This research presents a straightforward, effective, and eco-friendly method for the production of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) using the dried fruit of Amomum subulatum as a reducing, stabilizing, and capping agent. The formation of AgNPs and CuONPs is supported by the presence of a surface plasmon resonance band (SPR) at 440 nm for AgNPs and 245 nm for CuONPs. Additionally, the identification of specific biomolecules responsible for the synthesis of AgNPs and CuONPs was confirmed through FTIR spectra analysis. The Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images demonstrated that AgNPs and CuONPs had spherical shapes, with mean particle diameters of 20.6 nm and 24.7 nm, respectively. X-ray diffraction and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) analyses provided evidence of the crystalline nature of the synthesized AgNPs and CuONPs. Additionally, the presence of silver and copper elements was observed through energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of AgNPs was found to be superior to that of CuONPs against human pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis. The cytotoxic activity of the biosynthesized nanoparticles (NPs) was evaluated in vitro against human cervical cells (HeLa) and human breast cells (MCF-7). In MCF-7 cells, the IC₅₀ value for AgNPs was estimated to be 39.79 µg/mL, while that of CuONPs was 83.89 µg/mL. In HeLa cells, the IC₅₀ value for AgNPs was 45.5 µg/mL, and for CuONPs, it was 97.07 µg/mL. For the first time, an eco-friendly method for the synthesis of AgNPs and CuONPs from fruit extract of Amomum subulatum has been discussed along with their comparative evaluation study. These results highlight the promising applications of the eco-friendly synthesized AgNPs and CuONPs as effective agents against microbial infections and potential candidates for cancer therapy.

Intake of fruit and vegetables, pigments, juices and nutraceuticals prevent the risk of common form of cancer and many other harmful diseases such as cancer, diabetes, hypertension, neurological disorders and eye related disorders etc. Phytochemicals show strong antioxidant activity either alone or in combination form. β-carotene, lycopene and vitamin C and other phytochemicals present in fruits and vegetables offers beneficial roles in prevention of various diseases Literature revealed that lycopene has a protective effect against carcinogens in liver, brain, colon, breast, cervix and in prostate. Lycopene is present in tomatoes, watermelon, pink grapefruits, apricots, and pink guavas. Vitamin C have an excellent antioxidant potential which plays a very crucial role in bone formation, wound healing, and protect immune system. Vitamin C is mainly found in Indian gooseberry, citrus fruits like orange and lemon, tomatoes, potatoes, papaya, kiwifruit, strawberries, broccoli. The purpose of this review is to provide a general description or awareness of phytochemicals and their role in prevention of many diseases such as-cancer, cardiovascular disorders, eye disorders and hypertension.

Frequent consumption of fruits and vegetables in the daily diet may alleviate the risk of developing chronic diseases. Daucus carota L. (carrot), Beta vulgaris L. (beetroot) Phyllanthus emblica L. (amla), and Lycopersicon esculentum M (tomatoes) are traditionally consumed functional foods that contain a high concentration of antioxidants, ascorbic acid, polyphenols, and numerous phytochemicals. This study assessed how three distinct preparation methods affect the phenolic, flavonoid, carotenoid, and ascorbic acid contents, antioxidant level, and cytotoxicity of the combined fruit extract. The fruit samples were taken in the ratio of carrot (6): beetroot (2): tomato (1.5): amla (0.5) and processed into a lyophilized slurry (LS) extract, lyophilized juice (LJ) extract, and hot-air oven-dried (HAO) extract samples. The sample extracts were assessed for their phytoconstituent concentrations and antioxidant and cytotoxic potential. The total phenolic content in LS, LJ, and HAO extracts was 171.20 ± 0.02, 120.73 ± 0.02, and 72.05 ± 0.01 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g, respectively and the total flavonoid content was 23.635 ± 0.003, 20.754 ± 0.005, and 18.635 ± 0.005 mg quercetin equivalent/100 g, respectively. Similarly, total ascorbic acid content, carotenoids, and antioxidant potential were higher in the LS and LJ extracts than in HAO. Overall, the LS extract had a substantially higher concentration of phytochemicals and antioxidants, as well as higher cytotoxic potential, compared to the LJ and HAO extracts. The LS extract was tested in the MKN-45 human gastric cancer cell line to demonstrate its effective antioxidant potential and cytotoxicity. Hence, lyophilization (freezing) based techniques are more effective than heat-based techniques in preserving the phytoconstituents and their antioxidant and cytotoxic potential.