Nowadays, wireless sensor networks (WSN) are widely used in agriculture monitoring to improve the quality and productivity of farming. In this application, sensors gather different types of data (i.e., humidity, carbon dioxide level, and temperature) in real-time scenarios. Thus, data gathering, transmission, and rapid response to new circumstances require a secured data mechanism to avoid malicious adversaries. Therefore, this paper focuses on data security from the data origin source to the end-user, and proposes a general data security model that is independent of the network topology and structure, and can be widely used in the agriculture monitoring application. The developed model considers practical aspects, the architecture of the sensor node, as well as the necessity to save energy while ensuring data security, and optimize the model through the application of organizational and technical measures. The model evaluation is conducted through simulation in terms of energy consumption. The result shows that the proposed model ensures good data security at the cost of a slight increase in energy consumption at receiver and sender nodes, and energy consumption per bit, up to 2%, 7%, and 1.3%, respectively, due to overhead added for authentication in the network.

This paper describes a method for designing an ultraviolet (UV) projection lens for microlithography. Our approach for meeting this objective is to use a starting design automatically obtained by the DSEARCH feature in the SYNOPSYS™ lens design program. We describe the steps for getting a desired starting point for the projection lens and discuss optimization problems unique to this system, where the two parts of the projection lens are designed independently.

In this paper we investigated a design approach based on, to our knowledge, novel algorithms in automated lens design, specifically for design of deep-ultraviolet (DUV) projection lenses. A comprehensive global search for optimal starting points has been conducted by coding macros within lens design software. The findings of the study reveal that achieving a diffraction-limited system requires careful adjustments of global search parameters and strategic compromises to balance various constraints of the telecentric objective. The results demonstrate the practical value of a global search method for obtaining starting points of a bi-telecentric optical system with a large number of variables. The feasibility of the proposed design approach is verified by designing a deep-UV lithography objective that meets the requirements of micro-lithography. Using this design approach, designers can easily manage the starting point exploration and bypass the many steps of an analytical design process for high-resolution objectives.