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Dr. Nikolaos Rousis
1) Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece;

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0 Analytical Chemistry
0 Environmental Chemistry
0 Risk Assessment
0 Emerging contaminants
0 human exposure

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Wastewater-based epidemiology
human exposure
(high-resolution) mass spectrometry

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Journal article
Published: 22 June 2021 in Science of The Total Environment
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Production and application of pesticides have risen remarkably in the last few decades. Even if they provide many benefits, they can be hazardous for humans and ecosystems when they are not used cautiously. Human exposure to pesticides is well documented, but new approaches are needed to boost the available information. This work proposes a new application of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) to assess the exposure of the general population to organophosphate and triazine pesticides (pyrethroid pesticides have already been validated). Several human urinary metabolites tested as WBE biomarkers, were suitable. Untreated wastewater samples from different European countries were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Biomarker concentrations were converted to mass loads and used to back-calculate the local population's exposure to the parent pesticides, using specific correction factors developed in this study. Exposure to organophosphates and pyrethroids showed spatial and seasonal variations. Finally, pesticide exposure was estimated in twenty cities of ten European countries and compared with the acceptable daily intake, concluding that some populations might face health risks. The study confirms WBE as a suitable approach for assessing the average community exposure to pesticides and is a valuable complementary biomonitoring tool. WBE can provide valuable data for public health.

ACS Style

Nikolaos I. Rousis; Emma Gracia-Lor; Félix Hernández; Francesco Poretti; Miguel M. Santos; Ettore Zuccato; Sara Castiglioni. Wastewater-based epidemiology as a novel tool to evaluate human exposure to pesticides: Triazines and organophosphates as case studies. Science of The Total Environment 2021, 793, 148618 .

AMA Style

Nikolaos I. Rousis, Emma Gracia-Lor, Félix Hernández, Francesco Poretti, Miguel M. Santos, Ettore Zuccato, Sara Castiglioni. Wastewater-based epidemiology as a novel tool to evaluate human exposure to pesticides: Triazines and organophosphates as case studies. Science of The Total Environment. 2021; 793 ():148618.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nikolaos I. Rousis; Emma Gracia-Lor; Félix Hernández; Francesco Poretti; Miguel M. Santos; Ettore Zuccato; Sara Castiglioni. 2021. "Wastewater-based epidemiology as a novel tool to evaluate human exposure to pesticides: Triazines and organophosphates as case studies." Science of The Total Environment 793, no. : 148618.

Journal article
Published: 25 January 2021 in Metabolites
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There is a paucity of information on biotransformation and stability of new psychoactive substances (NPS) in wastewater. Moreover, the fate of NPS and their transformation products (TPs) in wastewater treatment plants is not well understood. In this study, batch reactors seeded with activated sludge were set up to evaluate biotic, abiotic, and sorption losses of p-methoxymethylamphetamine (PMMA) and dihydromephedrone (DHM) and identify TPs formed during these processes. Detection and identification of all compounds was performed with target and suspect screening approaches using liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Influent and effluent 24 h composite wastewater samples were collected from Athens from 2014 to 2020. High elimination rates were found for PMMA (80%) and DHM (97%) after a seven-day experiment and degradation appeared to be related to biological activity in the active bioreactor. Ten TPs were identified and the main reactions were O- and N-demethylation, oxidation, and hydroxylation. Some TPs were reported for the first time and some were confirmed by reference standards. Identification of some TPs was enhanced by the use of an in-house retention time prediction model. Mephedrone and some of its previously reported human metabolites were formed from DHM incubation. Retrospective analysis showed that PMMA was the most frequently detected compound.

ACS Style

Juliet Kinyua; Aikaterini Psoma; Nikolaos Rousis; Maria-Christina Nika; Adrian Covaci; Alexander van Nuijs; Νikolaos Τhomaidis. Investigation of Biotransformation Products of p-Methoxymethylamphetamine and Dihydromephedrone in Wastewater by High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Metabolites 2021, 11, 66 .

AMA Style

Juliet Kinyua, Aikaterini Psoma, Nikolaos Rousis, Maria-Christina Nika, Adrian Covaci, Alexander van Nuijs, Νikolaos Τhomaidis. Investigation of Biotransformation Products of p-Methoxymethylamphetamine and Dihydromephedrone in Wastewater by High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Metabolites. 2021; 11 (2):66.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Juliet Kinyua; Aikaterini Psoma; Nikolaos Rousis; Maria-Christina Nika; Adrian Covaci; Alexander van Nuijs; Νikolaos Τhomaidis. 2021. "Investigation of Biotransformation Products of p-Methoxymethylamphetamine and Dihydromephedrone in Wastewater by High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry." Metabolites 11, no. 2: 66.

Review article
Published: 20 November 2020 in TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry
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In March 2020 the World Health Organization announced a pandemic outbreak. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative pathogen for the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic. The authorities worldwide use clinical science to identify infected people, but this approach is not able to track all symptomatic and asymptomatic cases due to limited sampling capacity of the testing laboratories. This drawback is eliminated by the Wastewater-Based Epidemiology (WBE) approach. In this review, we summarized the peer-reviewed published literature (available as of September 28, 2020), in the field of WBE. The commonly used steps (sampling, storage, concentration, isolation, detection) of the analytical protocols were identified. The potential limitations of each stage of the protocols and good practices were discussed. Finally, new methods for the efficient detection of SARS-CoV-2 were proposed.

ACS Style

Nikiforos Alygizakis; Athina N. Markou; Nikolaos I. Rousis; Aikaterini Galani; Margaritis Avgeris; Panagiotis G. Adamopoulos; Andreas Scorilas; Evi S. Lianidou; Dimitrios Paraskevis; Sotirios Tsiodras; Athanassios Tsakris; Meletios-Athanasios Dimopoulos; Nikolaos S. Thomaidis. Analytical methodologies for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater: Protocols and future perspectives. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 2020, 134, 116125 .

AMA Style

Nikiforos Alygizakis, Athina N. Markou, Nikolaos I. Rousis, Aikaterini Galani, Margaritis Avgeris, Panagiotis G. Adamopoulos, Andreas Scorilas, Evi S. Lianidou, Dimitrios Paraskevis, Sotirios Tsiodras, Athanassios Tsakris, Meletios-Athanasios Dimopoulos, Nikolaos S. Thomaidis. Analytical methodologies for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater: Protocols and future perspectives. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 2020; 134 ():116125.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nikiforos Alygizakis; Athina N. Markou; Nikolaos I. Rousis; Aikaterini Galani; Margaritis Avgeris; Panagiotis G. Adamopoulos; Andreas Scorilas; Evi S. Lianidou; Dimitrios Paraskevis; Sotirios Tsiodras; Athanassios Tsakris; Meletios-Athanasios Dimopoulos; Nikolaos S. Thomaidis. 2020. "Analytical methodologies for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater: Protocols and future perspectives." TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 134, no. : 116125.

Journal article
Published: 28 July 2020 in Science of The Total Environment
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Smoking cigarettes and drinking coffee are common habits in today's society. However, it is not easy to get up-to-date information on smoking prevalence and caffeine consumption as it is usually obtained from population surveys. To overcome this limitation and complement epidemiological information, we employed wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) to gain a picture of the consumption of cigarettes and caffeine per day per person in Italy. A nationwide study was conducted by measuring two urinary metabolites of nicotine (cotinine and trans-3′-hydroxycotinine) and a caffeine metabolite (1,7-dimethyluric acid) in untreated wastewater from 16 cities. The spatial profiles of use depended mostly on the specific population habits in each city, not on the geographical area or the population size. The patterns of consumption were stable over the week, except in Milan where the use of both substances decreased on Sundays, probably because there were no commuters. In Milan, the use of nicotine decreased from 2013 to 2015. There was a significant relationship between smoking and consumption of products containing caffeine (mainly coffee), thus in cities where more cigarettes were smoked, more caffeine was drunk. These results are generally in accordance with findings from epidemiological studies, but provide some additional local profiles of use and closely follow changes over the years. This information could be useful for healthcare professionals and policy-makers to monitor progress towards the reduction of prevalence in tobacco use, and set up new health campaigns.

ACS Style

Emma Gracia-Lor; Nikolaos I. Rousis; Ettore Zuccato; Sara Castiglioni. Monitoring caffeine and nicotine use in a nationwide study in Italy using wastewater-based epidemiology. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 747, 141331 .

AMA Style

Emma Gracia-Lor, Nikolaos I. Rousis, Ettore Zuccato, Sara Castiglioni. Monitoring caffeine and nicotine use in a nationwide study in Italy using wastewater-based epidemiology. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 747 ():141331.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emma Gracia-Lor; Nikolaos I. Rousis; Ettore Zuccato; Sara Castiglioni. 2020. "Monitoring caffeine and nicotine use in a nationwide study in Italy using wastewater-based epidemiology." Science of The Total Environment 747, no. : 141331.

Journal article
Published: 21 March 2020 in Science of The Total Environment
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Pesticides offer many benefits for humanity and agriculture, but at the same time pose a potential risk to human health because of their widespread use and high biological activity. Human biomonitoring (HBM) studies are the main tool to investigate human exposure to pesticides and other chemicals, but face limitations such as sampling biases, long time to complete and high costs. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is an alternative approach that is centered on the chemical analysis of biomarkers of (pesticide) exposure in urban wastewater. The present study used WBE to assess human exposure to selected classes of pesticides, triazines, pyrethroids and organophosphates, in Norway. Untreated wastewater samples were collected from four cities, covering approximately 20% of the Norwegian population. The highest population weighted mass loads (mg/day/1000 inhabitants) were for alkyl phosphates and the lowest for triazines. Some differences were observed for the two metabolites, 2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol (IMPY) and 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-(1-cyclopropane) carboxylic acid (DCCA), which were higher in the rural city of Hamar. WBE figures were comparable with HBM findings for the specific metabolite of chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos methyl (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol; TCPY) but were different for the alkyl phosphates. Pyrethroid intake was calculated and was lower than the acceptable daily intake in all the cities, indicating low risk for human health. This is the most extensive WBE study performed to date to assess national human exposure to pesticides. This study demonstrated that WBE has the potential to be a useful complementary biomonitoring tool for assessing population-wide exposure to pesticides, overcoming some of the limitations of HBM.

ACS Style

Nikolaos I. Rousis; Emma Gracia Lor; Malcolm J. Reid; Jose Antonio Baz-Lomba; Yeonsuk Ryu; Ettore Zuccato; Kevin V. Thomas; Sara Castiglioni. Assessment of human exposure to selected pesticides in Norway by wastewater analysis. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 723, 138132 .

AMA Style

Nikolaos I. Rousis, Emma Gracia Lor, Malcolm J. Reid, Jose Antonio Baz-Lomba, Yeonsuk Ryu, Ettore Zuccato, Kevin V. Thomas, Sara Castiglioni. Assessment of human exposure to selected pesticides in Norway by wastewater analysis. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 723 ():138132.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nikolaos I. Rousis; Emma Gracia Lor; Malcolm J. Reid; Jose Antonio Baz-Lomba; Yeonsuk Ryu; Ettore Zuccato; Kevin V. Thomas; Sara Castiglioni. 2020. "Assessment of human exposure to selected pesticides in Norway by wastewater analysis." Science of The Total Environment 723, no. : 138132.

Journal article
Published: 30 August 2019 in Science of The Total Environment
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This study used wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) to investigate the lifestyle of the inhabitants of Malé, the capital of the Republic of Maldives. Raw wastewater 12-h composite samples were collected from nine pumping stations serving the city area - thus representative of the whole Malé population. Samples were analysed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for estimating the profile of use of a large number of substances including illicit drugs, alcohol, caffeine, tobacco and pharmaceuticals. The illicit drugs most used were cannabis (THC) and heroin (700 and 18 g/day), with lower consumption of cocaine and amphetamines (0.1–1.2 g/day). It is important to note that the consumption of cannabis in Malé was comparable to that measured in other countries, while the consumption of heroin was higher. Among cathinones, mephedrone was detected at the highest levels similar to other countries. Consumption of alcohol, which is not allowed in Maldives, was found (1.3 L/day/1000 inhabitants), but at a low level compared with other countries (6–44 L/day/1000 inhabitants), while the consumption of caffeine and tobacco was generally in line with reports from other countries. Unique information on pharmaceuticals use was also provided, since no official data were available. Human lifestyle was evaluated by applying for the first time the full set of WBE methodologies available in our laboratory. Results provided valuable epidemiological information, which may be useful for national and international agencies to understand population lifestyles better, including illicit drug issues, and for planning and evaluation of drug prevention programs in Malé.

ACS Style

Luca Fallati; Sara Castiglioni; Paolo Galli; Francesco Riva; Emma Gracia Lor; Iria González-Mariño; Nikolaos I. Rousis; Mohamed Shifah; Maria Cristina Messa; Maria Grazia Strepparava; Marina Vai; Ettore Zuccato. Use of legal and illegal substances in Malé (Republic of Maldives) assessed by wastewater analysis. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 698, 134207 .

AMA Style

Luca Fallati, Sara Castiglioni, Paolo Galli, Francesco Riva, Emma Gracia Lor, Iria González-Mariño, Nikolaos I. Rousis, Mohamed Shifah, Maria Cristina Messa, Maria Grazia Strepparava, Marina Vai, Ettore Zuccato. Use of legal and illegal substances in Malé (Republic of Maldives) assessed by wastewater analysis. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 698 ():134207.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luca Fallati; Sara Castiglioni; Paolo Galli; Francesco Riva; Emma Gracia Lor; Iria González-Mariño; Nikolaos I. Rousis; Mohamed Shifah; Maria Cristina Messa; Maria Grazia Strepparava; Marina Vai; Ettore Zuccato. 2019. "Use of legal and illegal substances in Malé (Republic of Maldives) assessed by wastewater analysis." Science of The Total Environment 698, no. : 134207.

Journal article
Published: 16 August 2018 in Environmental Science & Technology
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ACS Style

Emma Gracia Lor; Nikolaos I. Rousis; Félix Hernández; Ettore Zuccato; Sara Castiglioni. Wastewater-Based Epidemiology as a Novel Biomonitoring Tool to Evaluate Human Exposure To Pollutants. Environmental Science & Technology 2018, 52, 10224 -10226.

AMA Style

Emma Gracia Lor, Nikolaos I. Rousis, Félix Hernández, Ettore Zuccato, Sara Castiglioni. Wastewater-Based Epidemiology as a Novel Biomonitoring Tool to Evaluate Human Exposure To Pollutants. Environmental Science & Technology. 2018; 52 (18):10224-10226.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emma Gracia Lor; Nikolaos I. Rousis; Félix Hernández; Ettore Zuccato; Sara Castiglioni. 2018. "Wastewater-Based Epidemiology as a Novel Biomonitoring Tool to Evaluate Human Exposure To Pollutants." Environmental Science & Technology 52, no. 18: 10224-10226.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2018 in Water Research
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The aim of this paper is to present the first study on spatial and temporal variation in the enantiomeric profile of chiral drugs in eight European cities. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) and enantioselective analysis were combined to evaluate trends in illicit drug use in the context of their consumption vs direct disposal as well as their synthetic production routes. Spatial variations in amphetamine loads were observed with higher use in Northern European cities. Enantioselective analysis showed a general enrichment of amphetamine with the R-(-)-enantiomer in wastewater indicating its abuse. High loads of racemic methamphetamine were detected in Oslo (EF = 0.49 ± 0.02). This is in contrast to other European cities where S-(+)-methamphetamine was the predominant enantiomer. This indicates different methods of methamphetamine synthesis and/or trafficking routes in Oslo, compared with the other cities tested. An enrichment of MDMA with the R-(-)-enantiomer was observed in European wastewaters indicating MDMA consumption rather than disposal of unused drug. MDA's chiral signature indicated its enrichment with the S-(+)-enantiomer, which confirms its origin from MDMA metabolism in humans. HMMA was also detected at quantifiable concentrations in wastewater and was found to be a suitable biomarker for MDMA consumption. Mephedrone was only detected in wastewater from the United Kingdom with population-normalised loads up to 47.7 mg 1000 people-1 day-1. The enrichment of mephedrone in the R-(+)-enantiomer in wastewater suggests stereoselective metabolism in humans, hence consumption, rather than direct disposal of the drug. The investigation of drug precursors, such as ephedrine, showed that their presence was reasonably ascribed to their medical use.

ACS Style

Erika Castrignanò; Zhugen Yang; Richard Bade; Jose A. Baz-Lomba; Sara Castiglioni; Ana Causanilles; Adrian Covaci; Emma Gracia Lor; Felix Hernandez; Juliet Kinyua; Ann-Kathrin McCall; Alexander van Nuijs; Christoph Ort; Benedek Plosz; Pedram Ramin; Nikolaos I. Rousis; Yeonsuk Ryu; Kevin V. Thomas; Pim de Voogt; Ettore Zuccato; Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern. Enantiomeric profiling of chiral illicit drugs in a pan-European study. Water Research 2018, 130, 151 -160.

AMA Style

Erika Castrignanò, Zhugen Yang, Richard Bade, Jose A. Baz-Lomba, Sara Castiglioni, Ana Causanilles, Adrian Covaci, Emma Gracia Lor, Felix Hernandez, Juliet Kinyua, Ann-Kathrin McCall, Alexander van Nuijs, Christoph Ort, Benedek Plosz, Pedram Ramin, Nikolaos I. Rousis, Yeonsuk Ryu, Kevin V. Thomas, Pim de Voogt, Ettore Zuccato, Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern. Enantiomeric profiling of chiral illicit drugs in a pan-European study. Water Research. 2018; 130 ():151-160.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Erika Castrignanò; Zhugen Yang; Richard Bade; Jose A. Baz-Lomba; Sara Castiglioni; Ana Causanilles; Adrian Covaci; Emma Gracia Lor; Felix Hernandez; Juliet Kinyua; Ann-Kathrin McCall; Alexander van Nuijs; Christoph Ort; Benedek Plosz; Pedram Ramin; Nikolaos I. Rousis; Yeonsuk Ryu; Kevin V. Thomas; Pim de Voogt; Ettore Zuccato; Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern. 2018. "Enantiomeric profiling of chiral illicit drugs in a pan-European study." Water Research 130, no. : 151-160.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2017 in Talanta
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Lanthanides, actinides and transition metals have demonstrated the ability to be used as fingerprint for the specification of the authenticity and geographical origin of food commodities. Therefore, the existence of analytical methods for their determination is of great importance, since both producers and consumers could benefit. An inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric (ICP-MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of these elements in a Protected Designation of Origin product, the Chios mastic gum. A multivariate strategy for the microwave digestion of mastic was carried out. Five factors were studied and optimized. Hold time, temperature and HF volume, were found to be the most critical factors, so further optimization was performed. Molecular oxide (MO(+), MO2(+)) and hydroxide (MOH(+)) interferences were investigated. The capability of an octopole collision/reaction cell ICP-MS to attenuate or remove these interferences was studied. The effect of instrumental parameters on MO(+)/M(+), MOH(+)/M(+) and MO2(+)/M(+) ratios was studied to ensure that observed changes were a result of alteration of the parameter and not due to random fluctuations. Moreover, the effect of kinetic energy discrimination to suppress these species was demonstrated. The energy losses of ions were measured from stopping curves and the estimation of collision cross sections was done. Efficiencies of He and H2 gases were compared and H2 was finally selected for all elements. The calculated recoveries were ranged between 70 and 70% and 104% and the relative standard deviations (intermediate precision) were generally under 16%. The limits of detection were 0.07ngg(-1) (Dy, Th) - 1.4ngg(-1) (Ce).

ACS Style

Nikolaos I. Rousis; Nikolaos S. Thomaidis. Reduction of interferences in the determination of lanthanides, actinides and transition metals by an octopole collision/reaction cell inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer – Application to the analysis of Chios mastic. Talanta 2017, 175, 69 -76.

AMA Style

Nikolaos I. Rousis, Nikolaos S. Thomaidis. Reduction of interferences in the determination of lanthanides, actinides and transition metals by an octopole collision/reaction cell inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer – Application to the analysis of Chios mastic. Talanta. 2017; 175 ():69-76.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nikolaos I. Rousis; Nikolaos S. Thomaidis. 2017. "Reduction of interferences in the determination of lanthanides, actinides and transition metals by an octopole collision/reaction cell inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer – Application to the analysis of Chios mastic." Talanta 175, no. : 69-76.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2017 in Water Research
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Human biomonitoring, i.e. the determination of chemicals and/or their metabolites in human specimens, is the most common and potent tool for assessing human exposure to pesticides, but it suffers from limitations such as high costs and biases in sampling. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is an innovative approach based on the chemical analysis of specific human metabolic excretion products (biomarkers) in wastewater, and provides objective and real-time information on xenobiotics directly or indirectly ingested by a population. This study applied the WBE approach for the first time to evaluate human exposure to pesticides in eight cities across Europe. 24 h-composite wastewater samples were collected from the main wastewater treatment plants and analyzed for urinary metabolites of three classes of pesticides, namely triazines, organophosphates and pyrethroids, by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The mass loads (mg/day/1000 inhabitants) were highest for organophosphates and lowest for triazines. Different patterns were observed among the cities and for the various classes of pesticides. Population weighted loads of specific biomarkers indicated higher exposure in Castellon, Milan, Copenhagen and Bristol for pyrethroids, and in Castellon, Bristol and Zurich for organophosphates. The lowest mass loads (mg/day/1000 inhabitants) were found in Utrecht and Oslo. These results were in agreement with several national statistics related to pesticides exposure such as pesticides sales. The daily intake of pyrethroids was estimated in each city and it was found to exceed the acceptable daily intake (ADI) only in one city (Castellon, Spain). This was the first large-scale application of WBE to monitor population exposure to pesticides. The results indicated that WBE can give new information about the "average exposure" of the population to pesticides, and is a useful complementary biomonitoring tool to study population-wide exposure to pesticides.

ACS Style

Nikolaos I. Rousis; Emma Gracia Lor; Ettore Zuccato; Richard Bade; Jose Antonio Baz Lomba; Erika Castrignanò; Ana Causanilles; Adrian Covaci; Pim de Voogt; Felix Hernandez; Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern; Juliet Kinyua; Ann-Kathrin McCall; Benedek Plosz; Pedram Ramin; Yeonsuk Ryu; Kevin V. Thomas; Alexander van Nuijs; Zhugen Yang; Sara Castiglioni. Wastewater-based epidemiology to assess pan-European pesticide exposure. Water Research 2017, 121, 270 -279.

AMA Style

Nikolaos I. Rousis, Emma Gracia Lor, Ettore Zuccato, Richard Bade, Jose Antonio Baz Lomba, Erika Castrignanò, Ana Causanilles, Adrian Covaci, Pim de Voogt, Felix Hernandez, Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern, Juliet Kinyua, Ann-Kathrin McCall, Benedek Plosz, Pedram Ramin, Yeonsuk Ryu, Kevin V. Thomas, Alexander van Nuijs, Zhugen Yang, Sara Castiglioni. Wastewater-based epidemiology to assess pan-European pesticide exposure. Water Research. 2017; 121 ():270-279.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nikolaos I. Rousis; Emma Gracia Lor; Ettore Zuccato; Richard Bade; Jose Antonio Baz Lomba; Erika Castrignanò; Ana Causanilles; Adrian Covaci; Pim de Voogt; Felix Hernandez; Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern; Juliet Kinyua; Ann-Kathrin McCall; Benedek Plosz; Pedram Ramin; Yeonsuk Ryu; Kevin V. Thomas; Alexander van Nuijs; Zhugen Yang; Sara Castiglioni. 2017. "Wastewater-based epidemiology to assess pan-European pesticide exposure." Water Research 121, no. : 270-279.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2017 in Environmental Research
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Assessing the presence of pesticides in environmental waters is particularly challenging because of the huge number of substances used which may end up in the environment. Furthermore, the occurrence of pesticide transformation products (TPs) and/or metabolites makes this task even harder. Most studies dealing with the determination of pesticides in water include only a small number of analytes and in many cases no TPs. The present study applied a screening method for the determination of a large number of pesticides and TPs in wastewater (WW) and surface water (SW) from Spain and Italy. Liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) was used to screen a database of 450 pesticides and TPs. Detection and identification were based on specific criteria, i.e. mass accuracy, fragmentation, and comparison of retention times when reference standards were available, or a retention time prediction model when standards were not available. Seventeen pesticides and TPs from different classes (fungicides, herbicides and insecticides) were found in WW in Italy and Spain, and twelve in SW. Generally, in both countries more compounds were detected in effluent WW than in influent WW, and in SW than WW. This might be due to the analytical sensitivity in the different matrices, but also to the presence of multiple sources of pollution. HRMS proved a good screening tool to determine a large number of substances in water and identify some priority compounds for further quantitative analysis.N. I. Rousis and R. Bade acknowledge the European Union’s International Training Network SEWPROF (Marie Curie-FP7-PEOPLE Grant no. 317205) for their Early Stage Researcher contracts. The authors of University Jaume I acknowledge the financial support of Generalitat Valenciana (Prometeo II 2014/023) and of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Project ref. CTQ2015-65603). The authors are grateful to J. D. Baggott for English editing

ACS Style

Nikolaos I. Rousis; Richard Bade; Lubertus Bijlsma; Ettore Zuccato; Juan V. Sancho; Felix Hernandez; Sara Castiglioni. Monitoring a large number of pesticides and transformation products in water samples from Spain and Italy. Environmental Research 2017, 156, 31 -38.

AMA Style

Nikolaos I. Rousis, Richard Bade, Lubertus Bijlsma, Ettore Zuccato, Juan V. Sancho, Felix Hernandez, Sara Castiglioni. Monitoring a large number of pesticides and transformation products in water samples from Spain and Italy. Environmental Research. 2017; 156 ():31-38.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nikolaos I. Rousis; Richard Bade; Lubertus Bijlsma; Ettore Zuccato; Juan V. Sancho; Felix Hernandez; Sara Castiglioni. 2017. "Monitoring a large number of pesticides and transformation products in water samples from Spain and Italy." Environmental Research 156, no. : 31-38.

Journal article
Published: 26 June 2017 in Drug and Alcohol Dependence
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Analysis of student consumption of illicit drugs (ID) by school population surveys (SPS) provides information useful for prevention, but the results may be influenced by subjective factors. We explored wastewater (WW) analysis to improve the information. We used WW analysis to measure ID consumption in eight secondary schools in Italy in 2010-13 (students aged 15–19). Samples were collected from the sewage pipes of the schools during lessons for one week each year. Samples were analysed by mass spectrometry to measure ID and consumption by students was compared to that of the general population. We found THC COOH (human metabolite of THC) concentrations in 2010 indicating significant consumption of cannabis in all the schools and benzoylecgonine (human metabolite of cocaine) suggesting a limited consumption of cocaine in all but one school. Morphine was only found in traces, and amphetamine, methamphetamine, ecstasy, ketamine and mephedrone were not detectable. Repeated analysis showed cannabis stable until 2012 with increases in 2013, low cocaine and morphine levels, and none of the other ID. WW analysis suggested that students used amounts of cannabis comparable to the general population, with low, sporadic use of cocaine and opioids, but excluded the use of significant amounts of amphetamine, methamphetamine, ecstasy, ketamine and mephedrone. WW analysis was useful to confirm SPS figures and provides complementary findings for effective prevention strategies. This is the first time WW analysis has been used to investigate consumption of a large number of ID and new psychoactive substances (NPS) in schools.

ACS Style

Ettore Zuccato; Emma Gracia Lor; Nikolaos I. Rousis; Alberto Parabiaghi; Ivan Senta; Francesco Riva; Sara Castiglioni. Illicit drug consumption in school populations measured by wastewater analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2017, 178, 285 -290.

AMA Style

Ettore Zuccato, Emma Gracia Lor, Nikolaos I. Rousis, Alberto Parabiaghi, Ivan Senta, Francesco Riva, Sara Castiglioni. Illicit drug consumption in school populations measured by wastewater analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2017; 178 ():285-290.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ettore Zuccato; Emma Gracia Lor; Nikolaos I. Rousis; Alberto Parabiaghi; Ivan Senta; Francesco Riva; Sara Castiglioni. 2017. "Illicit drug consumption in school populations measured by wastewater analysis." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 178, no. : 285-290.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2017 in Chemosphere
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The popularity of new psychoactive substances (NPS) has grown in recent years, with certain NPS commonly and preferentially consumed even following the introduction of preventative legislation. With the objective to improve the knowledge on the use of NPS, a rapid and very sensitive method was developed for the determination of ten priority NPS (N-ethylcathinone, methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), methylone, butylone, methedrone, mephedrone, naphyrone, 25-C-NBOMe, 25-I-NBOMe and 25-B-NBOMe) in influent wastewater. Sample clean-up and pre-concentration was made by off-line solid phase extraction (SPE) with Oasis MCX cartridges. Isotopically labelled internal standards were used to correct for matrix effects and potential SPE losses. Following chromatographic separation on a C column within 6 min, the compounds were measured by tandem mass spectrometry in positive ionization mode. The method was optimised and validated for all compounds. Limits of quantification were evaluated by spiking influent wastewater samples at 1 or 5 ng/L. An investigation into the stability of these compounds in influent wastewater was also performed, showing that, following acidification at pH 2, all compounds were relatively stable for up to 7 days. The method was then applied to influent wastewater samples from eight European countries, in which mephedrone, methylone and MDPV were detected. This work reveals that although NPS use is not as extensive as for classic illicit drugs, the application of a highly sensitive analytical procedure makes their detection in wastewater possible. The developed analytical methodology forms the basis of a subsequent model-based back-calculation of abuse rate in urban areas (i.e. wastewater-based epidemiology).

ACS Style

Richard Bade; Lubertus Bijlsma; Juan V Sancho; Jose A. Baz-Lomba; Sara Castiglioni; Erika Castrignanò; Ana Causanilles; Emma Gracia Lor; Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern; Juliet Kinyua; Ann-Kathrin McCall; Alexander L.N. van Nuijs; Christoph Ort; Benedek G. Plósz; Pedram Ramin; Nikolaos I. Rousis; Yeonsuk Ryu; Kevin V. Thomas; Pim de Voogt; Ettore Zuccato; Félix Hernández. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry determination of synthetic cathinones and phenethylamines in influent wastewater of eight European cities. Chemosphere 2017, 168, 1032 -1041.

AMA Style

Richard Bade, Lubertus Bijlsma, Juan V Sancho, Jose A. Baz-Lomba, Sara Castiglioni, Erika Castrignanò, Ana Causanilles, Emma Gracia Lor, Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern, Juliet Kinyua, Ann-Kathrin McCall, Alexander L.N. van Nuijs, Christoph Ort, Benedek G. Plósz, Pedram Ramin, Nikolaos I. Rousis, Yeonsuk Ryu, Kevin V. Thomas, Pim de Voogt, Ettore Zuccato, Félix Hernández. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry determination of synthetic cathinones and phenethylamines in influent wastewater of eight European cities. Chemosphere. 2017; 168 ():1032-1041.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Richard Bade; Lubertus Bijlsma; Juan V Sancho; Jose A. Baz-Lomba; Sara Castiglioni; Erika Castrignanò; Ana Causanilles; Emma Gracia Lor; Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern; Juliet Kinyua; Ann-Kathrin McCall; Alexander L.N. van Nuijs; Christoph Ort; Benedek G. Plósz; Pedram Ramin; Nikolaos I. Rousis; Yeonsuk Ryu; Kevin V. Thomas; Pim de Voogt; Ettore Zuccato; Félix Hernández. 2017. "Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry determination of synthetic cathinones and phenethylamines in influent wastewater of eight European cities." Chemosphere 168, no. : 1032-1041.

Review
Published: 01 February 2017 in Environment International
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The information obtained from the chemical analysis of specific human excretion products (biomarkers) in urban wastewater can be used to estimate the exposure or consumption of the population under investigation to a defined substance. A proper biomarker can provide relevant information about lifestyle habits, health and wellbeing, but its selection is not an easy task as it should fulfil several specific requirements in order to be successfully employed. This paper aims to summarize the current knowledge related to the most relevant biomarkers used so far. In addition, some potential wastewater biomarkers that could be used for future applications were evaluated. For this purpose, representative chemical classes have been chosen and grouped in four main categories: (i) those that provide estimates of lifestyle factors and substance use, (ii) those used to estimate the exposure to toxicants present in the environment and food, (iii) those that have the potential to provide information about public health and illness and (iv) those used to estimate the population size. To facilitate the evaluation of the eligibility of a compound as a biomarker, information, when available, on stability in urine and wastewater and pharmacokinetic data (i.e. metabolism and urinary excretion profile) has been reviewed. Finally, several needs and recommendations for future research are proposed

ACS Style

Emma Gracia-Lor; Sara Castiglioni; Richard Bade; Frederic Been; Erika Castrignanò; Adrian Covaci; Iria González-Mariño; Evroula Hapeshi; Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern; Juliet Kinyua; Foon Yin Lai; Thomas Letzel; Luigi Lopardo; Markus R. Meyer; Jake O'Brien; Pedram Ramin; Nikolaos I. Rousis; Axel Rydevik; Yeonsuk Ryu; Miguel M. Santos; Ivan Senta; Nikolaos S. Thomaidis; Sofia Veloutsou; Zhugen Yang; Ettore Zuccato; Lubertus Bijlsma. Measuring biomarkers in wastewater as a new source of epidemiological information: Current state and future perspectives. Environment International 2017, 99, 131 -150.

AMA Style

Emma Gracia-Lor, Sara Castiglioni, Richard Bade, Frederic Been, Erika Castrignanò, Adrian Covaci, Iria González-Mariño, Evroula Hapeshi, Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern, Juliet Kinyua, Foon Yin Lai, Thomas Letzel, Luigi Lopardo, Markus R. Meyer, Jake O'Brien, Pedram Ramin, Nikolaos I. Rousis, Axel Rydevik, Yeonsuk Ryu, Miguel M. Santos, Ivan Senta, Nikolaos S. Thomaidis, Sofia Veloutsou, Zhugen Yang, Ettore Zuccato, Lubertus Bijlsma. Measuring biomarkers in wastewater as a new source of epidemiological information: Current state and future perspectives. Environment International. 2017; 99 ():131-150.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emma Gracia-Lor; Sara Castiglioni; Richard Bade; Frederic Been; Erika Castrignanò; Adrian Covaci; Iria González-Mariño; Evroula Hapeshi; Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern; Juliet Kinyua; Foon Yin Lai; Thomas Letzel; Luigi Lopardo; Markus R. Meyer; Jake O'Brien; Pedram Ramin; Nikolaos I. Rousis; Axel Rydevik; Yeonsuk Ryu; Miguel M. Santos; Ivan Senta; Nikolaos S. Thomaidis; Sofia Veloutsou; Zhugen Yang; Ettore Zuccato; Lubertus Bijlsma. 2017. "Measuring biomarkers in wastewater as a new source of epidemiological information: Current state and future perspectives." Environment International 99, no. : 131-150.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2016 in Science of The Total Environment
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Biomonitoring studies have documented the high exposure of the population to pesticides which are widely used for crop protection, industrial and household purposes. This is the first study which has measured human urinary metabolites of pesticides in urban wastewater as biomarkers of population exposure. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed to measure fifteen urinary metabolites selected from the major classes of pesticides. Raw wastewater samples were processed by solid phase extraction (SPE) or direct injection into the LC-MS/MS system. Recoveries ranged from 75 to 115% and the limits of quantification were 1-15ng/L for the SPE method and 40-800ng/L for direct injection. The method was employed for the analysis of 44 composite 24-h wastewater samples collected in seven Italian cities. Most of the target substances were detected at concentrations ranging from 1.1ng/L to 1.6μg/L. The highest concentrations were for some common metabolites of alkyl phosphates and pyrethroids and the specific metabolite of chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-methyl (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol). The frequency of detection and abundance of most of the measured metabolites were in line with the profiles reported in urine biomonitoring studies. This method is therefore proposed as a novel "biomonitoring approach" for obtaining objective, direct information on the levels of exposure of a specific population to pesticides, and current research is addressed to validate the method identifying the most reliable biomarkers.

ACS Style

Nikolaos I. Rousis; Ettore Zuccato; Sara Castiglioni. Monitoring population exposure to pesticides based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry measurement of their urinary metabolites in urban wastewater: A novel biomonitoring approach. Science of The Total Environment 2016, 571, 1349 -1357.

AMA Style

Nikolaos I. Rousis, Ettore Zuccato, Sara Castiglioni. Monitoring population exposure to pesticides based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry measurement of their urinary metabolites in urban wastewater: A novel biomonitoring approach. Science of The Total Environment. 2016; 571 ():1349-1357.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nikolaos I. Rousis; Ettore Zuccato; Sara Castiglioni. 2016. "Monitoring population exposure to pesticides based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry measurement of their urinary metabolites in urban wastewater: A novel biomonitoring approach." Science of The Total Environment 571, no. : 1349-1357.

Research article
Published: 29 August 2016 in Environmental Science & Technology
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Synthetic cathinones are among the most consumed new psychoactive substances (NPS), but their increasing number and interchangeable market make it difficult to estimate the real size of their consumption. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) through the analysis of metabolic residues of these substances in urban wastewater can provide this information. This study applied WBE for the first time to investigate the presence of 17 synthetic cathinones in four European countries. A method based on solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was developed, validated, and used to quantify the target analytes. Seven substances were found, with mephedrone and methcathinone being the most frequently detected and none of the analytes being found in Norway. Population-normalized loads were used to evaluate the pattern of use, which indicated a higher consumption in the U.K., followed by Spain and Italy, in line with the European prevalence data from population surveys. In the U.K., where an entire week was investigated, an increase of the loads was found during the weekend, indicating a preferential use in recreational contexts. This study demonstrated that WBE can be a useful additional tool to monitor the use of NPS in a population.

ACS Style

Iria González-Mariño; Emma Gracia Lor; Nikolaos I. Rousis; Erika Castrignanò; Kevin V. Thomas; José Benito Quintana; Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern; Ettore Zuccato; Sara Castiglioni. Wastewater-Based Epidemiology To Monitor Synthetic Cathinones Use in Different European Countries. Environmental Science & Technology 2016, 50, 10089 -10096.

AMA Style

Iria González-Mariño, Emma Gracia Lor, Nikolaos I. Rousis, Erika Castrignanò, Kevin V. Thomas, José Benito Quintana, Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern, Ettore Zuccato, Sara Castiglioni. Wastewater-Based Epidemiology To Monitor Synthetic Cathinones Use in Different European Countries. Environmental Science & Technology. 2016; 50 (18):10089-10096.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Iria González-Mariño; Emma Gracia Lor; Nikolaos I. Rousis; Erika Castrignanò; Kevin V. Thomas; José Benito Quintana; Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern; Ettore Zuccato; Sara Castiglioni. 2016. "Wastewater-Based Epidemiology To Monitor Synthetic Cathinones Use in Different European Countries." Environmental Science & Technology 50, no. 18: 10089-10096.

Evaluation study
Published: 28 September 2015 in Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
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The existence of pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs (PIDs) in environmental waters has led many analytical chemists to develop screening methods for monitoring purposes. Water samples can contain a huge number of possible contaminants, commonly at low concentrations, which makes their detection and identification problematic. Liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) has proven itself effective in the screening of environmental contaminants. The present work investigates the use of the most popular HRMS instruments, quadrupole time-of-flight and linear trap quadrupole-Orbitrap, from two different laboratories. A suspect screening for PIDs was carried out on wastewater (influent and effluent) and surface water samples from Castellón, Eastern Spain, and Cremona, Northern Italy, incorporating a database of 107 PIDs (including 220 fragment ions). A comparison between the findings of both instruments and of the samples was made which highlights the advantages and drawbacks of the strategies applied in each case. In total, 28 compounds were detected and/or identified by either/both instruments with irbesartan, valsartan, benzoylecgonine and caffeine being the most commonly found compounds across all samples.

ACS Style

Richard Bade; Nikolaos I. Rousis; Lubertus Bijlsma; Emma Gracia Lor; Sara Castiglioni; Juan V. Sancho; Felix Hernandez. Screening of pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in wastewater and surface waters of Spain and Italy by high resolution mass spectrometry using UHPLC-QTOF MS and LC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2015, 407, 8979 -8988.

AMA Style

Richard Bade, Nikolaos I. Rousis, Lubertus Bijlsma, Emma Gracia Lor, Sara Castiglioni, Juan V. Sancho, Felix Hernandez. Screening of pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in wastewater and surface waters of Spain and Italy by high resolution mass spectrometry using UHPLC-QTOF MS and LC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2015; 407 (30):8979-8988.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Richard Bade; Nikolaos I. Rousis; Lubertus Bijlsma; Emma Gracia Lor; Sara Castiglioni; Juan V. Sancho; Felix Hernandez. 2015. "Screening of pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in wastewater and surface waters of Spain and Italy by high resolution mass spectrometry using UHPLC-QTOF MS and LC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 407, no. 30: 8979-8988.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2014 in Food Chemistry
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A rapid, sensitive, accurate and precise method for the determination of Pb, Cd, As and Cu in seafood and fish feed samples by Simultaneous Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry was developed in regard to Council Directive 333/2007EC and ISO/IEC 17025 (2005). Different approaches were investigated in order to shorten the analysis time, always taking into account the sensitivity. For method validation, precision (repeatability and reproducibility) and accuracy by addition recovery tests have been assessed as performance criteria. The expanded uncertainties based on the Eurachem/Citac Guidelines were calculated. The method was accredited by the Hellenic Accreditation System and it was applied for an 8 years study in seafood (n=202) and fish feeds (n=275) from the Greek market. The annual and seasonal variation of the elemental content and correlation among the elemental content in fish feeds and the respective fish samples were also accomplished.

ACS Style

A.K. Psoma; I.N. Pasias; Nikolaos I Rousis; K.A. Barkonikos; N.S. Thomaidis. Development, validation and accreditation of a method for the determination of Pb, Cd, Cu and As in seafood and fish feed samples. Food Chemistry 2014, 151, 72 -78.

AMA Style

A.K. Psoma, I.N. Pasias, Nikolaos I Rousis, K.A. Barkonikos, N.S. Thomaidis. Development, validation and accreditation of a method for the determination of Pb, Cd, Cu and As in seafood and fish feed samples. Food Chemistry. 2014; 151 ():72-78.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A.K. Psoma; I.N. Pasias; Nikolaos I Rousis; K.A. Barkonikos; N.S. Thomaidis. 2014. "Development, validation and accreditation of a method for the determination of Pb, Cd, Cu and As in seafood and fish feed samples." Food Chemistry 151, no. : 72-78.

Journals
Published: 01 January 2014 in Analytical Methods
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A collision/reaction cell ICP-MS was used to develop a method for the multi-element determination of Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Sr, Nb, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Cs, Ba, Hg and Pb in mastic gum.

ACS Style

Nikolaos I. Rousis; Ioannis N. Pasias; Nikolaos Thomaidis. Attenuation of interference in collision/reaction cell inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, using helium and hydrogen as cell gases – application to multi-element analysis of mastic gum. Analytical Methods 2014, 6, 5899 -5908.

AMA Style

Nikolaos I. Rousis, Ioannis N. Pasias, Nikolaos Thomaidis. Attenuation of interference in collision/reaction cell inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, using helium and hydrogen as cell gases – application to multi-element analysis of mastic gum. Analytical Methods. 2014; 6 (15):5899-5908.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nikolaos I. Rousis; Ioannis N. Pasias; Nikolaos Thomaidis. 2014. "Attenuation of interference in collision/reaction cell inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, using helium and hydrogen as cell gases – application to multi-element analysis of mastic gum." Analytical Methods 6, no. 15: 5899-5908.

Atomic spectroscopy
Published: 01 March 2012 in Analytical Letters
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The aim of the present work was to develop and validate a rapid and accurate method of arsenic determination in leachate samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Leachate samples from sanitary landfills are considered difficult samples to analyze due to severe matrix interferences. A comparative study of various chemical modifiers was performed: Pd, Mg, Au, Pt, Ru, Rh, Ir, C6H8O7 (citric acid), Pd + Mg, Ir + Mg, and the permanent modifier Zr – Ir. Among the modifiers tested, the mixture 5 µg Ir + 40 µg Mg provided the best performance, followed by the permanent modifier Zr – Ir (a coating of 200 µg Zr + 20 µg Ir). The permanent modifier was finally chosen due to the decreased background signal and sufficient sensitivity. In order to investigate the presence of matrix interference and exploit the possibility of performing calibrations by simple aqueous solutions, calibration with aqueous standards, matrix matched standards and with standard additions was performed. It was observed that, in the presence of the Zr – Ir permanent modifier, the slopes of the calibration curve and the matrix-matched/standard addition curves were statistically different (checked by t-test). The recoveries from matrix-matched calibrations for three concentration levels were ranged between 96.4% and 100%. Precision experiments were also performed and the relative standard deviation (%RSD) for four different concentrations was ≤10%. The method was applied to the determination of arsenic in leachate samples collected in the solid waste sanitary landfill of Ano Liossia, Attika, Greece.

ACS Style

Vasileios P. Kalantzis; Nikolaos I. Rousis; Ioannis N. Pasias; Nikolaos S. Thomaidis; Efrosini A. Piperaki. Evaluation of Different Modifiers for the Determination of Arsenic in Leachate Samples from Sanitary Landfills by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Analytical Letters 2012, 45, 592 -602.

AMA Style

Vasileios P. Kalantzis, Nikolaos I. Rousis, Ioannis N. Pasias, Nikolaos S. Thomaidis, Efrosini A. Piperaki. Evaluation of Different Modifiers for the Determination of Arsenic in Leachate Samples from Sanitary Landfills by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Analytical Letters. 2012; 45 (5-6):592-602.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vasileios P. Kalantzis; Nikolaos I. Rousis; Ioannis N. Pasias; Nikolaos S. Thomaidis; Efrosini A. Piperaki. 2012. "Evaluation of Different Modifiers for the Determination of Arsenic in Leachate Samples from Sanitary Landfills by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry." Analytical Letters 45, no. 5-6: 592-602.