Electric vehicles and energy storage systems are technologies in the stage of intensive development. One of the innovative ways to use electric cars is the Vehicle to Grid (V2G) concept. V2G charging points are characterized by the ability of bidirectional energy flow while charging EV/BEV (Electric Vehicles/Battery Electric Vehicles). In periods of low energy consumption and the presence of the highest shares of renewable sources, the cleanest electricity is drawn from the grid at the lowest prices and stored in a “mobile warehouse”, which is an electric car. During the reported peaks in electricity demand and the presence of high tariffs, the previously stored energy may be sold back to the distribution network operator. Thanks to this application, the technology determines the highest profitability of the system and assigns EV/BEV the ability to manage electricity flows, while improving the energy balance of the economy. The prospects for the spread of V2G have increased along with the growing requirements for domestic economies, closely related to the significant share of renewable energy sources. The vision of connecting EV/BEV with the power grid creates completely new ways of managing energy and makes it possible to build smart agglomerations in line with the Smartcity idea. Especially since Turkey is one of the countries promoting this idea. The scientific aim of the study is to maximize the aggregator’s profits for V2G by creating a coalition with renewable energy producers and combining the capacities of many EVs and offering their total capacities to the electricity markets. The subject of the research was to obtain extensive knowledge about the vehicle–grid interactions taking place in the Turkish power system. For this purpose, an analysis is conducted to determine the optimal preferred operating points and the amount of regulation proposals that maximize the profit of the EV users while satisfying the constraints of each stochastic parameter. The results show the system benefits from the implementation of the algorithms are significant to optimal bidirectional V2G impacts on distribution systems with high penetration of EVs. The research can find practical applications in assessing the role of electric vehicles and their integration in the vehicle–grid system in power systems. At the same time, pointing to the benefits related to the implementation of such solutions for Turkey and other countries in the field of electromobility, stability of energy systems, and energy independence through the possibility of achieving the desired synergy effect.

The flagship project in this area in Poland is the Electromobility Development Program, one of the strategic documents of which is the Act on Electromobility and Alternative Fuels of 11 January 2018, which includes a system of benefits aimed at influencing consumer behaviors towards the choice of electric vehicles. According to the decision-makers, its implementation is expected to result in the achievement of a number of goals, among others, 1 million of such vehicles are forecast to be present at the national level in 2025. The intention of the authors is to analyze the progress in the development of electromobility in Poland, in the areas such as the market of electric cars, charging infrastructure, with an indication of whether the actions that are implemented by the legislator, i.e., guidelines on where and in what quantities charging stations dedicated to such vehicles are to be established, subsidies in the form of the possibility of driving on the lanes designed for buses, subsidies for the purchase of such vehicles intensify the development of electromobility in the country. The considerations were carried out for cars powered exclusively by electricity, i.e., BEV (Battery Electric Vehicle) type, category M1. Cars in this category represent the largest share of the automotive market in Poland—over 75%. The utilitarian value of this research may be supported by the fact that the example of Poland and its problems concerning the discussed issue may be a source of preliminary analysis for other countries of the European Union.

Eliminating environmental and air pollution is one of the European Union’s priority actions in the field of transport. Poland, as a member of the European Community, is also actively involved in these activities. The flagship project, the implementation of which is expected to bring tangible effects in this respect, is the “Sustainable Transport Development Strategy until 2030”. It states that in 2030 there should be 600,000 BEVs (battery electric vehicles) on Polish roads. At present, the share of such vehicles in the automotive market in Poland is small, which is a result of a number of barriers. One of them, very important considering the preferences of Poles, is the cost of buying such a car, which is currently at least 40% higher than its counterpart with a combustion engine. Meanwhile, popularizers of electric cars believe that the cost of buying such a vehicle is offset by the subsequent costs associated with its operation. Hence, this paper determines and then compares the total purchase and operating costs of cars of the same make, same model, differing in the source of propulsion, to category M1. Cars in this category represent the largest share of the automotive market in Poland—over 75%. The main objective of the analysis conducted was to determine if a current electric passenger vehicle can be competitive with an internal combustion car in everyday use. Therefore, a relationship was developed to calculate the total cost of ownership, which takes into account all the key criteria from the point of view of private vehicle use. The utilitarian value of this research may be supported by the fact that the example of Poland and its problems concerning the issue in question may serve as a source of preliminary analysis for other countries.

The process of urbanisation is one of the most characteristic features of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century. All economic and demographic forecasts indicate that the process of urbanisation will continue to develop dynamically. Continuous urbanisation generates a number of problems that are connected with issues such as urban freight transport, i.e., the problem of traffic congestion, noise and air pollution. Therefore, recent years have seen a dynamic growth in programmes intended to alleviate the negative impact of transport on the urban environment. A number of international projects have been implemented or initiated and resulted in the development of interesting solutions that enabled the rationalisation of transport and contributed to the development of sustainable urban logistics, e.g., BESTUFS, CITY PORTS, CityLog, CityMove, C-LIEGE, FREIGHTWISE, GRASS, NOVELOG, SMARTFREIGHT and SUGAR. Especially worthy of note amongst those initiatives are those which are concentrated on the implementation of BEVs (Battery Electric Vehicles). The authors of this paper have compared selected vehicles of the same brand and the same manufacturer, with the only difference being their N1 category power source (commercial vehicles with GVW of up to 3.5 tonnes), that are commonly used for the distribution of goods in urban conditions. The main purpose of the analysis was to answer the following question: can an electrical commercial vehicle compete in everyday use with a combustion-powered vehicle in the current market conditions? To this end, the authors developed a formula to calculate the total cost of ownership, in which all key criteria for vehicle use were taken into account, utilizing a scenario method. The utilitarian value of this research arises from the fact that Poland and its problems related to the issues analysed can serve as a source of preliminary analysis for other countries.

The available literature emphasizes that by 2040, electric vehicles may constitute up to 50% of the fleet of all passenger vehicles. This process will be one of the elements of the energy transformation and, at the same time, consistent with the idea of sustainable transport. As part of this research, the actual energy consumption and the range of electric vehicles were determined. This research was carried out using a selected group of electric cars from the most popular segments of passenger cars. The calculations were based on three charging scenarios: a home electrical network, a public alternating current (AC) charging station that allows charging with single-phase alternating current or alternating current, and a public direct current (DC) charging station that allows charging with direct current. The obtained results were compared with the results of cars with internal combustion and diesel engines after driving a 100-kilometer section of the route. In a broader scope, this research addresses the entities responsible for the energy transformation and the electromobility development strategy. In a narrower sense, vehicle users are considering the purchase of this type of vehicle for political, economic and technological reasons.

While playing the key role in the economic and social life of the country, road transport is one of the major sources of air pollution in Poland [1], alongside some heavy industries and agriculture. The environmental impact of road transport is currently subject of national and international considerations that make paramount the need for new mobility solutions contributing to the achievement of an environmentally-friendly transport system [2]. One of the solutions is large-scale promotion of electric vehicles, including those supplied exclusively from batteries. Such electric cars, for use mainly in cities, can resolve a number of civilization and ecological problems. They are quiet and virtually emission-free [3], and in terms of safety, in the event of an accident they reduce the risk to occupants from explosion and fire [4]. This article describes the current state of electromobility in Poland with the indication of light battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and the most important factors stimulating its development, which the Polish legislator intends to implement in a short time.