A vast amount of non-biodegradable waste is generated during mining and processing operations of dimensional stones such as marble. This, over the years has become a global nuisance by damaging the environment through means of more than one. Therefore it has become necessary to find a technique to safely dispose or reuse marble waste. On the other hand, the construction industry is the one of the major consumers of natural resources for production of materials binders and aggregates. Hence in recent years, various researchers have conducted studies, where different types of marble waste have been incorporated in concrete with an aim of replacing cement or aggregates or both. This paper reviews such papers where dimensional stone waste produced from marble mining and processing is tested as a constituent of concrete. The impact of replacement of the conventional materials by marble waste was studied in terms of fresh, mechanical and durability properties of concrete. It can concluded that, use of marble powder as a 10% replacement of cement does not have any adverse impact on the properties of concrete or mortars. It is more beneficial when marble waste is combined with fly ash and then is used as a binder rather than just as a replacement of ordinary Portland Cement. On the other hand, replacement of fine and coarse aggregate by marble waste can be done between the range of 50% and 75%. The performance depends on the geological origin of the coarse aggregate and particle size distribution of the fine aggregate the waste is replacing.

The extraction of marble and its processing as marble blocks is most common in several states of India. But the extensive growth of this industry has put adverse impact on the environment because of the production of huge amount of marble waste during extraction and processing. This experimental study highlights the impact of use of marble waste on the properties of lean concrete mix designed for the production of bricks. The basic objective of this experimental programme is to replace river sand in concrete by an optimum combination of quarry dust and marble waste in order to extract best performance in terms of strength and durability parameters. By varying the percentage replacement of fine aggregate with marble waste (0–100%), six concrete mix proportions were prepared for experimental purpose. The result shows that all these properties improved for complete substitution of fine aggregate with marble waste. It was found that compressive strength and flexural strength increased by 84% and 18.6%, respectively. The mixes were less reactive to the aggressive agents also. These advantages were derived due to the ability of marble fines impart necessary cohesiveness even at lesser water content which resulted in an impermeable microstructure.

Red mud (RM) is a by-product in the alumina manufacturing process, which is generated in large quantities. The challenge of increasing RM reserves poses a threat to the environment and can be addressed by its utilization in the construction industry. This study presents a comprehensive review of RM's effect on the various properties of cementitious and noncementitious materials to understand the feasibility of employing it to produce sustainable construction materials. The various studies reviewed suggest that RM could successfully be incorporated in concrete, mortar, bricks, and ceramic materials and can be used as a potential replacement for different property-enhancing admixtures. Besides that, the use of RM combined with other industrial by-products could further enhance efficient resource consumption. The article addresses the incorporation of RM as a partial replacement of cement, fly ash, and filler materials, appraising its influence on the fresh, hardened, durability, and radiological properties of the materials. The results revealed that RM with high pozzolanic activity could be used at low replacement levels to enhance the mechanical properties of the other materials. However, RM usage could improve the durability properties even for higher replacement levels. Considering the strength and environmental performance, conservatively RM can be around 50% as fly ash replacement and 12.5% as cement replacement in concrete mixes. It can be used at 40% as fly ash replacement and 20% as cement replacement for mortar mixes. Since RM's characteristic properties vary significantly based on its source, the extent of its incorporation must be decided based on the required application and properties for effective usage. Utilization of RM in the construction, as mentioned, can address waste reduction, one of the primary aspects of the aluminum industry's cleaner production.

The unchecked emissions of hazardous gases emanating from the cement industry have effectuated much research geared toward utilizing solid waste materials as cement replacements. This study addressed the incorporation of ceramic waste (CW) from the ceramic industry, as well as construction and demolition waste materials, as cement replacement in cementitious products. The focus was on appraising the influence of the addition of CW on the fresh and hardened properties of cementitious materials, such as cement paste, mortar, vibrated concrete, and self-compacting concrete. The reviewed literature attested to the potential pozzolanic activity of CW, thereby supporting the viability of such substitutions. The utilization of CW at lower substitution levels produces satisfactory workability. The strength level of the composites incorporating up to 15% CW is either superior to, or comparable with, that of a control mix containing no ceramic additive. Benefits to the durability performance of CW-additive cement are apparent, prompting the prospective usage of such additives even at high replacement levels of up to 40%. Microstructural investigations have substantiated the densification and refinement of the pore structure of cement resulting from CW-related pozzolanic activity. This evaluation indicates that CW usage presents a viable choice for attaining favorable properties in cement composites while concurrently realizing ecological benefits.

This research investigates the effect of pre-soaking treatment on plant-based aggregate using a wet grout binder to formulate a high-strength lightweight concrete (HSLWC). Surface modification utilising a novel grout soaking technique with various water-to-cement (w/c) ratios has indicated a new method of approach for the recent development of lightweight plant-based aggregate (LWPA). In this experiment, the fresh and hardened properties of modified LWPA lightweight concrete were assessed by verifying their workability, densities, compressive and split tensile strengths towards the modulus of elasticity. The results showed that pre-soaking plant-based lightweight aggregate (w/c: 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2) slightly increased the density of the samples compared to untreated LWPA. The oven-dry density of treated and untreated LWPA is controlled in the range of HSLWC. The outcomes indicated that the workability of the surface-modified LWPA is significantly improved: up to 40% in 6 min for the (TDS)/0.6 sample compared to the original LWPA. The mechanical properties of the LWPA concrete with the surface modification method exhibit a substantial increment of compressive strength, split tensile strength and the modulus of elasticity; recorded at 22%, 26% and 34%, respectively. Significantly, the findings from this experiment reveal that the pre-soaking treatment method on LWPA is shown to be a highly recommended technique in improving interfacial bonding while maintaining its performance as one of the most promising solutions to improve the properties of lightweight concrete.