A non-iterative spatial phase-shifting algorithm based on principal component analysis (PCA) is proposed to directly extract the phase from only a single spatial carrier interferogram. Firstly, we compose a set of phase-shifted fringe patterns from the original spatial carrier interferogram shifting by one pixel their starting position. Secondly, two uncorrelated quadrature signals that correspond to the first and second principal components are extracted from the phase-shifted interferograms by the PCA algorithm. Then, the modulating phase is calculated from the arctangent function of the two quadrature signals. Meanwhile, the main factors that may influence the performance of the proposed method are analyzed and discussed, such as the level of random noise, the carrier-frequency values and the angle of carrier-frequency of fringe pattern. Numerical simulations and experiments are given to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method and the results show that the proposed method is fast, effectively and accurate. The proposed method can be used to on-line detection fields of dynamic or moving objects.

Paint removal by laser ablation is favoured among cleaning techniques due to its high efficiency. How to predict the optimal laser parameters without producing damage to substrate still remains challenging for accurate paint stripping. On the basis of ablation morphologies and combining experiments with numerical modelling, the underlying mechanisms and the optimal conditions for paint removal by laser ablation are thoroughly investigated. Our studies suggest that laser paint removal is dominated by the laser vaporization effect, thermal stress effect and laser plasma effect, in which thermal stress effect is the most favoured while laser plasma effect should be avoided during removal operations. Based on the thermodynamic equations, we numerically evaluated the spatial distribution of the temperature as well as thermal stress in the paint and substrate under the irradiation of laser pulse at 1064 nm. The obtained curves of the paint thickness vs. threshold fluences can provide the reference standard of laser parameter selection in view of the paint layer with different thickness. A multi-pulse model is proposed and validated under a constant laser fluence to perfectly remove a thicker paint layer. The investigations and the methods proposed here might give hints to the efficient operations on the paint removal and lowering the risk of substrate damages.

We develop a model that describes the effect of size distribution of nanoabsorbers on the subsurface of fused silica on laser-damage probability. Using Mie theory and heat equation, we obtain the correlation between the critical fluence and particle radius. Considering a power law distribution of nanoabsorbers, the curves of laser-damage probability are calculated based on experimental results of contents of contaminations and a fit parameter of size distribution of nanoabsorbers. This paper presents the influence of various potential candidates, jointly, on laser-induced damage.

Direct laser writing (DLW) is a convenient approach for fabricating graphene-based flexible electronic devices. In this paper, laser-induced graphene was successfully prepared on a thin and transparent polyimide film through the DLW process. Experiments have demonstrated that interdigital thin film capacitor prepared by the DLW method has a high specific capacitance of 8.11 mF/cm² and volume capacitance density of 3.16 F/cm³ (0.05 mA/cm²) due to the doped fluoride in the laser-induced graphene. The capacitance is about 20 times larger than the super-capacitor based non-transparent polyimide film of the same thickness. Owing to its thin, flexible, higher electrochemical characteristics, the transparent polyimide film is promising for integrating and powering portable and wearable electronics.