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Marine nano-ecotoxicology has emerged with the purpose to assess the environmental risks associated with engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) among contaminants of emerging concerns entering the marine environment. ENMs’ massive production and integration in everyday life applications, associated with their peculiar physical chemical features, including high biological reactivity, have imposed a pressing need to shed light on risk for humans and the environment. Environmental safety assessment, known as ecosafety, has thus become mandatory with the perspective to develop a more holistic exposure scenario and understand biological effects. Here, we review the current knowledge on behavior and impact of ENMs which end up in the marine environment. A focus on titanium dioxide (n-TiO2) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), among metal-based ENMs massively used in commercial products, and polymeric NPs as polystyrene (PS), largely adopted as proxy for nanoplastics, is made. ENMs eco-interactions with chemical molecules including (bio)natural ones and anthropogenic pollutants, forming eco- and bio-coronas and link with their uptake and toxicity in marine organisms are discussed. An ecologically based design strategy (eco-design) is proposed to support the development of new ENMs, including those for environmental applications (e.g., nanoremediation), by balancing their effectiveness with no associated risk for marine organisms and humans.
Ilaria Corsi; Arianna Bellingeri; Maria Eliso; Giacomo Grassi; Giulia Liberatori; Carola Murano; Lucrezia Sturba; Maria Vannuccini; Elisa Bergami. Eco-Interactions of Engineered Nanomaterials in the Marine Environment: Towards an Eco-Design Framework. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 1903 .
AMA StyleIlaria Corsi, Arianna Bellingeri, Maria Eliso, Giacomo Grassi, Giulia Liberatori, Carola Murano, Lucrezia Sturba, Maria Vannuccini, Elisa Bergami. Eco-Interactions of Engineered Nanomaterials in the Marine Environment: Towards an Eco-Design Framework. Nanomaterials. 2021; 11 (8):1903.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIlaria Corsi; Arianna Bellingeri; Maria Eliso; Giacomo Grassi; Giulia Liberatori; Carola Murano; Lucrezia Sturba; Maria Vannuccini; Elisa Bergami. 2021. "Eco-Interactions of Engineered Nanomaterials in the Marine Environment: Towards an Eco-Design Framework." Nanomaterials 11, no. 8: 1903.
Benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) is a well-known genotoxic agent, the removal of which from environmental matrices is mandatory, necessitating the application of cleaning strategies that are harmless to human and environmental health. The potential application of nanoparticles (NPs) in the remediation of polluted environments is of increasing interest. Here, specifically designed NPs were selected as being non-genotoxic and able to interact with B(a)P, in order to address the genetic and chromosomal damage it produces. A newly formulated pure anatase nano-titanium (nano-TiO2), a commercial mixture of rutile and anatase, and carbon black-derived hydrophilic NPs (HNP) were applied. Once it had been ascertained that the NPs selected for the work did not induce genotoxicity, marine mussel gill biopsies were exposed in vitro to B(a)P (2 μg/mL), alone and in combination with the selected NPs (50 µg/mL nano-TiO2, 10 µg/mL HNP). DNA primary reversible damage was evaluated by means of the Comet assay. Chromosomal persistent damage was assessed on the basis of micronuclei frequency and nuclear abnormalities by means of the Micronucleus-Cytome assay. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) was performed to investigate the mechanism of action exerted by NPs. Pure Anatase n-TiO2 was found to be the most suitable for our purpose, as it is cyto- and genotoxicity free and able to reduce the genetic and chromosomal damage associated with exposure to B(a)P.
Margherita Bernardeschi; Patrizia Guidi; Mara Palumbo; Massimo Genovese; Michela Alfè; Valentina Gargiulo; Paolo Lucchesi; Vittoria Scarcelli; Alessandra Falleni; Elisa Bergami; Francesca Freyria; Barbara Bonelli; Ilaria Corsi; Giada Frenzilli. Suitability of Nanoparticles to Face Benzo(a)pyrene-Induced Genetic and Chromosomal Damage in M. galloprovincialis. An In Vitro Approach. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 1309 .
AMA StyleMargherita Bernardeschi, Patrizia Guidi, Mara Palumbo, Massimo Genovese, Michela Alfè, Valentina Gargiulo, Paolo Lucchesi, Vittoria Scarcelli, Alessandra Falleni, Elisa Bergami, Francesca Freyria, Barbara Bonelli, Ilaria Corsi, Giada Frenzilli. Suitability of Nanoparticles to Face Benzo(a)pyrene-Induced Genetic and Chromosomal Damage in M. galloprovincialis. An In Vitro Approach. Nanomaterials. 2021; 11 (5):1309.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMargherita Bernardeschi; Patrizia Guidi; Mara Palumbo; Massimo Genovese; Michela Alfè; Valentina Gargiulo; Paolo Lucchesi; Vittoria Scarcelli; Alessandra Falleni; Elisa Bergami; Francesca Freyria; Barbara Bonelli; Ilaria Corsi; Giada Frenzilli. 2021. "Suitability of Nanoparticles to Face Benzo(a)pyrene-Induced Genetic and Chromosomal Damage in M. galloprovincialis. An In Vitro Approach." Nanomaterials 11, no. 5: 1309.
The air humidity in Antarctica is very low and this peculiar weather parameter make the use of flame retardants in research facilities highly needed for safety reasons, as fires are a major risk. Legacy and novel flame retardants (nFRs) including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), Dechlorane Plus (DP), and other nFRs were measured in indoor dust samples collected at research Stations in Antarctica: Gabriel de Castilla, Spain (GCS), Julio Escudero, Chile (JES), and onboard the RRS James Clark Ross, United Kingdom (RRS JCR). The GC-HRMS and LC-MS-MS analyses of dust samples revealed ∑7PBDEs of 41.5 ± 43.8 ng/g in rooms at GCS, 18.7 ± 11.6 ng/g at JES, and 27.2 ± 37.9 ng/g onboard the RRS JCR. PBDE pattern was different between the sites and most abundant congeners were BDE-183 (40%) at GCS, BDE-99 (50%) at JES, and BDE-153 (37%) onboard the RRS JCR. The ∑(4)HBCDs were 257 ± 407 ng/g, 14.9 ± 14.5 ng/g, and 761 ± 1043 ng/g in indoor dust collected in rooms at GCS, JES, and RRS JCR, respectively. The ∑9nFRs were 224 ± 178 ng/g at GCS, 14.1 ± 13.8 ng/g at JES, and 194 ± 392 ng/g on the RRS JCR. Syn- and anti-DP were detected in most of the samples and both isomers showed the highest concentrations at GCS: 163 ± 93.6 and 48.5 ± 61.1 ng/g, respectively. The laboratory and living room showed the highest concentration of HBCDs, DPs, BTBPE. The wide variations in FR levels in dust from the three research facilities and between differently used rooms reflect the different origin of furnishing, building materials and equipment. The potential health risk associated to a daily exposure via dust ingestion was assessed for selected FRs: BDEs 47, 99, and 153, α-, β-, and γ-HBCD, BTBPE, syn- and anti-DP. Although the estimated exposures are below the available reference doses, caution is needed given the expected increasing use of novel chemicals without a comprehensive toxicological profile.
Simonetta Corsolini; América Metzdorff; Davide Baroni; Jose L. Roscales; Begoña Jiménez; Elena Cerro-Gálvez; Jordi Dachs; Cristóbal Galbán-Malagón; Ondřej Audy; Jiří Kohoutek; Petra Přibylova; Matias Poblete-Morales; Ruben Avendaño-Herrera; Elisa Bergami; Karla Pozo. Legacy and novel flame retardants from indoor dust in Antarctica: Sources and human exposure. Environmental Research 2020, 196, 110344 .
AMA StyleSimonetta Corsolini, América Metzdorff, Davide Baroni, Jose L. Roscales, Begoña Jiménez, Elena Cerro-Gálvez, Jordi Dachs, Cristóbal Galbán-Malagón, Ondřej Audy, Jiří Kohoutek, Petra Přibylova, Matias Poblete-Morales, Ruben Avendaño-Herrera, Elisa Bergami, Karla Pozo. Legacy and novel flame retardants from indoor dust in Antarctica: Sources and human exposure. Environmental Research. 2020; 196 ():110344.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSimonetta Corsolini; América Metzdorff; Davide Baroni; Jose L. Roscales; Begoña Jiménez; Elena Cerro-Gálvez; Jordi Dachs; Cristóbal Galbán-Malagón; Ondřej Audy; Jiří Kohoutek; Petra Přibylova; Matias Poblete-Morales; Ruben Avendaño-Herrera; Elisa Bergami; Karla Pozo. 2020. "Legacy and novel flame retardants from indoor dust in Antarctica: Sources and human exposure." Environmental Research 196, no. : 110344.
Coastal environments can be influenced by water body masses with particular physical, chemical, and biological properties that create favourable conditions for the development of unique planktonic communities. In this study, we investigated a continental shelf front at Ponza Island (Tyrrhenian Sea) and discussed its diversity and complexity in relation to major environmental parameters. Moon phase and current direction were found to play a significant role in shaping species abundance and behaviour. During in situ observations, we also provided the first data on the behaviour of juveniles of a rare mesopelagic species, Trachipterus trachypterus, suggesting the occurrence of Batesian mimicry.
Armando Macali; Alexander Semenov; Francesco Paladini De Mendoza; Alessia Dinoi; Elisa Bergami; Francesco Tiralongo. Relative Influence of Environmental Factors on Biodiversity and Behavioural Traits of a Rare Mesopelagic Fish, Trachipterus trachypterus (Gmelin, 1789), in a Continental Shelf Front of the Mediterranean Sea. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2020, 8, 581 .
AMA StyleArmando Macali, Alexander Semenov, Francesco Paladini De Mendoza, Alessia Dinoi, Elisa Bergami, Francesco Tiralongo. Relative Influence of Environmental Factors on Biodiversity and Behavioural Traits of a Rare Mesopelagic Fish, Trachipterus trachypterus (Gmelin, 1789), in a Continental Shelf Front of the Mediterranean Sea. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2020; 8 (8):581.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArmando Macali; Alexander Semenov; Francesco Paladini De Mendoza; Alessia Dinoi; Elisa Bergami; Francesco Tiralongo. 2020. "Relative Influence of Environmental Factors on Biodiversity and Behavioural Traits of a Rare Mesopelagic Fish, Trachipterus trachypterus (Gmelin, 1789), in a Continental Shelf Front of the Mediterranean Sea." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 8: 581.
Plastic debris has been identified as a potential threat to Antarctic marine ecosystems, however, the impact of nanoplastics (<1 μm) is currently unexplored. Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) is a keystone species of Southern Ocean pelagic ecosystems, which plays a central role in the Antarctic food webs and carbon (C) cycle. Krill has been shown to rapidly fragment microplastic beads through the digestive system, releasing nanoplastics with unknown toxicological effects. Here we exposed krill juveniles to carboxylic (COOH, anionic) and amino- (NH2, cationic) polystyrene nanoparticles (PS NPs) and we investigated lethal and sub-lethal endpoints after 48 h. The analysis of PS NP suspensions in Antarctic sea water (SW) media showed that PS-COOH formed large agglomerates (1043 ± 121 nm), while PS-NH2 kept their nominal size (56.8 ± 3 nm) during the exposure time. After 48 h, no mortality was found but increase in exuviae production (12.6 ± 1.3%) and reduced swimming activity were observed in juveniles exposed to PS-NH2. The microbial community composition in SW supports the release of krill moults upon PS NP exposure and stimulates further research on the pivotal role of krill in shaping Southern Ocean bacterial assemblages. The presence of fluorescent signal in krill faecal pellets (FPs) confirmed the waterborne ingestion and egestion of PS-COOH at 48 h of exposure. Changes in FP structure and properties were also associated to the incorporation of PS NPs regardless of their surface charge. The effects of PS NPs on krill FP properties were compared to Control 0 h as a reference for full FPs (plastic vs food) and Control 48 h as a reference for more empty-like FPs (plastic vs lack of food). Exposure to PS NPs led to a FP sinking rate comparable to Control 48 h, but significantly lower than Control 0 h (58.40 ± 23.60 m/d and 51.23 ± 28.60 m/d for PS-COOH and PS-NH2; 168.80 ± 74.58 m/d for Control 0 h). Considering the important role played by krill in the food web and C export in the Southern Ocean, the present study provides cues about the potential impact of nanoplastics on Antarctic pelagic ecosystems and their biogeochemical cycles.
E. Bergami; C. Manno; S. Cappello; M.L. Vannuccini; I. Corsi. Nanoplastics affect moulting and faecal pellet sinking in Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) juveniles. Environment International 2020, 143, 105999 .
AMA StyleE. Bergami, C. Manno, S. Cappello, M.L. Vannuccini, I. Corsi. Nanoplastics affect moulting and faecal pellet sinking in Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) juveniles. Environment International. 2020; 143 ():105999.
Chicago/Turabian StyleE. Bergami; C. Manno; S. Cappello; M.L. Vannuccini; I. Corsi. 2020. "Nanoplastics affect moulting and faecal pellet sinking in Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) juveniles." Environment International 143, no. : 105999.
There is evidence and serious concern that microplastics have reached the most remote regions of the planet, but how far have they travelled in terrestrial ecosystems? This study presents the first field-based evidence of plastic ingestion by a common and central component of Antarctic terrestrial food webs, the collembolan Cryptopygus antarcticus . A large piece of polystyrene (PS) foam (34 × 31 × 5 cm) covered by microalgae, moss, lichens and microfauna was found in a fellfield along the shores of the Fildes Peninsula (King George Island). The application of an improved enzymatic digestion coupled with Fourier transform infrared microscopy (µ-FTIR), unequivocally detected traces of PS (less than 100 µm) in the gut of the collembolans associated with the PS foam and documented their ability to ingest plastic. Plastics are thus entering the short Antarctic terrestrial food webs and represent a new potential stressor to polar ecosystems already facing climate change and increasing human activities. Future research should explore the effects of plastics on the composition, structure and functions of polar terrestrial biota.
Elisa Bergami; Emilia Rota; Tancredi Caruso; Giovanni Birarda; Lisa Vaccari; Ilaria Corsi. Plastics everywhere: first evidence of polystyrene fragments inside the common Antarctic collembolan Cryptopygus antarcticus. Biology Letters 2020, 16, 20200093 .
AMA StyleElisa Bergami, Emilia Rota, Tancredi Caruso, Giovanni Birarda, Lisa Vaccari, Ilaria Corsi. Plastics everywhere: first evidence of polystyrene fragments inside the common Antarctic collembolan Cryptopygus antarcticus. Biology Letters. 2020; 16 (6):20200093.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElisa Bergami; Emilia Rota; Tancredi Caruso; Giovanni Birarda; Lisa Vaccari; Ilaria Corsi. 2020. "Plastics everywhere: first evidence of polystyrene fragments inside the common Antarctic collembolan Cryptopygus antarcticus." Biology Letters 16, no. 6: 20200093.
The monitoring of plastic pollution through marine biota is a difficult task, which is receiving increasing attention nowadays. A selection of appropriate bioindicator species for plastic ingestion has been proposed, mostly covering benthic filter-feeding organisms or large marine vertebrates. However, monitoring programs involving a broad range of synergetic bioindicators are still missing. Jellyfish have recently been reported as target organisms for marine litter, being able to internalise a number of anthropogenic fragments, from macro- to microplastics. With this perspective, we consider the trophic role of jellyfish and critically discuss its use as a novel bioindicator for plastic pollution on a global scale. Being a widespread energy source in pelagic and deep-sea food webs worldwide and occurring at high densities, jellyfish may represent the invertebrate bioindicator counterpart to monitor plastic pollution in pelagic waters, along with their common predators, and we recommend its inclusion in future monitoring surveys.
A. Macali; Elisa Bergami. Jellyfish as innovative bioindicator for plastic pollution. Ecological Indicators 2020, 115, 106375 .
AMA StyleA. Macali, Elisa Bergami. Jellyfish as innovative bioindicator for plastic pollution. Ecological Indicators. 2020; 115 ():106375.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Macali; Elisa Bergami. 2020. "Jellyfish as innovative bioindicator for plastic pollution." Ecological Indicators 115, no. : 106375.
The adverse effects of engineered nanomaterials (ENM) in marine environments have recently attracted great attention although their effects on marine benthic organisms such as foraminifera are still largely overlooked. Here we document the effects of three negatively charged ENM, different in size and composition, titanium dioxide (TiO2), polystyrene (PS) and silicon dioxide (SiO2), on a microbial eukaryote (the benthic foraminifera Ammonia parkinsoniana) using multiple approaches. This research clearly shows the presence, within the foraminiferal cytoplasm, of metallic (Ti) and organic (PS) ENM that promote physiological stress. Specifically, marked increases in the accumulation of neutral lipids and enhanced reactive oxygen species production occurred in ENM-treated specimens regardless of ENM type. This study indicates that ENM represent ecotoxicological risks for this microbial eukaryote and presents a new model for the neglected marine benthos by which to assess natural exposure scenarios.
Caterina Ciacci; Margot V. Grimmelpont; Ilaria Corsi; Elisa Bergami; Davide Curzi; Debora Burini; Vincent M. P. Bouchet; Patrizia Ambrogini; Pietro Gobbi; Yurika Ujiié; Yoshiyuki Ishitani; Rodolfo Coccioni; Joan M. Bernhard; Fabrizio Frontalini. Nanoparticle-Biological Interactions in a Marine Benthic Foraminifer. Scientific Reports 2019, 9, 1 -10.
AMA StyleCaterina Ciacci, Margot V. Grimmelpont, Ilaria Corsi, Elisa Bergami, Davide Curzi, Debora Burini, Vincent M. P. Bouchet, Patrizia Ambrogini, Pietro Gobbi, Yurika Ujiié, Yoshiyuki Ishitani, Rodolfo Coccioni, Joan M. Bernhard, Fabrizio Frontalini. Nanoparticle-Biological Interactions in a Marine Benthic Foraminifer. Scientific Reports. 2019; 9 (1):1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCaterina Ciacci; Margot V. Grimmelpont; Ilaria Corsi; Elisa Bergami; Davide Curzi; Debora Burini; Vincent M. P. Bouchet; Patrizia Ambrogini; Pietro Gobbi; Yurika Ujiié; Yoshiyuki Ishitani; Rodolfo Coccioni; Joan M. Bernhard; Fabrizio Frontalini. 2019. "Nanoparticle-Biological Interactions in a Marine Benthic Foraminifer." Scientific Reports 9, no. 1: 1-10.
The biological identity of oppositely charged polystyrene nanoparticles entails the potential for cell interactions and toxicity.
Giacomo Grassi; Claudia Landi; Camilla Della Torre; Elisa Bergami; Luca Bini; Ilaria Corsi. Proteomic profile of the hard corona of charged polystyrene nanoparticles exposed to sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus coelomic fluid highlights potential drivers of toxicity. Environmental Science: Nano 2019, 6, 2937 -2947.
AMA StyleGiacomo Grassi, Claudia Landi, Camilla Della Torre, Elisa Bergami, Luca Bini, Ilaria Corsi. Proteomic profile of the hard corona of charged polystyrene nanoparticles exposed to sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus coelomic fluid highlights potential drivers of toxicity. Environmental Science: Nano. 2019; 6 (10):2937-2947.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiacomo Grassi; Claudia Landi; Camilla Della Torre; Elisa Bergami; Luca Bini; Ilaria Corsi. 2019. "Proteomic profile of the hard corona of charged polystyrene nanoparticles exposed to sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus coelomic fluid highlights potential drivers of toxicity." Environmental Science: Nano 6, no. 10: 2937-2947.
Micro- (<5 mm) and nanoplastics (<1 μm) are emerging threats for marine ecosystems worldwide. Brine shrimp Artemia is recognized as a suitable model among planktonic species for studying the impact of polystyrene nanoparticles (PS NPs) through short and long-term bioassays. Our study aims to evaluate the time-dependent effects of cationic amino-modified PS-NH2 (50 nm) in A. franciscana after short- (48 h) and long-term exposure (14 days). For this purpose, nauplii were exposed to a concentration range of PS-NH2 (0.1, 1, 3 and 10 μg/mL) in natural sea water (NSW), and physiological, biochemical and molecular responses were investigated. Short-term exposure to PS-NH2 caused a decrease in nauplii growth and affected the development in a concentration-dependent manner, long-term exposure impaired the survival, but not the growth and feeding behavior. Oxidative stress was detected after short term exposure as the decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and was fully evident in the long-term as lipid peroxidation, suggesting an accumulative effect. The decrease in Cholinesterase (ChE) activity observed indicates possible neurotoxic action of PS-NH2. Also, Carboxylesterase (CbE) inhibition by PS-NH2, described for the first time in this study, anticipates potential effects in biotransformation of exogenous and endogenous compounds, being the crustacean juvenile hormone methyl farnesoate (MF) that regulates development and molting, one candidate. Furthermore, short- and long-term exposure to PS-NH2 affect the expression of genes involved in cell protection, development and molting. Overall, our results reveal that low PS-NH2 concentrations induce physiological, biochemical and molecular (changes in gene expression) alterations in Artemia, and point at their potential risk for this model organism, supporting the general concern about nanoplastics occurrences in aquatic environments and their ability to represent an ecological threat for aquatic zooplanktonic species. Time-dependent effects of amino-modified nanoplastics.
Inmaculada Varó; Deborah Aurora Perini; Amparo Torreblanca; Yaiza Garcia; Elisa Bergami; Maria L. Vannuccini; Ilaria Corsi. Time-dependent effects of polystyrene nanoparticles in brine shrimp Artemia franciscana at physiological, biochemical and molecular levels. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 675, 570 -580.
AMA StyleInmaculada Varó, Deborah Aurora Perini, Amparo Torreblanca, Yaiza Garcia, Elisa Bergami, Maria L. Vannuccini, Ilaria Corsi. Time-dependent effects of polystyrene nanoparticles in brine shrimp Artemia franciscana at physiological, biochemical and molecular levels. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 675 ():570-580.
Chicago/Turabian StyleInmaculada Varó; Deborah Aurora Perini; Amparo Torreblanca; Yaiza Garcia; Elisa Bergami; Maria L. Vannuccini; Ilaria Corsi. 2019. "Time-dependent effects of polystyrene nanoparticles in brine shrimp Artemia franciscana at physiological, biochemical and molecular levels." Science of The Total Environment 675, no. : 570-580.
The incorporation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in commercial products is increasing rapidly. The consequent release of AgNPs into domestic and industrial wastewater raises environmental concerns due to their anti-microbial properties and toxicity to non-target aquatic organisms. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of nanArgen™ (Nanotek S.A.), a AgNP-enabled consumer product, in the marine bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis. Two environmentally relevant concentrations of nanArgen™ (1 and 10 µg/L) were tested in vivo for 96 h, and Ag was quantified in mussel soft tissue and natural seawater (NSW). nanArgen™ suspensions were characterized via TEM, SEM, EDS, DLS, and UV-Vis optical analysis. Several molecular and biochemical responses were investigated in exposed mussels: lysosomal membrane stability by Neutral Red Retention Time (NRRT) assay; micronucleus (MN) frequency in hemocytes; metallothionein (MT) protein content and gene expression (mt10 and mt20); catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities; malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation in digestive glands; and efflux activity of ATP-binding cassette transport proteins (ABC) in gill biopsies. SEM, TEM and DLS analyses confirmed the presence of well-defined AgNPs in nanArgen™ which were roughly spherical with an average particle size of approx. 30 ± 10 nm. DLS analysis revealed the formation of AgNP aggregates in nanArgen™ suspension in NSW (Z-average of 547.80 ± 90.23 nm; PDI of 0.044). A significant concentration-dependent accumulation of Ag was found in mussels’ whole soft tissue in agreement with a concentration-dependent decrease in NRRT and an increase of MN frequency in hemocytes and GST activities in digestive glands. A significant increase in MDA levels and MT via both molecular and biochemical tests, were also observed but only at the highest nanArgen™ concentration (10 µg/L). No changes were observed in CAT activities. ABC efflux activities in gill biopsies showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) only at the lowest concentration (1 µg/L). On such basis, nanArgen™ is shown to be able to induce toxicity and Ag accumulation in marine mussels similarly to AgNPs and in short-term exposure conditions at environmentally relevant concentrations. AgNP-enabled products, instead of pristine AgNPs, should be the focus of future ecotoxicity studies in order to address any risks associated to their widespread use, disposal and uncontrolled release into the aquatic environment for non target species.
Analía Ale; Giulia Liberatori; Maria Luisa Vannuccini; Elisa Bergami; Stefania Ancora; Giacomo Mariotti; Nicola Bianchi; Juan M. Galdopórpora; Martín F. Desimone; Jimena Cazenave; Ilaria Corsi. Exposure to a nanosilver-enabled consumer product results in similar accumulation and toxicity of silver nanoparticles in the marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Aquatic Toxicology 2019, 211, 46 -56.
AMA StyleAnalía Ale, Giulia Liberatori, Maria Luisa Vannuccini, Elisa Bergami, Stefania Ancora, Giacomo Mariotti, Nicola Bianchi, Juan M. Galdopórpora, Martín F. Desimone, Jimena Cazenave, Ilaria Corsi. Exposure to a nanosilver-enabled consumer product results in similar accumulation and toxicity of silver nanoparticles in the marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Aquatic Toxicology. 2019; 211 ():46-56.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnalía Ale; Giulia Liberatori; Maria Luisa Vannuccini; Elisa Bergami; Stefania Ancora; Giacomo Mariotti; Nicola Bianchi; Juan M. Galdopórpora; Martín F. Desimone; Jimena Cazenave; Ilaria Corsi. 2019. "Exposure to a nanosilver-enabled consumer product results in similar accumulation and toxicity of silver nanoparticles in the marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis." Aquatic Toxicology 211, no. : 46-56.
Plastic debris has been recognised as a potential stressor for Antarctic marine organisms. In this study, the effects of surface charged polystyrene nanoparticles (PS NPs) on the immune cells (coelomocytes) of the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri were assessed through in vitro short-term cultures. The behaviour of anionic carboxylated (PS-COOH) and cationic amino-modified (PS-NH2) NPs in filtered natural sea water (NSW) from King George Island (South Shetland Islands) was characterised by dynamic light scattering. Cellular morphology, NP uptake, phagocytic capacity and gene expression were evaluated after 6 and 24 h of exposure to 1 and 5 µg mL−1 PS NPs. Secondary characterisation showed an initial good dispersion of PS NPs in NSW, followed by nano-scale aggregation after 24 h. Both PS NPs affected cellular phagocytosis and generated an inflammatory response against oxidative stress and apoptosis at the molecular level. Fluorescently labelled PS-COOH aggregates were internalised by phagocytes and associated to the modulation of genes related to external challenges, antioxidant responses and cell protection against stress and apoptosis. Exposure to PS-NH2 caused a strong decrease in phagocytic capacity and the formation of cellular debris at 5 µg mL−1 after 24 h, but low gene modulation, suggesting a threshold in coelomocytes defence ability against PS-NH2. This study represents the first attempt to assess the impact of nanoplastics on Antarctic marine organisms. Our findings demonstrate that PS NPs with different surface charges constitute a challenge for S. neumayeri immune cells.
E. Bergami; A. Krupinski Emerenciano; M. González-Aravena; C. A. Cárdenas; P. Hernández; J. R. M. C. Silva; I. Corsi. Polystyrene nanoparticles affect the innate immune system of the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri. Polar Biology 2019, 42, 743 -757.
AMA StyleE. Bergami, A. Krupinski Emerenciano, M. González-Aravena, C. A. Cárdenas, P. Hernández, J. R. M. C. Silva, I. Corsi. Polystyrene nanoparticles affect the innate immune system of the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri. Polar Biology. 2019; 42 (4):743-757.
Chicago/Turabian StyleE. Bergami; A. Krupinski Emerenciano; M. González-Aravena; C. A. Cárdenas; P. Hernández; J. R. M. C. Silva; I. Corsi. 2019. "Polystyrene nanoparticles affect the innate immune system of the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri." Polar Biology 42, no. 4: 743-757.
Nanoplastics are recognized as able to interact with other pollutants including heavy metals, and with natural organic matter, with implications for the potential risks to biota. We investigated the interaction of carboxylated polystyrene nanoparticles (PS–COOH NPs) with copper (Cu) and algal exudates (EPS) and how such interaction could affect Cu toxicity towards the freshwater microalga Raphidocelis subcapitata. PS–COOH NPs behavior in the presence of Cu and EPS was determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS), while PS–COOH NPs surface interaction with Cu ions and EPS was investigated by fluorimetric analysis. ICP-MS was used to test Cu ion adsorption to PS–COOH NPs in the presence and absence of algae. The interaction between PS–COOH NPs and the algal cell wall was assessed by fluorescence microscopy. Short- and long-term toxicity tests were carried out in parallel to assess the impact of PS–COOH NPs on algal growth. Results showed altered nanoparticle surface charge and hydrodynamic diameter following algal EPS exposure, supporting the hypothesis of a protein corona formation. In contrast, no absorption of Cu ions was observed on PS–COOH NPs, either in the presence or absence of algae. No differences on algal growth inhibition were observed between exposure to Cu only, and to Cu in combination with PS–COOH NPs, in short-term as well as long-term tests. However, after 72 h of exposure, the adsorption of PS-COOH NPs to algal cell walls appeared to correspond to morphological alterations, revealing potential disturbances in the mitotic cycle. Our findings confirm the ability of PS–COOH NPs to interact with EPS as shown for other nanomaterials. Environmentally realistic exposure scenarios are thus needed for evaluating nanoplastic toxicity, as nanoparticles will not maintain their pristine nature once released into natural media. Prolonged exposure and use of different end-points such as cell morphological changes and EPS production seem more reliable for the investigation of nanoplastic/algal cell interactions which can drive food chain transfer of nanoplastics and ultimately toxicity.
A. Bellingeri; E. Bergami; Giacomo Grassi; C. Faleri; P. Redondo-Hasselerharm; A.A. Koelmans; I. Corsi. Combined effects of nanoplastics and copper on the freshwater alga Raphidocelis subcapitata. Aquatic Toxicology 2019, 210, 179 -187.
AMA StyleA. Bellingeri, E. Bergami, Giacomo Grassi, C. Faleri, P. Redondo-Hasselerharm, A.A. Koelmans, I. Corsi. Combined effects of nanoplastics and copper on the freshwater alga Raphidocelis subcapitata. Aquatic Toxicology. 2019; 210 ():179-187.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Bellingeri; E. Bergami; Giacomo Grassi; C. Faleri; P. Redondo-Hasselerharm; A.A. Koelmans; I. Corsi. 2019. "Combined effects of nanoplastics and copper on the freshwater alga Raphidocelis subcapitata." Aquatic Toxicology 210, no. : 179-187.
The retrieval of a polystyrene macro-plastic piece stranded on the shores in King George Island (South Shetlands, Antarctica) gave the opportunity to explore the associated bacterial flora. A total of 27 bacterial isolates were identified by molecular 16s rRNA gene sequencing and 7 strains were selected and screened for their ability to produce biofilm and antibiotic susceptibility profiles. All the bacterial isolates were able to produce biofilm. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test to 34 antibiotics showed multiple antibiotic resistances against the molecules cefuroxime and cefazolin (belonging to cephalosporins), cinoxacin (belonging to quinolones) and ampicillin, amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, carbenicillin and mezlocillin (belonging to beta-lactams). The obtained results suggest that plastics can serve as vectors for the spread of multiple resistances to antibiotics across Antarctic marine environments and underline the relevance of future studies on this topic.
Pasqualina Laganà; Gabriella Caruso; Ilaria Corsi; Elisa Bergami; Valentina Venuti; Domenico Majolino; Rosabruna La Ferla; Maurizio Azzaro; Simone Cappello. Do plastics serve as a possible vector for the spread of antibiotic resistance? First insights from bacteria associated to a polystyrene piece from King George Island (Antarctica). International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 2018, 222, 89 -100.
AMA StylePasqualina Laganà, Gabriella Caruso, Ilaria Corsi, Elisa Bergami, Valentina Venuti, Domenico Majolino, Rosabruna La Ferla, Maurizio Azzaro, Simone Cappello. Do plastics serve as a possible vector for the spread of antibiotic resistance? First insights from bacteria associated to a polystyrene piece from King George Island (Antarctica). International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2018; 222 (1):89-100.
Chicago/Turabian StylePasqualina Laganà; Gabriella Caruso; Ilaria Corsi; Elisa Bergami; Valentina Venuti; Domenico Majolino; Rosabruna La Ferla; Maurizio Azzaro; Simone Cappello. 2018. "Do plastics serve as a possible vector for the spread of antibiotic resistance? First insights from bacteria associated to a polystyrene piece from King George Island (Antarctica)." International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 222, no. 1: 89-100.
In order to assess the impact of nanoplastics on marine species, polystyrene nanoparticles (PS NPs) have been largely used as model particles. Here we studied the effects of 50 nm amino-modified PS-NH2 on Mediterranean sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus immune system cells (coelomocytes) in the presence of celomic fluid (CF) and at different NP concentrations (1, 5, 10, and 25 μg mL−1) and experimental conditions (absence or presence of EDTA). PS-NH2 acquired a protein corona once incubated with CF, dominated by the toposome precursor protein (TPP). In short-term cultures, a significant concentration- and time-dependent decrease in lysosomal membrane stability and apoptotic-like nuclear alterations were observed in phagocytes upon exposure to PS-NH2 (10 and 25 µg mL−1) in CF but they resulted abolished in the presence of EDTA confirming the role of TPP in triggering PS-NH2-coelomocytes interaction and toxicity. PS-NH2 did not alter MXR phenotype but the observed dose-dependent decrease in calcein accumulation suggests the ability of PS-NH2 to affect pump’s efflux activity. Overall results encourage additional studies on positively charged nanoplastics, since the observed effects on sea urchin coelomocytes as well as the TPP corona formation might represent a first step for addressing their impact on sensitive marine species.
Luis Fernando Marques-Santos; Giacomo Grassi; Elisa Bergami; C. Faleri; T. Balbi; A. Salis; G. Damonte; L. Canesi; I. Corsi. Cationic polystyrene nanoparticle and the sea urchin immune system: biocorona formation, cell toxicity, and multixenobiotic resistance phenotype. Nanotoxicology 2018, 12, 847 -867.
AMA StyleLuis Fernando Marques-Santos, Giacomo Grassi, Elisa Bergami, C. Faleri, T. Balbi, A. Salis, G. Damonte, L. Canesi, I. Corsi. Cationic polystyrene nanoparticle and the sea urchin immune system: biocorona formation, cell toxicity, and multixenobiotic resistance phenotype. Nanotoxicology. 2018; 12 (8):847-867.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuis Fernando Marques-Santos; Giacomo Grassi; Elisa Bergami; C. Faleri; T. Balbi; A. Salis; G. Damonte; L. Canesi; I. Corsi. 2018. "Cationic polystyrene nanoparticle and the sea urchin immune system: biocorona formation, cell toxicity, and multixenobiotic resistance phenotype." Nanotoxicology 12, no. 8: 847-867.
Invertebrates represent the most plentiful component of marine biodiversity. To date, only few species have been documented for marine litter intake. Here, we report for the first time the presence of macroplastic debris in a jellyfish species. Such novel target to plastic pollution highlights an under studied vector of marine litter along marine trophic web, raising further concern over the impact on marine wildlife.
A. Macali; A. Semenov; Valentina Venuti; Vincenza Crupi; F. D’Amico; B. Rossi; I. Corsi; Elisa Bergami. Episodic records of jellyfish ingestion of plastic items reveal a novel pathway for trophic transference of marine litter. Scientific Reports 2018, 8, 1 -5.
AMA StyleA. Macali, A. Semenov, Valentina Venuti, Vincenza Crupi, F. D’Amico, B. Rossi, I. Corsi, Elisa Bergami. Episodic records of jellyfish ingestion of plastic items reveal a novel pathway for trophic transference of marine litter. Scientific Reports. 2018; 8 (1):1-5.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Macali; A. Semenov; Valentina Venuti; Vincenza Crupi; F. D’Amico; B. Rossi; I. Corsi; Elisa Bergami. 2018. "Episodic records of jellyfish ingestion of plastic items reveal a novel pathway for trophic transference of marine litter." Scientific Reports 8, no. 1: 1-5.
Karina Fernandes Oliveira Rezende; Elisa Bergami; Kelison Venício Brito Alves; Ilaria Corsi; Edison Barbieri. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles alters routine metabolism and causes histopathological alterations in Oreochromis niloticus. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca 2018, 44, 343 -343.
AMA StyleKarina Fernandes Oliveira Rezende, Elisa Bergami, Kelison Venício Brito Alves, Ilaria Corsi, Edison Barbieri. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles alters routine metabolism and causes histopathological alterations in Oreochromis niloticus. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca. 2018; 44 (2):343-343.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarina Fernandes Oliveira Rezende; Elisa Bergami; Kelison Venício Brito Alves; Ilaria Corsi; Edison Barbieri. 2018. "Titanium dioxide nanoparticles alters routine metabolism and causes histopathological alterations in Oreochromis niloticus." Boletim do Instituto de Pesca 44, no. 2: 343-343.
Recent developments on environmental fate models indicate that as nano waste, engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) could reach terrestrial ecosystems thus potentially affecting environmental and human health. Plants can be therefore exposed to ENMs but controversial data in terms of fate and toxicity are currently available. Furthermore, there is a current lack of information on complex interactions/transformations to which ENMs undergo in the natural environment as for instance interacting with existing toxic compounds. The aim of the present study was to assess the behavior and biological effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (n-TiO2) (Aeroxide P25, Degussa Evonik) and its interaction with cadmium (CdCl2) in plants using radish seeds (Raphanus sativus L. Parvus) as model species. Radish seeds were exposed to n-TiO2 (1-1000mg/L) and CdCl2 (1-250mg/L) alone and in combination using a seed germination and seedling growth toxicity test OECD 208. Percentage of seed germination, germination index (GI) and root elongation were calculated. Cell morphology and oxidative stress parameters as glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and catalase activities (CAT) were measured in radish seeds after 5 days of exposure. Z-Average, PdI and Z-potential of n-TiO2 in Milli-Q water as exposure medium were also determined. DLS analysis showed small aggregates of n-TiO2, negative Z-potential and stable PdI in seed's exposure media. Germination percentage, GI and root length resulted affected by n-TiO2 exposure compared to controls. In particular, n-TiO2 at 1mg/L and 100mg/L did not affect radish seeds germination (100%) while at concentration of 10mg/L, 200mg/L, 500mg/L, and 1000mg/L a slight but not significant decrease of germination % was observed. Similarly root length and GI resulted significantly higher in seeds exposed to 10mg/L and 200mg/L compared to 1mg/L, 100mg/L, 500mg/L, 1000mg/L and control (p < 0.05). On the opposite, CdCl2 significantly abolished germination % and GI compared to control seeds and a concentration dependent decrease on root elongation was observed against controls (p < 0.05). As well, significant decrease of germination %, GI and root elongation was observed in seeds co-exposed to n-TiO2 and CdCl2 at the highest concentrations (1000mg/L n-TiO2 and 250mg/L CdCl2) compared to co-exposed seeds at low concentration (1mg/L n-TiO2 and 1mg/L CdCl2) and controls (p < 0.05). Root elongation significantly increase compared to control at the lowest co-exposure concentration (p < 0.05). Similarly at intermediate concentrations of 10 and 100mg/L in co-exposure conditions, n-TiO2 did not affect CdCl2 toxicity. Concerning antioxidant enzymes, a significant increase of CAT activity in seeds exposed to single high n-TiO2 concentration (1000mg/L) was observed while n-TiO2 (1mg/L), CdCl2 (1 and 250mg/L) and co-exposure resulted significantly decreased compared to controls (p < 0.05). Regarding GST activity, a slight increase in seeds exposed to 1000mg/L n-TiO2 but no significantly was observed, however both n-TiO2 and CdCl2 alone (1 and 250mg/L, respectively) or in combinations caused a significant decrease in GST activity (p < 0.05). Therefore, overall data support the hypothesis that the presence of n-TiO2 do not affect the toxicity of CdCl2 at least at the highest concentration (100 and 250mg/L) in radish seeds. Morphological alterations in nuclei, vacuoles and shape of radish root cells were observed upon single Cd exposure and not abolished in the presence of n-TiO2. Nevertheless, although n-TiO2 seems not to reduce Cd toxicity at high concentration (up to 250mg/L), interactions cannot be excluded based on obtained results.
R. Roshan Manesh; Giacomo Grassi; Elisa Bergami; Luis Fernando Marques-Santos; C. Faleri; G. Liberatori; Ilaria Corsi. Co-exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles does not affect cadmium toxicity in radish seeds (Raphanus sativus). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 2018, 148, 359 -366.
AMA StyleR. Roshan Manesh, Giacomo Grassi, Elisa Bergami, Luis Fernando Marques-Santos, C. Faleri, G. Liberatori, Ilaria Corsi. Co-exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles does not affect cadmium toxicity in radish seeds (Raphanus sativus). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2018; 148 ():359-366.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR. Roshan Manesh; Giacomo Grassi; Elisa Bergami; Luis Fernando Marques-Santos; C. Faleri; G. Liberatori; Ilaria Corsi. 2018. "Co-exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles does not affect cadmium toxicity in radish seeds (Raphanus sativus)." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 148, no. : 359-366.
The impact of nanoplastics using model polystyrene nanoparticles (PS NPs), anionic (PS-COOH) and cationic (PS-NH2), has been investigated on the marine rotifer Brachionus plicatilis, a major component of marine zooplanktonic species. The role of different surface charges in affecting PS NP behaviour and toxicity has been considered in high ionic strength media. To this aim, the selected media were standardized reconstituted seawater (RSW) and natural sea water (NSW), the latter resembling more natural exposure scenarios. Hatched rotifer larvae were exposed for 24h and 48h to both PS NPs in the range of 0.5-50μg/ml using PS NP suspensions made in RSW and NSW. No effects on lethality upon exposure to anionic NPs were observed despite a clear gut retention was evident in all exposed rotifers. On the contrary, cationic NPs caused lethality to rotifer larvae but LC50 values resulted lower in rotifers exposed in RSW (LC50=2.75±0.67µg/ml) compared to those exposed in NSW (LC50=6.62±0.87µg/ml). PS NPs showed similar pattern of aggregation in both high ionic strength media (RSW and NSW) but while anionic NPs resulted in large microscale aggregates (Z-average 1109 ± 128nm and 998±67nm respectively), cationic NP aggregates were still in nano-size forms (93.99 ± 11.22nm and 108.3 ± 12.79nm). Both PDI and Z-potential of PS NPs slightly differed in the two media suggesting a role of their different surface charges in affecting their behaviour and stability. Our findings confirm the role of surface charges in nanoplastic behaviour in salt water media and provide a first evidence of a different toxicity in rotifers using artificial media (RSW) compared to natural one (NSW). Such evidence poses the question on how to select the best medium in standardized ecotoxicity assays in order to properly assess their hazard to marine life in natural environmental scenarios.
L. Manfra; A. Rotini; Elisa Bergami; G. Grassi; C. Faleri; I. Corsi. Comparative ecotoxicity of polystyrene nanoparticles in natural seawater and reconstituted seawater using the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 2017, 145, 557 -563.
AMA StyleL. Manfra, A. Rotini, Elisa Bergami, G. Grassi, C. Faleri, I. Corsi. Comparative ecotoxicity of polystyrene nanoparticles in natural seawater and reconstituted seawater using the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2017; 145 ():557-563.
Chicago/Turabian StyleL. Manfra; A. Rotini; Elisa Bergami; G. Grassi; C. Faleri; I. Corsi. 2017. "Comparative ecotoxicity of polystyrene nanoparticles in natural seawater and reconstituted seawater using the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 145, no. : 557-563.
Plastic pollution has been globally recognized as a critical issue for marine ecosystems and nanoplastics constitute one of the last unexplored areas to understand the magnitude of this threat. However, current difficulties in sampling and identifying nano-sized debris make hard to assess their occurrence in marine environment. Polystyrene nanoparticles (PS NPs) are largely used as nanoplastics in ecotoxicological studies and although acute exposures have been already investigated, long-term toxicity on marine organisms is unknown. Our study aims at evaluating the effects of 40nm PS anionic carboxylated (PS-COOH) and 50nm cationic amino-modified (PS-NH2) NPs in two planktonic species, the green microalga Dunaliella tertiolecta and the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana, respectively prey and predator. PS NP behaviour in exposure media was determined through DLS, while their toxicity to microalgae and brine shrimps evaluated through 72h growth inhibition test and 14 d long-term toxicity test respectively. Moreover, the expression of target genes (i.e. clap and cstb), having a role in brine shrimp larval growth and molting, was measured in 48h brine shrimp larvae. A different behaviour of the two PS NPs in exposure media as well as diverse toxicity to the two planktonic species was observed. PS-COOH formed micro-scale aggregates (Z-Average>1μm) and did not affect the growth of microalgae up to 50μg/ml or that of brine shrimps up to 10μg/ml. However, these negatively charged NPs were adsorbed on microalgae and accumulated (and excreted) in brine shrimps, suggesting a potential trophic transfer from prey to predator. On the opposite, PS-NH2-formed nano-scale aggregates (Z-Average<200nm), caused inhibition of algal growth (EC50=12.97μg/ml) and mortality in brine shrimps at 14 d (LC50=0.83μg/ml). Moreover, 1μg/ml PS-NH2 significantly induced clap and cstb genes, explaining the physiological alterations (e.g. increase in molting) previously observed in 48h larvae, but also suggesting an apoptotic pathway triggered by cathepsin L-like protease in brine shrimps upon PS-NH2 exposure. These findings provide a first insight into long-term toxicity of nanoplastics to marine plankton, underlining the role of the surface chemistry in determining the behaviour and effects of PS NPs, in terms of adsorption, growth inhibition, accumulation, gene modulation and mortality. The use of long-term end-point has been identified as valuable tool for assessing the impact of nanoplastics on marine planktonic species, being more predictable of real exposure scenarios for risk assessment purposes.
E. Bergami; S. Pugnalini; M.L. Vannuccini; L. Manfra; C. Faleri; F. Savorelli; Kenneth A. Dawson; Ilaria Corsi. Long-term toxicity of surface-charged polystyrene nanoplastics to marine planktonic species Dunaliella tertiolecta and Artemia franciscana. Aquatic Toxicology 2017, 189, 159 -169.
AMA StyleE. Bergami, S. Pugnalini, M.L. Vannuccini, L. Manfra, C. Faleri, F. Savorelli, Kenneth A. Dawson, Ilaria Corsi. Long-term toxicity of surface-charged polystyrene nanoplastics to marine planktonic species Dunaliella tertiolecta and Artemia franciscana. Aquatic Toxicology. 2017; 189 ():159-169.
Chicago/Turabian StyleE. Bergami; S. Pugnalini; M.L. Vannuccini; L. Manfra; C. Faleri; F. Savorelli; Kenneth A. Dawson; Ilaria Corsi. 2017. "Long-term toxicity of surface-charged polystyrene nanoplastics to marine planktonic species Dunaliella tertiolecta and Artemia franciscana." Aquatic Toxicology 189, no. : 159-169.