Energy is one of the essential human needs that plays a crucial role in achieving sustainable development. Indonesia is among the countries that are highly focused on developing renewable energy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and achieve net-zero emissions. In addition, the government has launched various policies and programs to promote the use of renewable energy, such as increased investment in biomass, geothermal, and solar power generation. Wind energy stands out as a sufficient, widely available, and an environmentally friendly alternative in renewable energy. In 2021, the Indonesian Energy Outlook highlights that Indonesia has an energy potential of 154.9 gigawatts (GWs). It is associated with minimal emissions of greenhouse gases during its operation and does not demand vast tracts of land. However, the actual installed capacity of wind power plants is at a modest 157.41 megawatts (MWs). Meanwhile, the targeted capacity is 255 MWs for 2025. One significant factor contributing to this lower-than-expected capacity is a lack of in-depth research into the potential of wind energy. Consequently, the primary aim of this paper is to conduct a thorough examination of the wind energy potential in Indonesia. This includes an analysis of the current state of both existing and upcoming power plants, as well as a review of recent studies conducted by Indonesian researchers on wind turbines. Furthermore, this paper explores the government program to encourage the sustainable development of wind power plants. It also explains various aspects including the untapped wind energy potential, the interference in developing wind power plants, and the strategy to harness the full potential of abundant renewable resources in Indonesia. Through an in-depth investigation of the potential of wind energy, this review aims to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the current conditions and prospects of wind power plants in Indonesia as well as contribute to a more accurate mapping of wind energy potential and more targeted development, specifically in remote areas, outer islands, and borders. The results obtained are expected to support Indonesia’s energy transition toward more environmentally friendly and sustainable renewable energy sources, thereby reducing dependence on fossil fuels.

A real MSW conversion into bio-oil by pyrolysis method had been investigated. The pyrolysis experiment was carried out in an isothermal fixed bed reactor at 400 °C for 60 min. Natural activated zeolite and kaolin catalysts were employed in this process with catalyst-MSW at ratio of 0.5 w/w. Influence of activated catalyst to pyrolysis productivity and bio-oil properties were studied. Comparison between zeolite and kaolin catalytic pyrolysis was examined and bio-oil products were analyzed by GC-MS. The yields of liquid fuel or bio-oil were found around 23.6 and 21.4% for kaolin and zeolite catalytic pyrolysis, respectively. The carbon range distribution in bio-oil were 65.38% of gasoline range (C₅-C₁₂) and 33.49% of diesel range (C₁₃-C₂₀) for activated kaolin catalytic cracking. Activated zeolite had 51.62% of gasoline range (C₅-C₁₂) and 48.37% of diesel range (C₁₃-C₂₀). The results showed that both of bio-oil products mostly contained paraffin and olefin. The use of kaolin as catalyst was better than zeolite in converting the real MSW into bio-oil.

The use of catalysts has significantly enhanced the yield and quality of in-situ pyrolysis products. However, there is a lack of understanding regarding pyrolysis approaches that utilize several low-cost natural catalysts (LCC) and their placement within the reactor. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effects of various LCC on the in-situ pyrolysis of spirulina platensis microalgae (SPM) and investigate the impact of different types of catalysts. We employed LCC such as zeolite, dolomite, kaolin, and activated carbon, with both layered and uniformly mixed LCC-SPM placements. Each experiment was conducted at a constant temperature of 500°C for 60 min. The resulting pyrolytic liquids (bio-oil) and syngas were analyzed using a Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analyzer to determine the distribution of hydrocarbon compounds. The experimental results indicated that the presence of catalysts significantly influenced the mass yield productivity of liquid fuels and syngas. Activated carbon and zeolite were preferred among the four catalysts for producing liquid fuels (22.4 and 18.6 wt%) when layered and uniformly mixed, respectively. Kaolin with a layered mixture with SPM was more suitable for the production of light fractions (C5–C12), achieving approximately 95.7% peak area, while zeolite with a uniform mixture produced the highest light fraction at about 86.3% peak area. All catalysts except kaolin significantly increased the aromatic compounds in the liquid fuels. Although the amount of oxygenated hydrocarbons in the bio-oil remained relatively high, the final hydrocarbon composition was highly comparable to conventional fuels such as gasoline-88, which has a C5–C12 hydrocarbon distribution of approximately 88.1% peak area. Regarding the syngas products, all catalysts except activated carbon successfully converted nitromethane compounds into tetranitromethane hydrocarbons, with activated carbon predominantly yielding nitromethane compounds.

Increasing the added value of multi-component municipal solid waste (MSW) through thermochemical conversion provides dual benefits: reducing urban waste accumulation and generating renewable energy. In rapidly growing urban areas with increasing waste volumes, the urgency of converting waste into fuel is necessary. This study optimises pyrolysis process parameters to improve the yield and quality of liquid fuel derived from MSW. Using response surface methodology (RSM) and desirability function technique (DFT) allows optimal parameter prediction and minimises experimental costs. Experiments were conducted using a two-stage fixed-bed pyrolysis reactor with natural dolomite as a catalyst. Central composite design (CCD) was applied to ensure statistical reliability. The results show a nonlinear effect of temperature on the liquid and provide a maximum yield of 30.8 wt. %, while time plays a greater role in increasing the energy density to 9978 kcal/kg. The model showed a high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.9571) with optimal parameters identified at a temperature of 488.3 °C and a time of 202.1 minutes, and produced a liquid fuel with physicochemical characteristics comparable to commercial diesel. This study introduces a strategic pathway to accelerate the valorisation of MSW into high-quality fuels, which strengthens sustainable MSW management initiatives.