Beef bones contain a gelatin component that can be further extracted. This extraction process requires the right solvent to produce good yield and quality. Gelatin has multifunctional properties, namely biodegradable, biocompatible and non-toxic. This is because it is a natural ingredient that contains high amino acids. The most dominant amino acid content as a parameter for determining the quality of gelatin is proline, glycine, and hydroxyproline. The purpose of this study was to study the effect of the solvent used as a medium for soaking cow bones to be converted into gelatin. The solvent variations used include NaOH, HCl, H₂SO₄, CH₃COOH, and NaHCO₂. The concentration variations are 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (%). This research method includes the preparation of cow bone samples, fat removal, mineral removal, soaking for 7 days, and extraction. The extraction process was carried out with variations times of 4 h and 6 h. The results of the study showed that the highest yield value was with 5% HCl solvent with 4 h extraction time of 26.5% with 8.67% water content, 0.9% ash content, pH 4.64, and viscosity 3.19 cP (p < 0.05). A good isoelectric point is produced when using an acidic solvent, which is between 5.3–5.8. The cross-linking of gelatin with chitosan, glutaraldehyde, and glucose was successfully carried out with the FTIR absorption indicator at a wavelength of 3200 cm⁻¹, which indicates the presence of hydrogen bonds, 1022 cm⁻¹, which indicates the breakdown of aldehyde bonds in glutaraldehyde compounds into C-O bonds. According to the microbial test, when gelatin is combined with chitosan, there will be an increase in the microbial inhibition zone. This shows that the development of gelatin materials is very prospective and promising.

Batik merupakam warisan budaya dunia yang harus dilestarikan. Hal ini telah ditetapkan oleh UNESCO. Papaya (Carica papaya L.) adalah tanaman yang dapat dimanfaatkan dari buah hingga daunnya. Daun papaya memiliki pigmen hijau atau yang dapat digunakan sebagai zat warna alami pada kain batik. Zat warna alami memiliki kelemahan yaitu warna tidak pekat dan ketahanan luntur warna, namun hal itu dapat diatasi dengan fiksasi atau mordanting. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen variasi proses mordanting (pra-mordanting, meta-mordanting, post-mordanting, dan tanpa mordanting) dengan menggunakan mordan tunjung sebanyak 75 gram pada pewarnaan kain batik dengan menggunakan zat warna alami daun papaya dimana proses mordanting ternyata sangat berpengaruh terhadap warna yang dihasilkan. Hasil penelitian yang paling baik diperoleh pada metode post-mordanting dengan hasil L* (59,02), a* (14,23), dan b* (30,76) terhadap uji L*,a*,b* dengan menggunakan website encycolorpedia diperoleh hasil warna oranye dengan kode warna B68459 dan uji tahan luntur warna terhadap gosok kering dan gosok basah diperoleh hasil 4-5 (Baik).

Limbah nata de coco merupakan nata yang tidak dapat dijadikan sebagai produk setelah proses sortasi sehingga menghasilkan limbah padat dan jarang dimanfaatkan. Kandungan selulosa pada limbah padat nata de coco sebesar 42,57%. Tujuan penelitian ini membuat plastik biodegradable dengan hasil limbah nata de coco dengan penambahan plasticizer. Metode yang digunakan pada pembuatan plastik biodegradable ini adalah metode inversi fasa dengan variasi berat selulosa 2%; 2,5%; dan 3% (b/v), variasi volume gliserol sebesar 2%, 3%, dan 5% (v/v), dan penambahan kitosan sebagai penguat. Karakteristik pastik biodegradable diuji menggunakan UTM (Universal Testing Machine) dan FTIR (Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy). Plastik biodegradable yang dihasilkan dari berbagai perbandingan berat selulosa dan volume gliserol memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda-beda. Plastik biodegradable dengan karakteristik optimal memiliki nilai kuat tarik optimal sebesar 4,34 MPa, nilai elongasi optimal sebesar 4,44% dan nilai ketahanan air optimal sebesar 65,20%. Pada analisis gugus fungsi menggunakan FTIR menunjukkan tidak ditemukan adanya gugus fungsi baru dalam plastik biodegradable selain gugus fungsi bahan pembentuknya. Pada uji biodegradabilitas, diperoleh nilai biodegradabilitas sebesar 80% – 100% setelah ditimbun di dalam tanah selama 14 hari. Nata de coco waste is nata that cannot be used as a product after the sorting process so that it produces solid waste and is rarely utilized. The cellulose content in nata de coco solid waste is 42.57%, the purpose of this study is to make biodegradable plastic with the results of nata de coco waste by adding plasticizers. The method used in the manufacture of biodegradable plastics is the phase inversion method with cellulose weight variation; 2%; 2.5%; and 3% (w / v), variations in the volume of glycerol by 2%, 3%, and 5% (v/v), and the addition of chitosan as an amplifier. The biodegradable plastic characteristics were tested using UTM (Universal Testing Machine) and FTIR (Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy). Biodegradable plastics that are produced from various weight cellulose and glycerol volume ratios have different characteristics. Biodegradable plastic with optimal characteristics has an optimal tensile strength value of 4.34 MPa, optimal elongation value of 4.44% and an optimal water resistance value of 65.20%. In the analysis of functional groups (FTIR) no new functional groups were found in biodegradable plastics in addition to the functional groups forming materials. In the biodegradability test, a biodegradability value of 80% - 100% is obtained after being buried in the ground for 14 days.

Ferrate (VI) as an alternative oxidizing material that has a multifunction. This species is able to degrade Congo Red (CR) dyes. The perfomance of ferrates in degrading CR are by free up of hydroxyl ions from the active group then initiating active groups on the CR species. This initiation will cause the CR oxidation reaction to become a simpler compound that is easily biodegradable. The stages of this study were ferrate synthesis, characterization, optimization of the volume of Fe(NO₃)₃, optimization of pH, and optimization of ferrate(VI) molar ratio with CR. Ferrate synthesis is carried out by reacting a solution of Fe(NO₃)₃ and oxidizing NaOCl in alkaline conditions. This synthesis produces crystals which formed to sodium ferrate (Na₂FeO₄) then tested using XRD. The XRD test showed that a good results at a value of 2θ = 32°. Dyestuff oxidation reactions carried out by batch systems and non-oxidized dyes were analyzed using spectrophotometric methods. The results showed that sodium ferrate can effectively oxidize CR dyes with the percentage of degradation of 98.2% at the optimum pH conditions of 9.2, the ratio of the concentration of CR to ferrate was 1:5 and the oxidation time was 20 minutes. The CR oxidation reaction using ferrate (VI) in this study is a first-order reaction with an R² value of 0.979 and a reaction rate constant of 8.95 x 10^-2 mol/sec.

The electrodecolorization process of the remazol violet (RV) dye using graphite as an electrode has been done well. The RV is one of the synthetic dyes that are often used in the textile, paper, and other coloring industries. The parameters used in this study were RV concentration (20 mg/L-100 mg/L), pH (2-10), electrodecolorization time (2 minutes-20 minutes), volume H₂O₂ (0 mL-12 mL) and voltage (2 V-12 V). Based on experiments of 20 data that have been investigated then made the design of statistical model. The application of statistical design and regression analysis in this research is tested the feasibility, then tested by building data based on experimental data as amount 87319 data. This design is supported by ANOVA test, RMSE value, and ADD as the strengthening of the resulting model. Based on this study, the optimum conditions for pH parameters, electrodecolorization process time, H2O2 volume, RV concentration and voltage are 4;10 minutes;10 mL;20 mg/L; and 2V with a percentage of decolorization of 83.50%. The p-value results of the ANOVA test, the RMSE value, and ADD sequentially from this study are 0.002; 0,000; 0.201 so that the resulting model can be recommended for the application in dye waste management.

Gelatin is a soluble protein that acts as a gelling agent and is commonly used as an ingredient in both food and non-food production. Since bone is composed of collagen fibers, it can be used as a raw material for gelatin production. Beef bone is a waste product that is rarely used. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) can be used as a processing ingredient in the production of type B gelatin because it can remove fats and oils. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, and 6%NaOH concentrations on the properties of bovine bone gelatin at 4 and 6 hours of extraction time. The observed properties were yield, water content, ash content, pH, viscosity, and microbial contamination. The results showed that the pretreatment condition with 6% NaOH and extraction for 6 hours affected the properties of the highest yield, water content dan microbial contamination have fulfilled the SNI. The conclusion of this study is that NaOH can be used in the production of bovine bone gelatin, and there are some advances in producing gelatin with excellent properties for food and non-food applications. Gelatin merupakan protein yang dapat larut dan bersifat sebagai pembuat gel yang kerap dijadikan bahan pembuatan makanan maupun produk non pangan. Tulang dapat dijadikan bahan baku pembuatan gelatin karena tulang terdiri atas serat-serat kolagen. Tulang sapi merupakan limbah yang jarang dimanfaatkan. Natrium Hidroksida (NaOH) dapat dijadikan bahan untuk perlakuan pada proses pembuatan gelatin tipe B karena sifatnya yang dapat menghilangkan minyak dan lemak. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi NaOH yaitu 2%,3%,4%,5%, dan 6% dan lama waktu ektraksi yaitu 4 jam dan 6 jam terhadap karakteristik gelatin tulang sapi. Karakteristik yang diamati merupakan rendemen, kadar air, kadar abu, pH, viskositas, dan cemaran mikroba. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa dengan perendaman NaOH 6% dan ekstraksi selama 6 jam menghasilkan karakteristik dengan randemen terbanyak, kadar air dan cemaran mikroba yang memenuhi standar SNI. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah NaOH dapat digunakan untuk pembuatan gelatin tulang sapi dengan beberapa pengembangan lanjutan untuk menghasilkan gelatin dengan karakteristik yang baik dan standar untuk digunakan dalam pangan dan non pangan.