Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most significant global health threats to the public, animals, and the ecosystem. Inappropriate use of antibiotics in food animals is considered a major driver of AMR in humans. This study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude, practices, and risk perception (KAPP) of dairy farm owners/workers in Addis Ababa about antibiotic use and resistance. Methods: A face-to-face interview using a structured questionnaire was conducted with 281 respondents in four selected subcities of Addis Ababa. The responses provided by each participant were recoded into a binary scale based on the mean score of each domain. Pearson chi-square was used to check the association between the KAPP and sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents and logistic regression analysis was done to explore the factors associated with KAPP. Results: Overall, more than half of the surveyed dairy farm owners/workers had good knowledge (57.7%) and appropriate practice (53.0%), while less than half of the respondents showed desirable attitudes (47.7%) and positive risk perceptions (42.7%). The findings revealed a strong association between the respondents’ KAPP and education and between knowledge and risk perception and farming experience. Conclusion: This study found that continuous education of dairy farm owners/workers regarding antimicrobial usage and antimicrobial resistance in dairy farms will increase their awareness and perception of risk as well as motivate them to adopt desirable attitudes and appropriate practices, and consequently limit inappropriate use of antimicrobials leading to mitigating emergence of AMR.

Aflatoxin, the secondary toxic metabolite of Aspergillus species, particularly aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus and parasiticus, has a detrimental effect on poultry health and production. There exists some information gap about the magnitudes of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species and aflatoxin in poultry feeds in the study area. Thus, the study was conducted to estimate the magnitude and assess the related potential factors of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species with evaluations of the level of aflatoxin B1 in stored poultry feed at selected farms in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study design was carried out on 374 poultry feed samples recruited by using a stratified simple random sampling technique. A pretested structured questionnaire was used to assess the level of knowledge and prevention practices associated with aflatoxin in poultry feed. The isolation of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species was made by Aspergillus flavus parasiticus media, and aflatoxin B1 was estimated by aflatoxin B1 enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay. Results showed that the magnitude of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species was 72.5% (95% CI: 67.6–76.9). The odds at which the species isolated were higher ( ) in feeds stored more than two months (AOR = 2.69), the presence of rodents in the storing room (AOR = 2.67), feeds having high moisture content (AOR = 1.5), and feed ingredient types (AOR = 4.3) compared to their counter parts. Only 34.4 and 32.8 percent of the respondents have better knowledge and apply prevention practice about fungal contamination and aflatoxin production in poultry feed, respectively. The occurrence of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species in poultry feed was associated with the presence of rodents in the feed storing room with long storing period and high moisture contents of the feed. The knowledge and prevention practices employed by farm managers and workers about fungal contamination and aflatoxin in poultry feed are found low.

Background: Bovine tuberculosis is listed among the top three animal diseases that cause major animal and public health concerns in Ethiopia. Knowledge, attitude and practices (KAPs) of farmers towards bovine tuberculosis in Ethiopia remain insufficiently studied, especially among local cattle owners. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the level of cattle owners’ KAPs. Methods: A cross‐sectional study with 200 randomly selected study participants was carried out using a face‐to‐face interview from December 2023 to May 2024 in and around Nekemte town, western Ethiopia. The statistical analysis was performed using Stata version 16. Chi‐square analysis was used to assess the association between independent variables and owners' KAPs, and multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify potential predictor variables. Result: Among the total respondents, 34.5% and 32.0% of them knew about bovine tuberculosis and the zoonotic importance of it, respectively, while 18.8% of the respondents knew that the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis is bacteria. The KAPs of the respondents were associated with their education level. Those respondents who attended college/university and secondary education were 5.76 (1.46–22.66) and 3.26 (1.03–12.08) times more knowledgeable about bovine tuberculosis than those who did not attend a formal education. Those respondents who had completed college/university had 7.34 (2.33–23.11), secondary school had 3.34 (1.15–9.66), and primary school had 4.54 (1.48–13.89) times more likely to have a desirable attitude than those who did not attend formal education. With regard to practices, those respondents with a college/university, secondary or primary education had 6.74 (1.97–23.10), 3.53 (1.11–11.27) and 5.13 (1.52–17.32) times more appropriate practices, respectively, than those who did not attend a formal education. Conclusion: The respondents had a low level of KAPs regarding bovine tuberculosis in and around Nekemte town, Ethiopia. Raising awareness through education and training campaigns, both in human and animal health sectors, using a one health approach, is necessary.

Brucellosis is a neglected zoonotic disease that affects approximately 2.1 million people annually, primarily in rural populations that depend on animals for income and food. However, there is limited evidence regarding the prevalence of camel brucellosis and its association with farmers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) in the Dire District. A cross-sectional study employing multistage sampling was undertaken among 460 camels and their owners in Dire District from November 2023 to March 2024, aiming to determine the seroprevalence of camel brucellosis and explore the relationship between its seroprevalence and the owners' KAPs. Altogether, 460 camels were screened for brucellosis using the Modified Rose Bengal Plate Test (MRBPT) and confirmed using indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (I-ELISA). The owners' KAP regarding brucellosis was investigated using a validated survey tool. Among 460 camels, 7.83% (95% CI: 5.69–10.67) and 4.78% (95% CI: 3.17–7.17) were seropositive for brucellosis by MRBPT and I-ELISA, respectively. Females (OR: 4.76, 95% CI: 1.02–22.30) and large herd size (OR: 4.34, 95% CI: 1.07–17.57) were significant factors for seroprevalence of camel brucellosis. Abortion history in female camel (OR: 6.63, 95% CI: 2.36–18.65) was also related to brucellosis. The respondents' KAPs were 17.60% (95% CI: 14.24–21.40), 24.35% (95% CI: 20.49–28.54), and 7.83% (95% CI: 5.54–10.67), respectively. Being female decreases knowledge level by 62% compared to males (OR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.21, 0.67). No formal education also reduces knowledge by 90% compared to those who have attained high school (OR = 0.1, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.2). No formal education (OR: 0.10, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.21) and <10 years of farming experience (OR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.22, 0.99) were significant factors for adopting positive practices. Poor knowledge (OR: 1.37, 95% CI: 0.40–4.75), undesirable attitude (OR: 1.47, 95% CI: 0.49–4.45), and inappropriate practices of respondents (OR: 1.82, 95% CI: 0.24–13.97) were not significant factors for the seroprevalence of camel brucellosis. The study shows the presence of camel brucellosis and its possible public health impact in the Dire District. The result also indicates that the disease could be responsible for considerable production losses in camels due to compromised reproductive performance.

Brucellosis is an important neglected bacterial zoonotic disease in sub-Saharan Africa, including Somalia. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Garowe district, Nugal region, Somalia, from May 2022 to January 2023 to estimate the seroprevalence of small ruminant brucellosis and assess owners’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward brucellosis. A total of 384 sheep and goats were selected using a simple random sampling technique and screened for Brucella antibodies by the Modified Rose Bengal Plate Test, and positive samples were then further confirmed using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. For the questionnaire survey, 384 households were selected randomly, and a structured questionnaire was used to assess owners’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward brucellosis. The overall brucellosis seroprevalence was 4.7% in small ruminants (95% CI: 2.8-7.3), and the true seroprevalence was calculated as 5.2%. According to the multivariable logistic regression analysis, sex was found to be a potential risk factor for small ruminant brucellosis ( P < .05). More specifically, female sheep and goats were 9.13 times (aOR 9.13, 95% CI: 1.18-70.33) more likely to become seropositive than males. The owners’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward brucellosis were found to be low, and education level was associated with owners’ knowledge (χ² = 16.78; P < .001), attitudes (χ² = 19.4; P < .001) and practices (χ² = 34.0; P < .001). There is also a significant association between owner knowledge, attitudes, and practices and seropositivity of brucellosis in sheep and goats. Moderate seroprevalence, together with insufficient knowledge, attitudes, and practices of owners, makes brucellosis a threat to animals and the entire community. Hence, raising community awareness of the disease is essential to reduce the impact on small ruminant productivity and the risks to public health.

Globally, eimeriosis is highly important for the health and productivity of calves. Although eimeriosis is one of the major causes of financial loss in cattle farming, there is inadequate evidence on the epidemiological status of infection in Ethiopia. Hence, this study was aimed at determining the prevalence and associated factors, assessing the burden, and identifying Eimeria species in dairy calves. A cross‐sectional investigation of calf eimeriosis among dairy farms in Bishoftu, Central Ethiopia, was conducted from November 2023 to April 2024. A total of 384 calves aged from 3 weeks to 18 months were selected using simple random sampling, and fecal samples were collected rectally. Flotation technique was used to detect Eimeria oocysts, and the McMaster method was used to count OPGs. The prevalence of calf eimeriosis was 18.549% (95% CI: 14.90–22.72). For calves < 6 months (OR = 0.28, p < 0.001) and 12–18 months (OR = 0.31, p = 0.009), good body condition (OR = 0.23, p = 0.001), hygienic status (OR = 0.09, p < 0.001), and diarrheic calf status (OR = 3.24, p = 0.002) were significant ( p < 0.05) factors for eimeriosis. The mean OPG score of the feces was significantly different among different age groups, fecal consistency groups, and housing systems. Eimeria bovis (28.17%), Eimeria zuernii (18.31%), and Eimeria subspherica (16.90%) were the most prevalent Eimeria species in this study. The prevalence of eimeriosis was high in calves; therefore, comprehensive calf management practices are essential to reduce the disease.