao Ye. Build a people-oriented urbanization: China’s new-type urbanization dream and Anhui model. Land Use Policy 2018, 80, 1 -9.
AMA StyleMingxing Chen, Yinghua Gong, Dadao Lu, Chao Ye. Build a people-oriented urbanization: China’s new-type urbanization dream and Anhui model. Land Use Policy. 2018; 80 ():1-9.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMingxing Chen; Yinghua Gong; Dadao Lu; Chao Ye. 2018. "Build a people-oriented urbanization: China’s new-type urbanization dream and Anhui model." Land Use Policy 80, no. : 1-9.