China’s complicated and diverse poverty problems gradually emerged as poverty alleviation efforts deepened and rural urbanization progressed. Among these problems, the intergenerational transmission of poverty (ITP) is the most prominent and is an entrenched issue in rural China. This study selects six typical poverty-stricken counties in the eastern, central, and western regions of China on the basis of geography and uses the transformation matrix method and a regression model to analyze the regional differentiation characteristics of ITP. We further explore its impact mechanisms based on a sustainable livelihood analysis framework with the following results: (1) ITP in rural China exhibits the phenomenon of income-stratified transmission, and the groups at both ends of the low-income spectrum are more prone to having ITP; (2) ITP and the intergenerational mobility of income for different income levels have different spatial distribution characteristics, with these intergenerational relationships exhibiting a reverse variation trend in the eastern region, while exhibiting a codirectional variation trend in the central and western regions; (3) there are differences in the subsistence livelihood capital, which affect ITP in different regions. Financial capital has a significant impact on ITP across all of China. Natural capital has a significant impact on the eastern region, and physical capital plays a significant role in the central region, while the western region is greatly affected by both human and physical capital. In view of the differences in the influence of livelihood capital on ITP in different regions, China should formulate policies to accurately address ITP in order to narrow regional differences and accelerate the comprehensive construction of a financially affluent society.

In spite of the rapid growth of the Yangtze River port system (YRPS) in recent years, knowledge regarding the efficiency characteristics of these ports along the Yangtze River is still limited. This article evaluates the relative efficiency of 22 major ports along the Yangtze River from 2010 to 2016 by using the novel super slacks-based measure (super-SBM) model and the Malmquist productivity index. The YRPS showed a relatively low level of average technical efficiency in 2016, and the technical efficiency values of these ports increased generally from upstream to downstream. In terms of returns to scale, the ports of Shanghai, Nantong, and Suzhou should pay attention to resource allocation, technological advancement, and institutional innovation in the future. The remaining 19 ports, however, should increase investment in the optimization of production-capacity structures, the upgrading of terminal equipment, the improvement of consolidation and distribution systems, channel regulation, and information sharing among terminals. Our results also show that the production technology, resource utilization, enterprise management, and scale economies of the YRPS improved during 2010–2016, and this significantly enhanced the total factor productivity (TFP). Based on these findings, we propose several development strategies for the YRPS, such as improving the consolidation and distribution systems of ports, encouraging the cross-regional integration of port and shipping enterprises, strengthening the coconstruction and sharing of infrastructure, and optimizing the hub-and-spoke network of the YRPS.

Wildlife damage is often expected to push national park residents toward new sources of income, but the appraisals that turn damage into a willingness to move into tourism remain unclear. Drawing on protection motivation theory and questionnaire data from 513 residents in and around the Wuyishan City section of Wuyishan National Park, China, this study distinguishes perceived tourism adaptive efficacy from tourism self-efficacy and examines how these two beliefs relate to intentions to shift household livelihoods toward tourism. Greater perceived wildlife damage was related to stronger threat appraisal of traditional livelihoods. Residents who perceived greater livelihood threat also reported stronger transition intentions and were more likely to view tourism as a workable livelihood alternative. However, no clear relationship emerged between livelihood threat and tourism self-efficacy, although both adaptive efficacy and self-efficacy were positively related to transition intention. As a moderator, perceived tourism development opportunity was more relevant to adaptive efficacy than to self-efficacy. When residents perceived greater tourism opportunities, the positive relationship between livelihood threat and adaptive efficacy was stronger, as was the corresponding indirect relationship with transition intention. In contrast, perceived opportunity made little difference to the relationship involving self-efficacy. These findings suggest that livelihood threat was associated with greater perceived usefulness and feasibility of tourism without a corresponding association with residents’ confidence in their own ability to engage in tourism activities. Policies aimed at encouraging livelihood diversification in national park communities may therefore need to combine the creation of tourism opportunities with training, skills development, and other forms of support that strengthen residents’ capacity to participate.

Wildlife damage can impose both material and non-monetary burdens on residents living near protected areas. Although associations between perceived wildlife damage and conservation attitudes are well documented, less is known about whether threat- and fairness-based appraisals provide distinct information beyond perceived damage itself. Using a non-probability survey of 513 residents across 20 villages in and around the Wuyishan City section of Wuyishan National Park, southeastern China, we examined associations among tangible and intangible damage perceptions, risk perception, relative deprivation, and wildlife conservation attitudes (overall stated support for protecting locally common damage-causing wildlife). Risk perception represented a threat-based appraisal, whereas relative deprivation represented a fairness-based appraisal reflecting perceived unfair disadvantage in conservation burdens and recognition relative to others. Latent structural and interaction models were further used to examine whether these associations varied with compensation evaluation and community participation. Both tangible and intangible damage perceptions were positively associated with risk perception and relative deprivation. In turn, both appraisals were negatively associated with wildlife conservation attitudes, and each retained a distinct association with attitudes when modeled jointly. Tangible damage perception also retained a significant negative direct association with conservation attitudes, whereas the corresponding direct association for intangible damage perception was nonsignificant. All four indirect associations through risk perception and relative deprivation were negative. The association between tangible damage perception and relative deprivation was weaker at higher compensation evaluation, whereas the association between intangible damage perception and risk perception was weaker at higher community participation. The corresponding negative conditional indirect associations were also smaller in magnitude. Distinguishing threat- from fairness-based appraisals may help clarify the potentially complementary roles of compensation procedures and community participation in national park governance. Given the cross-sectional design, the estimated indirect associations should be interpreted as statistical pathways rather than evidence of temporal or causal mediation.