Beef bones contain a gelatin component that can be further extracted. This extraction process requires the right solvent to produce good yield and quality. Gelatin has multifunctional properties, namely biodegradable, biocompatible and non-toxic. This is because it is a natural ingredient that contains high amino acids. The most dominant amino acid content as a parameter for determining the quality of gelatin is proline, glycine, and hydroxyproline. The purpose of this study was to study the effect of the solvent used as a medium for soaking cow bones to be converted into gelatin. The solvent variations used include NaOH, HCl, H₂SO₄, CH₃COOH, and NaHCO₂. The concentration variations are 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (%). This research method includes the preparation of cow bone samples, fat removal, mineral removal, soaking for 7 days, and extraction. The extraction process was carried out with variations times of 4 h and 6 h. The results of the study showed that the highest yield value was with 5% HCl solvent with 4 h extraction time of 26.5% with 8.67% water content, 0.9% ash content, pH 4.64, and viscosity 3.19 cP (p < 0.05). A good isoelectric point is produced when using an acidic solvent, which is between 5.3–5.8. The cross-linking of gelatin with chitosan, glutaraldehyde, and glucose was successfully carried out with the FTIR absorption indicator at a wavelength of 3200 cm⁻¹, which indicates the presence of hydrogen bonds, 1022 cm⁻¹, which indicates the breakdown of aldehyde bonds in glutaraldehyde compounds into C-O bonds. According to the microbial test, when gelatin is combined with chitosan, there will be an increase in the microbial inhibition zone. This shows that the development of gelatin materials is very prospective and promising.

Hydrogen production from agricultural waste is a potentially established industry in Indonesia, and the government aims to introduce innovative technologies to produce hydrogen. This study aimed to explore the feasibility of hydrogen production from agricultural waste using three different methods: SCWG, fermentation, and gasification. The analysis focuses on comparing the price of hydrogen as a product by setting the same value of the IRR at 30%. The simulation was conducted by analyzing the capacity of hydrogen production at 3650 tons/year. The results of this study demonstrate that fermentation is the most feasible technology for producing hydrogen from agricultural wastes in Indonesia. In this technology, the price of hydrogen obtained was $5.65/kg, with a total capital investment (TCI) and production cost (TPC) of $10,756,132.97 and $13,977,351.97, respectively. Based on this simulation, the other parameter values, including NPV, ROI, and PoT, were $15,387,688.72, 68%, and 2.27 years, respectively. These results indicate that the establishment of hydrogen production in Indonesia using fermentation technology and agricultural waste is economically viable.

The xanthation reaction is an exothermic reaction between alkali cellulose (AC) and carbon disulfide (CS₂) used to regenerate a viscose solution. The cooling system plays an important role during the reaction to yield more of the main product, cellulose xanthate (CX), instead of the by-product, sodium trithiocarbonate (TTC). Minimizing the yield of by-products during the reaction phase may lead to less by-product generation during the ripening process due to free caustic and excess CS₂ in the system. The reaction was performed in a batch reactor with an agitator (9.7 rpm) under vacuum conditions (350 mbar), and the temperature varied from 20 °C to 35 °C, as is applicable in industrial plants. Meanwhile, the CX and TTC were determined via UV spectroscopy. Since the temperature reaction will affect the period of the reaction, which impacts the productivity of industrial applications, the experiment was conducted with a temperature change during the reaction to obtain a good-quality product without impacting productivity. This work aimed to reach an optimum xanthation temperature under the same combination of hardwood and softwood dissolving pulp. The results indicated that the xanthation reaction has an advantage at lower temperatures compared to higher ones; however, having a lower temperature led to a longer reaction period. The TTC was shown to be 17.7% lower at lower temperatures than at higher temperatures, which means that the CX was at a higher percentage at lower temperatures. Interestingly, the combination of higher and lower temperatures gave good viscose quality, which may lead to less consumption of CS₂ and improve the environment due to less sulfur production during spinning.

Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) is one of the wastes from the conversion of crude palm oil (CPO) into cooking oil. The PFAD is currently only utilized as the raw material for low grade soap and biofuel. To improve the economic value of PFAD, it was converted into monoglyceride by esterification process. Furthermore, the monoglyceride could be polymerized to form alkyd resin, which is a commodity of increasing importance. This study aimed to propose a kinetics model for esterification of PFAD with epichlorohydrin using cation exchange resin catalyst. The reaction was the first step from a series of reactions to produce the monoglyceride. In this study, the reaction between PFAD and epichlorohydirne was run in a stirred batch reactor. The stirrer was operated at a constant speed of 400 RPM. The reaction was carried out for 180 minutes on varied temperatures of 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, dan 90°C. Cation exchange resin was applied as solid catalysts. Analysis was conducted periodically by measuring the acid number of the samples, which was further used to calculate PFAD conversion. The data were used to determine the rate constants and the equilibrium constants of the kinetics model. The kinetics constants implied that the reaction was reversible and controlled by the intrinsic surface reaction. Despite the complication of the heterogeneous nature of the reaction, the kinetics data well fitted the elementary rate law. The effect of temperature on the equilibrium constants indicated that the reaction is exothermic.

This study investigates the effect of magnesium oxide (MgO) as a filler in enhancing the bioadhesive properties of chitosan and carrageenan-based adhesives. The primary focus is on improving tensile strength, viscosity, solid content, and thermal properties. The results indicate that the addition of 0.75% w/v MgO significantly increased tensile strength from 9.76 kPa to 21.76 kPa and viscosity from 34.26 cP to 617 cP with a 0.5% w/v MgO addition. The solid content also increased from 9.81% to 13.19% with increased MgO concentration. The addition of benzoyl peroxide (BPO) reduced curing time, enhancing process efficiency. Scanning Electron Microscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy confirmed improvements in structural and chemical stability, while Differential Scanning Calorimetry showed better curing efficiency. This study suggests MgO as a potential filler to improve mechanical properties and adhesion of bioadhesives, relevant for medical applications.