(1) Background: This study aimed to quantify the health and economic impacts of air pollution in Jakarta Province, the capital of Indonesia. (2) Methods: We quantified the health and economic burden of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) and ground-level Ozone (O₃), which exceeds the local and global ambient air quality standards. We selected health outcomes which include adverse health outcomes in children, all-cause mortality, and daily hospitalizations. We used comparative risk assessment methods to estimate health burdens attributable to PM_2.5 and O₃, linking the local population and selected health outcomes data with relative risks from the literature. The economic burdens were calculated using cost-of-illness and the value of the statistical life-year approach. (3) Results: Our results suggest over 7000 adverse health outcomes in children, over 10,000 deaths, and over 5000 hospitalizations that can be attributed to air pollution each year in Jakarta. The annual total cost of the health impact of air pollution reached approximately USD 2943.42 million. (4) Conclusions: By using local data to quantify and assess the health and economic impacts of air pollution in Jakarta, our study provides timely evidence needed to prioritize clean air actions to be taken to promote the public’s health.

Background: Air pollution is an important risk factor for the disease burden; however there is limited evidence in Indonesia on the effect of air pollution on health, due to lack of exposure and health outcome data. The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential use of the IFLS data for response part of urban-scale air pollution exposure–health response studies. Methods: Relevant variables were extracted based on IFLS5 documentation review. Analysis of the spatial distribution of respondent, data completeness, prevalence of relevant health outcomes, and consistency or agreement evaluation between similar variables were performed. Power for ideal sample size was estimated. Results: There were 58,304 respondents across 23 provinces, with the highest density in Jakarta (750/district). Among chronic conditions, hypertension had the highest prevalence (15–25%) with data completeness of 79–83%. Consistency among self-reported health outcome variables was 90–99%, while that with objective measurements was 42–70%. The estimated statistical power for studying air pollution effect on hypertension (prevalence = 17%) in Jakarta was approximately 0.6 (α = 0.1). Conclusions: IFLS5 data has potential use for epidemiological study of air pollution and health outcomes such as hypertension, to be coupled with high quality urban-scale air pollution exposure estimates, particularly in Jakarta.

Formaldehyde (HCHO) is a toxic compound and plays an important role in atmospheric chemical reactions as a source of radicals and precursor of oxidants (mainly ozone). HCHO generates from primary sources (motor vehicles) and secondary sources (photochemical reactions). However, carbonyl compounds monitoring and research on their roles in chemical reaction (ozone production) in Indonesia is still limited. This research investigated the contribution and relationship of hydrocarbons (formaldehyde) and ozone in urban areas. Formaldehyde measurements were carried out for two weeks using absorption method and samples were analyzed by spectrophotometric. Two empirical methods were used to predict ozone production, namely MIR (maximum incremental reactivity) method and propane equivalent method. MIR is a method to calculate organic compounds reactivity in ozone formation. Meanwhile, propane-equivalent method aims to determine ozone estimate using the rate of hydrocarbons oxidation (formaldehyde and propane). Based on ozone diurnal variation, the MIR method provided overestimation, while the propane equivalent method show underestimate predictions. The mean value ​​of ozone concentrations as the reference data in µg/m3) was 34.39 , while estimates resulted in 83.93 (MIR method) and 9.92 (propane equivalent method), respectively. RMSE (Root Mean Squared Error) calculated the error range of the two methods found the values of 81.23 µg/m3 (MIR) and 31.90 µg/ m3 (propane equivalent). It is found that these methods did not predict ozone well. However, both method were easy to applied and could estimated ozone concentration although the information of hydrocarbons data were limited. it is suggested that alternative method were applied by adding meteorological data and other hydrocarbons concentrations to produce better prediction ozone model

Acidic deposition (acid rain) has been known to cause negative impact to environment. Measurement of rain chemical composition was done in March to August 2016 to investigate temporal variation of atmospheric deposition in Bandung City. Rainwater samples are collected at four sampling sites. The chemical properties of the rain determined were pH and ionic concentrations of SO4 2-, NO3-, Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+ and NH4 +. The rainwater was typically acidic with the range of mean pH between 5.29 – 5.56 and mean electric conductivity value range between 16.37 – 19.96 μS/cm. Temporal variation showed higher SO4 2+, NO3 + and NH4 + concentration in August when rainfalls were the lowest (214.88 mm). Similar temporal variation for the mean pH (5.98) and electric conductivity (25.36 μS/cm) in August. Ca2+ highest concentration was observed in June. Generally, the the major component of precipitation chemistry were SO4 2- and NO3 -, Ca+ and NH4 +, for anion and cations, respectively. The largest proportions of the total anions in all sampling sites was SO4 2- ranged from 32% (Lembang) to 37% (Buah Batu) followed by NO3 - (13 – 15%) and and Cl- (4 – 7%). For cations, NH4 + dominated with proportion ranged between 21 – 27% and subsequently Ca2+ (13 – 19%) and followed by Na+, Mg+, K+ and H+. The Neutralizing Factor (NF) results reveal that Ca2+ and NH4 + are the dominant neutralization substances in the rainwater. However it should be noted that reduced nitrogen (NH4 +) act as mobile nitrogen that further will acidify the environment, particularly to soil ecosystem downstreams.