We isolated and purified phenolic acids and flavonoids from the ethanolic extract of Salvia plebeia using silica gel and a Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. Spectroscopy revealed the isolated compounds were caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, hispidulin, luteolin, jaceosidin, nepitrin, homoplantaginin, 6-hydroxyluteolin 7-O-glucoside, 6-methoxynaringenin 7-O-glucoside, naasanone, and cosmosiin. Quantitative analyses, using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with UV (HPLC-UV), revealed that the major flavonoid from S. plebeia was 6-hydroxyluteolin 7-O-glucoside (100.63 mg/g) and the most abundant phenolic acid was rosmarinic acid (47.73 mg/g). Furthermore, among four other Salvia species, S. officinalis contained the highest overall phenolic acid and flavonoid level but these were still lower than S. plebeia. These results can help assess the potential of phenolic acids and flavonoids as potent sources of pharmacological ingredients from different Salvia species extracts.

This study determined acteoside and its content in Abeliophyllum distichum via HPLC/UV and LC/ESI-MS to obtain insights into the potential use of this plant as an antioxidant agent. Moreover, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl (^•OH), and O₂⁻ radical scavenging activity assays were performed to assess in vitro antioxidative activity. The DPPH, ^•OH, and O₂⁻ radical scavenging activities of A. distichum leaf EtOH extracts at a 250 μg/mL concentration were 88.32%, 94.48%, and 14.36%, respectively, whereas those of stem extracts at the same concentration were 88.15%, 88.99%, and 15.36%, respectively. The contents of acteoside in A. distichum leaves and stems were 162.11 and 29.68 mg/g, respectively. Acteoside was identified as the main antioxidant compound in A. distichum leaves, which resulted in DPPH, ^•OH, and O₂⁻ radical scavenging activities of 82.84%, 89.46%, and 30.31%, respectively, at a 25 μg/mL concentration. These results indicate that A. distichum leaves and stems containing the antioxidant acteoside can be used as natural ingredients for functional and nutritional supplements.

Smart farming is a promising strategy for future agriculture, and the global market for smart agriculture is growing rapidly. The aim of this study was to compare the quality of agricultural products based on their cultivation method. The components and antioxidant activities of Lactuca sativa (LS) var. longifolia cultivated using conventional agriculture methods (CAMs) and smart farm agriculture methods (SAMs) were compared. ABTS⁺ and DPPH radical scavenging activity assays were performed to compare the antioxidant activities of LS grown using CAMs and SAMs. High-performance liquid chromatography with a reverse-phase column was employed to analyze the phenolic and carotenoid compounds. In both the SAM and the CAM, β-carotene was found to be the most abundant compound. LS grown using the CAM had high total polyphenol content and ABTS⁺ radical scavenging activity, while LS grown using the SAM had high individual phenolic content and DPPH radical scavenging activity. This study developed a new method of SAM and confirmed that SAM produces a higher quantity of phenolic compounds and total flavonoid contents than CAM in LS. This study also highlights the SAM’s functioning, gives crop quality inspection guidelines, and standardizes LS. The new SAM is effective for application in undeveloped urban spaces, is more convenient than the CAM, and represents a way to develop and manage LS quality.