Brucellosis is a neglected zoonotic disease that affects approximately 2.1 million people annually, primarily in rural populations that depend on animals for income and food. However, there is limited evidence regarding the prevalence of camel brucellosis and its association with farmers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) in the Dire District. A cross-sectional study employing multistage sampling was undertaken among 460 camels and their owners in Dire District from November 2023 to March 2024, aiming to determine the seroprevalence of camel brucellosis and explore the relationship between its seroprevalence and the owners' KAPs. Altogether, 460 camels were screened for brucellosis using the Modified Rose Bengal Plate Test (MRBPT) and confirmed using indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (I-ELISA). The owners' KAP regarding brucellosis was investigated using a validated survey tool. Among 460 camels, 7.83% (95% CI: 5.69–10.67) and 4.78% (95% CI: 3.17–7.17) were seropositive for brucellosis by MRBPT and I-ELISA, respectively. Females (OR: 4.76, 95% CI: 1.02–22.30) and large herd size (OR: 4.34, 95% CI: 1.07–17.57) were significant factors for seroprevalence of camel brucellosis. Abortion history in female camel (OR: 6.63, 95% CI: 2.36–18.65) was also related to brucellosis. The respondents' KAPs were 17.60% (95% CI: 14.24–21.40), 24.35% (95% CI: 20.49–28.54), and 7.83% (95% CI: 5.54–10.67), respectively. Being female decreases knowledge level by 62% compared to males (OR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.21, 0.67). No formal education also reduces knowledge by 90% compared to those who have attained high school (OR = 0.1, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.2). No formal education (OR: 0.10, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.21) and <10 years of farming experience (OR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.22, 0.99) were significant factors for adopting positive practices. Poor knowledge (OR: 1.37, 95% CI: 0.40–4.75), undesirable attitude (OR: 1.47, 95% CI: 0.49–4.45), and inappropriate practices of respondents (OR: 1.82, 95% CI: 0.24–13.97) were not significant factors for the seroprevalence of camel brucellosis. The study shows the presence of camel brucellosis and its possible public health impact in the Dire District. The result also indicates that the disease could be responsible for considerable production losses in camels due to compromised reproductive performance.

Purpose: The economic and health implications of brucellosis are of particular concern in developing countries, primarily in the vulnerable sector of rural herders. A cross-sectional study was done in Boran breeds to estimate the seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis, identify risk variables and assess public health implications in Borena zone, Oromia region, Ethiopia in the questionnaire survey. Methods: The sampling animals were chosen from smallholders using a simple random sampling procedure. The study involved a total of 788 animals. Animals of both sex and different age groups with the age of 6 months or above found during the study interval were included. The Rose Bengal plate test was used to screen sera, and positive samples were subsequently retested using a Direct Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for confirmation. Results: The overall seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis was 7.6% (60/788) in the Direct Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay test. Herd size, age, history of abortion, testicular hygroma, and retained fetal membrane were statistical significance for the Brucella seropositivity (P< 0.05). Whereas, district, sex, body condition score, and management did not influence the disease occurrence (P> 0.05). The majority of the participants, 91.7% (55/60) did not aware of the zoonotic implications of brucellosis. Only 10% (6/60) of interviewed respondents disposed of aborted fetuses and retained fetal membrane properly and the rest 90% (54/60) left in the environment. Ninety percent and 83.3% of the respondents revealed that they consumed raw milk and meat, respectively. Conclusion: The presence of Brucella infection is highly correlated with age, history of abortion, and testicular hygroma. According to the collected data: sex, body condition score, district, and management had no statistically significant effect on Brucella occurrence. The majority of respondents were unaware of the disease’s zoonotic consequences. Finally, creating community awareness about its transmission, zoonotic significance, and hygienic practices were recommended.

Leptospirosis is a rapidly spreading and neglected zoonotic disease, whose transmission is interlinked between animals, humans and the environment. Even though leptospirosis is an endemic disease in East Africa, there is no updated information regarding the overall seroprevalence in humans, cattle, goats and sheep. This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to estimate the pooled seroprevalence of leptospirosis and associated factors among cattle, humans, goats and sheep in East Africa (from 2000 to 2024). Upon literature search from databases and registries, 36 articles reporting the seroprevalence of leptospirosis in humans, cattle, goats and sheep were included for the final meta‐analysis. The pooled seroprevalence was higher in cattle at 23% (95% CI: 17.2–27.01), followed by 19.9% in goats (95% CI: 2.7–68.9) and 12.5% in humans (95% CI: 7.05–211). Regarding countries, there was the highest seroprevalence of leptospirosis in Ethiopia (25.7% [95% CI: 14.3–41.8]) and the lowest in Uganda (13.01% [95% CI: 2.11–50.97]). Seroprevalence of leptospirosis in different diagnostic methods was 16.5 (95% CI: 8.52–29.46) and 16.5 (95% CI: 12.3–23) in ELISA and MAT, respectively. The meta‐regression analysis identified the sample size and study country as significant moderators ( p < 0.1). The model incorporating sample size explained 58.89% of the heterogeneity. The observed high seroprevalence highlights the urgent need for improved diagnostic confirmation, as well as strengthened control and prevention strategies in the region.

An experiment was conducted from June 2022 to April 2023 at Debrezeit Agricultural Research Center to evaluate the effectiveness of single shot prostaglandin based estrus synchronization protocol in Boran, Boran*Holstein-Friesian crosses, and Holstein-Friesian cattle upon manual detection of mature corpus luteum (CL). A total of 120 animals (80 cows and 40 heifers) with detected CL from different age, body condition (BC), parity, days in milk, and lactation status were included in the experiment. A single injection of 5 ml LUTALYSE® Injection (dinoprost tromethamine, a prostaglandin F2α analog) was used to synchronize the animals. The observed estrus response and conception rate were 83.3% and 73.0%, respectively. Among the predictor factors considered, BC score significantly influenced both estrus response and conception rates, while days in milk (DIM) had significant effect on conception (p 60 DIM had significantly higher conception rate compared to those with less DIM. Both estrus response and pregnancy rates were not significantly different between cows and heifers, as parity had no significant association (p >0.05) with both outcomes. The result showed that manual per rectal detection of CL and injection of a prostaglandin analog were effective in inducing heat. Therefore, synchronization with a single injection of LUTALYSE in heifers and cows after manual detection of mature CL could minimize drug cost and can achieve optimal results.

Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nasopharyngeal carriage is a major global health concern linked to severe infections and transmission. However, comprehensive evidence on the burden of MRSA carriage, antimicrobial resistance, and associated risk factors in Ethiopia remains limited. This study aimed to estimate pooled prevalence, resistance pattern, and determinants of nasopharyngeal MRSA carriage. PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and gray literature were searched for cross‐sectional studies published between January 2015 and December 2025. Two groups of reviewers screened studies based on predefined criteria. The risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute tool. Pooled prevalence and resistance proportions were estimated using a random‐effects model, and pooled odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using the Mantel–Haenszel method. Heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed, and a sensitivity analysis was conducted. A total of 1040 records were identified, and 20 studies (6869 participants) were included. The pooled carriage prevalence was 7.3% (95% CI, 5.0–10.8), with substantial heterogeneity ( I ² = 95.5%). Resistance was highest to tetracycline (55.75%) and lowest to clindamycin (12.66%). Increased odds of carriage were associated with prior hospitalization (OR, 3.49) and antibiotic use (OR, 2.35). Inconsistent variable coding across included studies limited the inclusion of other potential risk factors. Evidence of publication bias was detected, suggesting that the pooled prevalence should be interpreted with appropriate caution. The findings indicate a considerable burden of MRSA and highlight the need for strengthened antimicrobial stewardship, improved surveillance, and targeted prevention efforts in higher‐risk populations. This review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251047192).

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) remains a major constraint to cattle production and poses a significant zoonotic threat in Ethiopia. This systematic review and m