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Lindsay C. Stringer
Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5NG, UK

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Journal article
Published: 10 August 2021 in Journal of Arid Environments
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Climate change and desertification continue to threaten livelihoods in drylands across the globe. This study explores the relative importance of Sustainable Livelihoods Framework components in explaining variation in the adaptive capacity of agricultural households in three districts in the drylands of south Punjab, Pakistan, and to identify spatial patterns in adaptive capacity distribution. Questionnaire generated data were analyzed using Non-Linear Principal Component Analysis and spatial cluster mapping using the Global Moran's I and Anselin Local Moran's I. Natural assets were found to describe most variation among households, followed by physical, financial, human and social assets. Most households with high adaptive capacity were spatially clustered in Rahim Yar Khan, a district offering more employment opportunities and multiple income sources. Low adaptive capacity clusters were abundant in Rajanpur where respondents had negative loadings on all the principal components. Bahawalpur district lacked any significant adaptive capacity clusters. Spatial analyses can serve as a useful tool for policy makers in identifying the areas requiring government intervention to enhance adaptive capacity. The approach used here could usefully be applied to dryland regions in other parts of the world, and could help guide more targeted efforts to build adaptive capacity.

ACS Style

Nausheen Mazhar; Safdar Ali Shirazi; Lindsay C. Stringer; Rachael H. Carrie; Martin Dallimer. Spatial patterns in the adaptive capacity of dryland agricultural households in South Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of Arid Environments 2021, 194, 104610 .

AMA Style

Nausheen Mazhar, Safdar Ali Shirazi, Lindsay C. Stringer, Rachael H. Carrie, Martin Dallimer. Spatial patterns in the adaptive capacity of dryland agricultural households in South Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of Arid Environments. 2021; 194 ():104610.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nausheen Mazhar; Safdar Ali Shirazi; Lindsay C. Stringer; Rachael H. Carrie; Martin Dallimer. 2021. "Spatial patterns in the adaptive capacity of dryland agricultural households in South Punjab, Pakistan." Journal of Arid Environments 194, no. : 104610.

Editorial
Published: 27 July 2021 in Anthropocene Science
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Purushothaman C. Abhilash; Simone Bastianoni; Weiqiang Chen; Ruth DeFries; Leonardo F. Fraceto; Neven S. Fuckar; Shizuka Hashimoto; Danny Hunter; Saskia Keesstra; Othmane Merah; Patrick O’Farrell; Prajal Pradhan; Simron Singh; Pete Smith; Lindsay C. Stringer; B. L. Turner. Introducing ‘Anthropocene Science’: A New International Journal for Addressing Human Impact on the Resilience of Planet Earth. Anthropocene Science 2021, 1 -4.

AMA Style

Purushothaman C. Abhilash, Simone Bastianoni, Weiqiang Chen, Ruth DeFries, Leonardo F. Fraceto, Neven S. Fuckar, Shizuka Hashimoto, Danny Hunter, Saskia Keesstra, Othmane Merah, Patrick O’Farrell, Prajal Pradhan, Simron Singh, Pete Smith, Lindsay C. Stringer, B. L. Turner. Introducing ‘Anthropocene Science’: A New International Journal for Addressing Human Impact on the Resilience of Planet Earth. Anthropocene Science. 2021; ():1-4.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Purushothaman C. Abhilash; Simone Bastianoni; Weiqiang Chen; Ruth DeFries; Leonardo F. Fraceto; Neven S. Fuckar; Shizuka Hashimoto; Danny Hunter; Saskia Keesstra; Othmane Merah; Patrick O’Farrell; Prajal Pradhan; Simron Singh; Pete Smith; Lindsay C. Stringer; B. L. Turner. 2021. "Introducing ‘Anthropocene Science’: A New International Journal for Addressing Human Impact on the Resilience of Planet Earth." Anthropocene Science , no. : 1-4.

Review
Published: 02 July 2021 in Land
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International efforts to tackle desertification led by the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) support participatory approaches. The emphasis has been on dialogue between different perspectives, which are often grounded in individualism rather than prioritizing society as a whole, and as a result progress in implementation has been slow. China has made substantial progress in tackling desertification, but its approaches have been controversial, and the sustainability of its achievements has been questioned. While China has been active in UNCCD processes, its approach to addressing desertification has differed from those of other countries. China can thus offer important insights into the international campaign, while acknowledging that China can also learn from the efforts of others. We compare the UNCCD’s “bottom-up” approach and China’s “top-down” approach to better understand the challenges of tackling desertification. We examine the evolution in how desertification has been addressed and shed light on the context behind the changes, focusing on the role of science, policies, and public participation. We find a convergence between top-down and bottom-up approaches and that similar challenges have been experienced. Constant communications with outsiders have enabled adjustments and changes in both China and the international community, even though their approaches remain distinct. We conclude that both approaches are moving toward solutions that start from proactive investments of governments in financial, legal, institutional, and organizational aspects, draw on scientific insights, and which are grounded in the motivated and voluntary participation of non-state actors. Improved sharing of lessons across these approaches would help to create a better enabling form of environmental governance that contributes to tackling desertification.

ACS Style

Zheng-Hong Kong; Lindsay Stringer; Jouni Paavola; Qi Lu. Situating China in the Global Effort to Combat Desertification. Land 2021, 10, 702 .

AMA Style

Zheng-Hong Kong, Lindsay Stringer, Jouni Paavola, Qi Lu. Situating China in the Global Effort to Combat Desertification. Land. 2021; 10 (7):702.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zheng-Hong Kong; Lindsay Stringer; Jouni Paavola; Qi Lu. 2021. "Situating China in the Global Effort to Combat Desertification." Land 10, no. 7: 702.

Review
Published: 11 June 2021 in One Earth
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Summary Water scarcity affects 1–2 billion people globally, most of whom live in drylands. Under projected climate change, millions more people will be living under conditions of severe water stress in the coming decades. This review examines observed and projected climate change impacts on water security across the world's drylands to the year 2100. We find that efficient water management, technology, and infrastructure, and better demand and supply management, can offer more equitable access to water resources. People are already adapting but need to be supported with coherent system-oriented policies and institutions that situate water security at their core, in line with the components of integrated water resources management. Dryland water governance urgently needs to better account for synergies and trade-offs between water security and other dimensions of sustainable development, to support an equitable approach in which no one gets left behind.

ACS Style

Lindsay C. Stringer; Alisher Mirzabaev; Tor A. Benjaminsen; Rebecca M.B. Harris; Mostafa Jafari; Tabea K. Lissner; Nicola Stevens; Cristina Tirado-Von der Pahlen. Climate change impacts on water security in global drylands. One Earth 2021, 4, 851 -864.

AMA Style

Lindsay C. Stringer, Alisher Mirzabaev, Tor A. Benjaminsen, Rebecca M.B. Harris, Mostafa Jafari, Tabea K. Lissner, Nicola Stevens, Cristina Tirado-Von der Pahlen. Climate change impacts on water security in global drylands. One Earth. 2021; 4 (6):851-864.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lindsay C. Stringer; Alisher Mirzabaev; Tor A. Benjaminsen; Rebecca M.B. Harris; Mostafa Jafari; Tabea K. Lissner; Nicola Stevens; Cristina Tirado-Von der Pahlen. 2021. "Climate change impacts on water security in global drylands." One Earth 4, no. 6: 851-864.

Review article
Published: 26 May 2021 in Journal of Environmental Management
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Human attitudes and behaviours have been linked to the degradation of global biodiversity, particularly forest ecosystems. Indeed, effective conservation actions require that the attitudes and behaviours of affected individuals and communities are taken into account. While several studies have examined how human attitudes and behaviours affect conservation, it is still unclear which, and how, human value orientations influence conservation attitudes and behaviour. This is critical because attitudes and behaviours are underpinned by the complex concept of human values. Thus, effective management and conservation of environmental resources requires an in-depth knowledge and understanding of these values, and how they affect attitudinal and behavioural preferences towards the natural environment and their protection. Here we review the human value orientations influencing people's attitudes and behaviours towards forest conservation, and discuss how conservation projects can be more successful by aligning their goals and operations to people's values. To do this, we carried out a scoping review, using the sub-Saharan Africa region as a case study, and followed the PRISMA-ScR systematic review guidelines. A narrative synthesis was adopted for data analysis. We identified different value types that fall within three broad human value orientation domains influencing forest conservation attitudes and behaviours. Anthropocentric and relational value orientations emerged as most dominant, with both positive and negative influences on a number of forest conservation attitudes and behaviours, albeit with more evidence for positive influence. The positive attitudes and behaviours were linked to utilitarian motivations and cultural beliefs and include rural support for conservation, compliance to forest rules, sustainable forest use, and participation in forest management. The values linked to dependence on forest resources, low benefits from conservation, and conservation costs, tend to trigger negative conservation attitudes and behaviours. To effectively achieve forest conservation goals, environmental managers, conservationists, and decision-makers should understand the extent and directional influence of value orientations on conservation attitudes and behaviours.

ACS Style

Eberechukwu Johnpaul Ihemezie; Maximilian Nawrath; Lena Strauß; Lindsay C. Stringer; Martin Dallimer. The influence of human values on attitudes and behaviours towards forest conservation. Journal of Environmental Management 2021, 292, 112857 .

AMA Style

Eberechukwu Johnpaul Ihemezie, Maximilian Nawrath, Lena Strauß, Lindsay C. Stringer, Martin Dallimer. The influence of human values on attitudes and behaviours towards forest conservation. Journal of Environmental Management. 2021; 292 ():112857.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eberechukwu Johnpaul Ihemezie; Maximilian Nawrath; Lena Strauß; Lindsay C. Stringer; Martin Dallimer. 2021. "The influence of human values on attitudes and behaviours towards forest conservation." Journal of Environmental Management 292, no. : 112857.

Research article
Published: 16 April 2021 in International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability
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Complexity of African agrarian systems necessitates that agricultural research and development transition to agricultural innovation system [AIS] approaches. While AIS perspectives are embraced across sub-Saharan Africa, engagement of stakeholders in agricultural research and development processes as espoused in AIS paradigm remains limited. This paper aims to analyze key stakeholders in the AIS in Malawi using the case of Conservation Agriculture [CA]. We analyze roles, organizational capacity and collaboration of stakeholders in Malawi’s CA innovation system. Although Government has the most extensive role, NGOs dominate the national CA agenda, while smallholder farmers remain passive recipients of CA interventions. Many CA promoters lack technical and financial capacity, and pursue limited collaboration, which diminish prospects of inclusive stakeholder engagement. While insufficient resources lead to inadequate technical support to smallholders, the limited collaboration hinders integration of programmes, multiple sources of innovation and knowledge required to foster social learning and sustainability of CA. Our findings indicate a need to: (1) strengthen understanding of AIS approaches among CA innovation system stakeholders; (2) build stronger partnerships in CA research and development by strengthening stakeholder platforms and social processes; (3) strengthen collaboration advisory mechanisms to facilitate knowledge-sharing, resource mobilization and joint programme implementation with strengthened feedback loops.

ACS Style

Edna L. Chinseu; Andrew J. Dougill; Lindsay C. Stringer. Strengthening Conservation Agriculture innovation systems in sub-Saharan Africa: lessons from a stakeholder analysis. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 2021, 1 -14.

AMA Style

Edna L. Chinseu, Andrew J. Dougill, Lindsay C. Stringer. Strengthening Conservation Agriculture innovation systems in sub-Saharan Africa: lessons from a stakeholder analysis. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability. 2021; ():1-14.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Edna L. Chinseu; Andrew J. Dougill; Lindsay C. Stringer. 2021. "Strengthening Conservation Agriculture innovation systems in sub-Saharan Africa: lessons from a stakeholder analysis." International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability , no. : 1-14.

Journal article
Published: 06 April 2021 in Environmental Science & Policy
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Climate Resilient Trajectories are routes to development progress that take into account aspects of climate change adaptation and mitigation in a sustainability context, offering a way to explicitly consider impacts of development and climate change choices on different sectors, scales, and socio-economic effects. Due to their scope and relevance, Climate Resilient Trajectories are of great interest to climate scientists, governments and the private sector, based on the urgent need to consider different strategies to decarbonize the economy. Pursuing such trajectories may also be beneficial in processes to implement the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) up to 2030 and beyond. This Communication describes the concept of Climate Resilient Trajectories and clarifies its relevance, with particular attention to the poor. It also outlines some of the necessary considerations to ensure no one is left behind. It highlights the need for the design of Climate Resilient Trajectories to be flexible enough to accommodate the specific and complex contexts in which poor and marginalized people operate; and that the involvement of all relevant stakeholders (e.g. governments, business and private organizations, policy makers, and whole communities) is necessary in order to ensure such trajectories yield the expected benefits. It further demonstrates that it is critical to consider both short- and long-term time frames when prioritizing and implementing development agendas for the poor.

ACS Style

Walter Leal Filho; Lindsay C. Stringer; Edmond Totin; Riyanti Djalante; Patricia Pinho; Katharine J. Mach; Luis Ricardo Fernández Carril; Jörn Birkmann; Rajiv Pandey; Franziska Wolf. Whose voices, whose choices? Pursuing climate resilient trajectories for the poor. Environmental Science & Policy 2021, 121, 18 -23.

AMA Style

Walter Leal Filho, Lindsay C. Stringer, Edmond Totin, Riyanti Djalante, Patricia Pinho, Katharine J. Mach, Luis Ricardo Fernández Carril, Jörn Birkmann, Rajiv Pandey, Franziska Wolf. Whose voices, whose choices? Pursuing climate resilient trajectories for the poor. Environmental Science & Policy. 2021; 121 ():18-23.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Walter Leal Filho; Lindsay C. Stringer; Edmond Totin; Riyanti Djalante; Patricia Pinho; Katharine J. Mach; Luis Ricardo Fernández Carril; Jörn Birkmann; Rajiv Pandey; Franziska Wolf. 2021. "Whose voices, whose choices? Pursuing climate resilient trajectories for the poor." Environmental Science & Policy 121, no. : 18-23.

Micro article
Published: 31 March 2021 in MethodsX
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Agent-based modelling methodologies offer a number of advantages when it comes to socio-ecological systems research. In particular, they enable experiments to be conducted that are not practical or feasible to conduct in real world settings; they can capture heterogeneity in agent circumstances, knowledge, behaviour, and experiences; and they facilitate a multi-scale, causal understanding of system dynamics. However, developing detailed, empirically informed agent-based models is typically a time and resource intensive activity. Here, we describe a detail-rich, ethnographically informed agent-based model of a Nepalese smallholder village that was created for the purpose of studying the impact of multiple stressors on mountain communities. In doing so, we aim to make the model accessible to other researchers interested in simulating such communities and to provide inspiration for other socio-ecological system modellers. • The model is described using the ODD protocol. • The number of replicate runs required for experiments is discussed, and the model validation and sensitivity analysis processes that have been conducted are explained. • Suggestions are made for how the model can practically be used and for how model outputs can be analysed.

ACS Style

Nicholas Roxburgh; Andrew Evans; Raj K. Gc; Nick Malleson; Alison Heppenstall; Lindsay Stringer. An empirically informed agent-based model of a Nepalese smallholder village. MethodsX 2021, 8, 101276 .

AMA Style

Nicholas Roxburgh, Andrew Evans, Raj K. Gc, Nick Malleson, Alison Heppenstall, Lindsay Stringer. An empirically informed agent-based model of a Nepalese smallholder village. MethodsX. 2021; 8 ():101276.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nicholas Roxburgh; Andrew Evans; Raj K. Gc; Nick Malleson; Alison Heppenstall; Lindsay Stringer. 2021. "An empirically informed agent-based model of a Nepalese smallholder village." MethodsX 8, no. : 101276.

Journal article
Published: 28 March 2021 in Climate
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Due to the combination of climate change and the rapid growth in urban populations in Africa, many urban areas are encountering exacerbated urban heat island (UHI) effects. It is important to understand UHI effects in order to develop suitable adaptation and mitigation strategies. However, little work has been done in this regard in Africa. In this study, we compared surface UHI (SUHI) effects between cities located in different climate zones in East Africa, investigating how they change, both spatially and temporally. We quantified the annual daytime and night-time SUHI intensities in the five most populated cities in East Africa in 2003 and 2017, and investigated the links to urban area size. We consider the possible drivers of SUHI change and consider the implication for future development, highlighting the role of factors such as topography and building/construction materials. We suggest that UHI mitigation strategies targeting East African cities may benefit from more comprehensive analyses of blue and green infrastructure as this offers potential opportunities to enhance human comfort in areas where UHI effects are highest. However, this needs careful planning to avoid increasing associated issues such as disease risks linked to a changing climate.

ACS Style

Xueqin Li; Lindsay Stringer; Martin Dallimer. The Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Urban Heat Island Intensity: Implications for East Africa’s Urban Development. Climate 2021, 9, 51 .

AMA Style

Xueqin Li, Lindsay Stringer, Martin Dallimer. The Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Urban Heat Island Intensity: Implications for East Africa’s Urban Development. Climate. 2021; 9 (4):51.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xueqin Li; Lindsay Stringer; Martin Dallimer. 2021. "The Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Urban Heat Island Intensity: Implications for East Africa’s Urban Development." Climate 9, no. 4: 51.

Journal article
Published: 12 February 2021 in Sustainability
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Urbanization involves expansion of the amount of land covered by urban uses. Rural to urban land conversion (RULC) can satisfy demand for the additional space that growing cities require. However, there can be negative consequences, such as the loss of productive agricultural land and/or the destruction of natural habitats. Considerable interest therefore exists among policy makers and researchers regarding how the efficiency of RULC can be maximized. We used the Gini index and a data envelopment analysis to quantify the relationship between RULC and economic development for 17 metropolitan areas in China. We did this from two perspectives: (i) coordination; and (ii) efficiency. We found that economic agglomeration fosters the coordination of the amount of rural land that is allocated to be converted to urban uses. Similarly, economic agglomeration increases the efficiency of RULC in terms of the processes of socio-economic production. Through production technology innovation and readjustment in the scale of input factors, the productive efficiency of RULC can be promoted. Our findings suggest a need to strictly limit the amount of RULC, design differential land management policies according to location and development level, and adjust RULC allocation between different cities. Further, in harnessing the potential of intensive urban land use and restructuring, production factors, including land, can be enhanced through technological innovation. Research presented in this paper provides insights for areas of the world which are yet to undergo the rapid urbanization that China has experienced, but where it is projected to occur over the coming decades.

ACS Style

Ke Huang; Martin Dallimer; Lindsay Stringer; An-Lu Zhang; Ting Zhang. Does Economic Agglomeration Lead to Efficient Rural to Urban Land Conversion? An Examination of China’s Metropolitan Area Development Strategy. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2002 .

AMA Style

Ke Huang, Martin Dallimer, Lindsay Stringer, An-Lu Zhang, Ting Zhang. Does Economic Agglomeration Lead to Efficient Rural to Urban Land Conversion? An Examination of China’s Metropolitan Area Development Strategy. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (4):2002.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ke Huang; Martin Dallimer; Lindsay Stringer; An-Lu Zhang; Ting Zhang. 2021. "Does Economic Agglomeration Lead to Efficient Rural to Urban Land Conversion? An Examination of China’s Metropolitan Area Development Strategy." Sustainability 13, no. 4: 2002.

Preprint content
Published: 05 February 2021
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Context: It is now widely accepted that the climate is changing, and that societal responses will need to be rapid and comprehensive to prevent the most severe impacts. A key milestone in global climate governance is to assess progress on adaptation. To-date, however, there has been negligible robust, systematic synthesis of progress on adaptation or adaptation-relevant responses globally. Aim: The purpose of this review protocol is to outline the methods used by the Global Adaptation Mapping Initiative (GAMI) to systematically review human adaptation responses to climate-related changes that have been documented globally since 2013 in the scientific literature . The broad question underpinning this review is: Are we adapting to climate change? More specifically, we ask ‘what is the evidence relating to human adaptation-related responses that can (or are) directly reducing risk, exposure, and/or vulnerability to climate change?’ This work responds to the recognition of the need for high-level syntheses of adaptation research to inform global and regional climate assessments.Methods: We review scientific literature 2013-2019 to identify documents empirically reporting on observed adaptation-related responses to climate change in human systems that can directly reduce risk. We exclude non-empirical (theoretical & conceptual) literature and adaptation in natural systems that occurs without human intervention. Included documents were coded across a set of questions focused on: Who is responding? What responses are documented? What is the extent of the adaptation-related response? What is the evidence that adaptation-related responses reduce risk, exposure and/or vulnerability? Once articles are coded, we conduct a quality appraisal of the coding and develop ‘evidence packages’ for regions and sectors. We supplement this systematic mapping with an expert elicitation exercise, undertaken to assess bias and validity of insights from included/coded literature vis a vis perceptions of real-world adaptation for global regions and sectors, with associated confidence assessments. Related protocols: This protocol represents Part 1 of a 5-part series outlining the phases of methods for this initiative. Part 1 provides an introduction to the Global Adaptation Mapping Initiative (GAMI) and an overview of methods.

ACS Style

Lea Berrang-Ford; Alexandra Lesnikowski; A. Paige Fischer; A.R. Siders; Katharine J. Mach; Adelle Thomas; Max Callaghan; Neal Haddaway; Rachel Bezner Kerr; Robbert Biesbroek; Kathryn Bowen; Delphine Deryng; Susan Elliott; James D. Ford; Matthias Garschagen; Elisabeth Gilmore; Sherliee Harper; Marjolijn Hassnoot; Tabea Lissner; Shuaib Lwasa; Alexandre K. Magnan; Jan Minx; Mike Morecroft; Mark New; Erin Coughlan de Perez; Diana Reckien; Nick Simpson; Chandni Singh; Lindsay Stringer; Edmond Totin; Chris Trisos; Maarten Van Aalst. The Global Adaptation Mapping Initiative (GAMI): Part 1 – Introduction and overview of methods. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Lea Berrang-Ford, Alexandra Lesnikowski, A. Paige Fischer, A.R. Siders, Katharine J. Mach, Adelle Thomas, Max Callaghan, Neal Haddaway, Rachel Bezner Kerr, Robbert Biesbroek, Kathryn Bowen, Delphine Deryng, Susan Elliott, James D. Ford, Matthias Garschagen, Elisabeth Gilmore, Sherliee Harper, Marjolijn Hassnoot, Tabea Lissner, Shuaib Lwasa, Alexandre K. Magnan, Jan Minx, Mike Morecroft, Mark New, Erin Coughlan de Perez, Diana Reckien, Nick Simpson, Chandni Singh, Lindsay Stringer, Edmond Totin, Chris Trisos, Maarten Van Aalst. The Global Adaptation Mapping Initiative (GAMI): Part 1 – Introduction and overview of methods. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lea Berrang-Ford; Alexandra Lesnikowski; A. Paige Fischer; A.R. Siders; Katharine J. Mach; Adelle Thomas; Max Callaghan; Neal Haddaway; Rachel Bezner Kerr; Robbert Biesbroek; Kathryn Bowen; Delphine Deryng; Susan Elliott; James D. Ford; Matthias Garschagen; Elisabeth Gilmore; Sherliee Harper; Marjolijn Hassnoot; Tabea Lissner; Shuaib Lwasa; Alexandre K. Magnan; Jan Minx; Mike Morecroft; Mark New; Erin Coughlan de Perez; Diana Reckien; Nick Simpson; Chandni Singh; Lindsay Stringer; Edmond Totin; Chris Trisos; Maarten Van Aalst. 2021. "The Global Adaptation Mapping Initiative (GAMI): Part 1 – Introduction and overview of methods." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 03 February 2021 in Energy
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We diagnose CO2 emission changes and determine the driving mechanisms and spatial spillover effect worldwide using spatial econometric techniques embedded within energy trade in the period 2000–2014. We focus on fossil fuel import, taking it as the medium through which to examine the spatial spillover effect on CO2 emissions, and compare the spatial influence between developed and developing countries. We propose different hypotheses considering the magnitude of spatial influence through fossil fuel trade between developed countries, between developing countries, and between developed and developing countries. These hypotheses are manifested in the multiple spatial econometric model. Results revealed general heterogeneity of CO2 emissions among different countries alongside fluctuations and wavy increments in the analyzed groups of countries. However, the convergence of emissions was predictable because the growth rate of CO2 emissions was low in countries with high levels of CO2 emission and converged rapidly with that of developed countries. The spatial autocorrelation phenomenon and spatial spillover effects generated from energy trade have previously only been verified worldwide rather than solely in developed countries or developing countries. Urbanization, industrial development, deforestation and GDP growth all drive the increase in CO2 emissions whereas renewable energy options can help to mitigate emission increases.

ACS Style

Chen Zeng; Lindsay C. Stringer; Tianyu Lv. The spatial spillover effect of fossil fuel energy trade on CO2 emissions. Energy 2021, 223, 120038 .

AMA Style

Chen Zeng, Lindsay C. Stringer, Tianyu Lv. The spatial spillover effect of fossil fuel energy trade on CO2 emissions. Energy. 2021; 223 ():120038.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen Zeng; Lindsay C. Stringer; Tianyu Lv. 2021. "The spatial spillover effect of fossil fuel energy trade on CO2 emissions." Energy 223, no. : 120038.

Review
Published: 08 January 2021 in Sustainability
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The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, including the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), will shape national development plans up to 2030. SDGs 1 (No Poverty), 2 (Zero Hunger) and 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) are particularly crucial for the poor, given they target the basic human needs for development and fundamental human rights. The majority of poor and malnourished people in the developing world live in rural areas and engage in farming as a key part of their livelihoods, with food and agriculture at the heart of their development concerns. Crops that can provide both food and energy without detrimental impacts on soil or water resources can be particularly beneficial for local development and smallholder farmers. Sweet potato, in particular, is starting to attract growing attention from researchers and policymakers as it has the potential to address these global problems and promote a sustainable society. We systematically review the literature to assess how sweet potato can support smallholder farmers to make progress towards the SDGs. We find that sweet potato has important untapped potential to advance progress, particularly linked to its versatility as a crop and its multiple end-uses. However, further research is paramount in order to better recognise and harness its potential to address the issues of food, nutrition and energy security in the context of a changing global climate. Further investigation is also needed into the trade-offs that occur in the use of sweet potato to support progress towards the SDGs.

ACS Style

Nouman Afzal; Stavros Afionis; Lindsay Stringer; Nicola Favretto; Marco Sakai; Paola Sakai. Benefits and Trade-Offs of Smallholder Sweet Potato Cultivation as a Pathway toward Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Sustainability 2021, 13, 552 .

AMA Style

Nouman Afzal, Stavros Afionis, Lindsay Stringer, Nicola Favretto, Marco Sakai, Paola Sakai. Benefits and Trade-Offs of Smallholder Sweet Potato Cultivation as a Pathway toward Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (2):552.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nouman Afzal; Stavros Afionis; Lindsay Stringer; Nicola Favretto; Marco Sakai; Paola Sakai. 2021. "Benefits and Trade-Offs of Smallholder Sweet Potato Cultivation as a Pathway toward Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals." Sustainability 13, no. 2: 552.

Journal article
Published: 05 January 2021 in Global Environmental Change
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Mountain communities in developing and transitioning countries are experiencing a period of rapid social, economic, and environmental change. While change has long been a feature of mountain life, the rate, magnitude, nature, and number of the transformations now taking place is unprecedented, with profound implications for the sustainability and welfare of mountain communities in the coming years. It is therefore vital that their potential impacts be understood. Considering stressors in isolation can give a false picture as each stressor alters the context within which the other stressors are operating. Holistic approaches are needed. In this paper, a variety of stressors are concurrently simulated within an empirically informed agent-based model of a rural Nepalese mountain community so that their combined impact can be studied. The potential effect of changing fertility rates, increasing crop yield variability, and earthquakes on household finances is considered for the period 2015–2030. Results show that higher fertility rates, increased crop yield variability, and earthquakes all have negative long-term effects on household finances, and that each of these stressors compounds the effect of the other stressors in an additive fashion. Results further highlight heterogeneity in the capacity of households to cope with stressors and demonstrate the important role that happenstance can play in exacerbating the effect of stressors. Our findings suggest that development practitioners should explicitly take multiple stressors into account when considering interventions. They should also contemplate improved microtargeting of households to increase aid effectiveness over the longer term, while recognising that household vulnerability is often dynamic.

ACS Style

Nicholas Roxburgh; Lindsay C. Stringer; Andrew Evans; Raj K. Gc; Nick Malleson; Alison J. Heppenstall. Impacts of multiple stressors on mountain communities: Insights from an agent-based model of a Nepalese village. Global Environmental Change 2021, 66, 102203 .

AMA Style

Nicholas Roxburgh, Lindsay C. Stringer, Andrew Evans, Raj K. Gc, Nick Malleson, Alison J. Heppenstall. Impacts of multiple stressors on mountain communities: Insights from an agent-based model of a Nepalese village. Global Environmental Change. 2021; 66 ():102203.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nicholas Roxburgh; Lindsay C. Stringer; Andrew Evans; Raj K. Gc; Nick Malleson; Alison J. Heppenstall. 2021. "Impacts of multiple stressors on mountain communities: Insights from an agent-based model of a Nepalese village." Global Environmental Change 66, no. : 102203.

Original research article
Published: 22 October 2020 in Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
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One of the most challenging issues in Mediterranean ecosystems to date has been to understand the emergence of discontinuous changes or catastrophic shifts. In the era of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, which encompass ideas around Land Degradation Neutrality, advancing this understanding has become even more critical and urgent. The aim of this paper is to synthesize insights into the drivers, processes and management of catastrophic shifts to highlight ways forward for the management of Mediterranean ecosystems. We use a multidisciplinary approach that extends beyond the typical single site, single scale, single approach studies in the current literature. We link applied and theoretical ecology at multiple scales with analyses and modeling of human–environment–climate relations and stakeholder engagement in six field sites in Mediterranean ecosystems to address three key questions: i) How do major degradation drivers affect ecosystem functioning and services in Mediterranean ecosystems? ii) What processes happen in the soil and vegetation during a catastrophic shift? iii) How can management of vulnerable ecosystems be optimized using these findings? Drawing together the findings from the use of different approaches allows us to address the whole pipeline of changes from drivers through to action. We highlight ways to assess ecosystem vulnerability that can help to prevent ecosystem shifts to undesirable states; identify cost-effective management measures that align with the vision and plans of land users; and evaluate the timing of these measures to enable optimization of their application before thresholds are reached. Such a multidisciplinary approach enables improved identification of early warning signals for discontinuous changes informing more timely and cost-effective management, allowing anticipation of, adaptation to, or even prevention of, undesirable catastrophic ecosystem shifts.

ACS Style

Erik Van Den Elsen; Lindsay C. Stringer; Cecilia De Ita; Rudi Hessel; Sonia Kéfi; Florian D. Schneider; Susana Bautista; Angeles G. Mayor; Mara Baudena; Max Rietkerk; Alejandro Valdecantos; Victoriano R. Vallejo; Nichola Geeson; C. Jane Brandt; Luuk Fleskens; Lia Hemerik; Panos Panagos; Sandra Valente; Jan J. Keizer; Gudrun Schwilch; Matteo Jucker Riva; Diana Sietz; Michalakis Christoforou; Diofantos G. Hadjimitsis; Christiana Papoutsa; Giovanni Quaranta; Rosanna Salvia; Ioannis K. Tsanis; Ioannis Daliakopoulos; Heleen Claringbould; Peter C. De Ruiter. Advances in Understanding and Managing Catastrophic Ecosystem Shifts in Mediterranean Ecosystems. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 2020, 8, 1 .

AMA Style

Erik Van Den Elsen, Lindsay C. Stringer, Cecilia De Ita, Rudi Hessel, Sonia Kéfi, Florian D. Schneider, Susana Bautista, Angeles G. Mayor, Mara Baudena, Max Rietkerk, Alejandro Valdecantos, Victoriano R. Vallejo, Nichola Geeson, C. Jane Brandt, Luuk Fleskens, Lia Hemerik, Panos Panagos, Sandra Valente, Jan J. Keizer, Gudrun Schwilch, Matteo Jucker Riva, Diana Sietz, Michalakis Christoforou, Diofantos G. Hadjimitsis, Christiana Papoutsa, Giovanni Quaranta, Rosanna Salvia, Ioannis K. Tsanis, Ioannis Daliakopoulos, Heleen Claringbould, Peter C. De Ruiter. Advances in Understanding and Managing Catastrophic Ecosystem Shifts in Mediterranean Ecosystems. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 2020; 8 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Erik Van Den Elsen; Lindsay C. Stringer; Cecilia De Ita; Rudi Hessel; Sonia Kéfi; Florian D. Schneider; Susana Bautista; Angeles G. Mayor; Mara Baudena; Max Rietkerk; Alejandro Valdecantos; Victoriano R. Vallejo; Nichola Geeson; C. Jane Brandt; Luuk Fleskens; Lia Hemerik; Panos Panagos; Sandra Valente; Jan J. Keizer; Gudrun Schwilch; Matteo Jucker Riva; Diana Sietz; Michalakis Christoforou; Diofantos G. Hadjimitsis; Christiana Papoutsa; Giovanni Quaranta; Rosanna Salvia; Ioannis K. Tsanis; Ioannis Daliakopoulos; Heleen Claringbould; Peter C. De Ruiter. 2020. "Advances in Understanding and Managing Catastrophic Ecosystem Shifts in Mediterranean Ecosystems." Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 8, no. : 1.

Regular paper
Published: 23 September 2020 in Area
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Fieldwork often takes place in dynamic, uncertain environments. This is especially true of fieldwork in developing countries. Occasionally events can occur which have significant repercussions for ongoing research involving human participants. For example, political and social unrest, terror attacks, economic crises, epidemics, and natural disasters all have the potential to derail fieldwork plans and to radically alter the circumstances in which researchers operate. However, literature on how to anticipate and navigate these repercussions is limited. While a number of papers have reflected on the difficulties of conducting post‐crisis fieldwork, few have discussed the rather different challenge of dealing with, and adapting to, events that occur during ongoing work. In this paper, we discuss how the 2015 Nepal earthquake – which occurred while we were conducting fieldwork in one of the affected areas – forced us to reassess our research agenda, profoundly affected our relationship with the community we had been working in, and evoked challenging ethical questions in respect to our obligations to our research participants. Based on our reflections, we suggest eight issues that researchers who are engaged in fieldwork in high‐risk or post disaster locations should give consideration to. The issues include matters relating to research design, fieldwork risk and ethics assessment, interaction with research participants, and researcher support.

ACS Style

Nicholas Roxburgh; Umesh Pariyar; Heather Roxburgh; Lindsay C. Stringer. Reflections and recommendations on transitioning from pre‐ to post‐disaster research. Area 2020, 53, 134 -142.

AMA Style

Nicholas Roxburgh, Umesh Pariyar, Heather Roxburgh, Lindsay C. Stringer. Reflections and recommendations on transitioning from pre‐ to post‐disaster research. Area. 2020; 53 (1):134-142.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nicholas Roxburgh; Umesh Pariyar; Heather Roxburgh; Lindsay C. Stringer. 2020. "Reflections and recommendations on transitioning from pre‐ to post‐disaster research." Area 53, no. 1: 134-142.

Journal article
Published: 16 July 2020 in Remote Sensing
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This research investigated the performance of four different machine learning supervised image classifiers: artificial neural network (ANN), decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), and support vector machine (SVM) using SPOT-7 and Sentinel-1 images to classify mangrove age and species in 2019 in a Red River estuary, typical of others found in northern Viet Nam. The four classifiers were chosen because they are considered to have high accuracy, however, their use in mangrove age and species classifications has thus far been limited. A time-series of Landsat images from 1975 to 2019 was used to map mangrove extent changes using the unsupervised classification method of iterative self-organizing data analysis technique (ISODATA) and a comparison with accuracy of K-means classification, which found that mangrove extent has increased, despite a fall in the 1980s, indicating the success of mangrove plantation and forest protection efforts by local people in the study area. To evaluate the supervised image classifiers, 183 in situ training plots were assessed, 70% of them were used to train the supervised algorithms, with 30% of them employed to validate the results. In order to improve mangrove species separations, Gram–Schmidt and principal component analysis image fusion techniques were applied to generate better quality images. All supervised and unsupervised (2019) results of mangrove age, species, and extent were mapped and accuracy was evaluated. Confusion matrices were calculated showing that the classified layers agreed with the ground-truth data where most producer and user accuracies were greater than 80%. The overall accuracy and Kappa coefficients (around 0.9) indicated that the image classifications were very good. The test showed that SVM was the most accurate, followed by DT, ANN, and RF in this case study. The changes in mangrove extent identified in this study and the methods tested for using remotely sensed data will be valuable to monitoring and evaluation assessments of mangrove plantation projects.

ACS Style

Nguyen Quang; Claire Quinn; Lindsay Stringer; Rachael Carrie; Christopher Hackney; Le Hue; Dao Tan; Pham Nga. Multi-Decadal Changes in Mangrove Extent, Age and Species in the Red River Estuaries of Viet Nam. Remote Sensing 2020, 12, 2289 .

AMA Style

Nguyen Quang, Claire Quinn, Lindsay Stringer, Rachael Carrie, Christopher Hackney, Le Hue, Dao Tan, Pham Nga. Multi-Decadal Changes in Mangrove Extent, Age and Species in the Red River Estuaries of Viet Nam. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12 (14):2289.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nguyen Quang; Claire Quinn; Lindsay Stringer; Rachael Carrie; Christopher Hackney; Le Hue; Dao Tan; Pham Nga. 2020. "Multi-Decadal Changes in Mangrove Extent, Age and Species in the Red River Estuaries of Viet Nam." Remote Sensing 12, no. 14: 2289.

Journal article
Published: 23 May 2020 in Water
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Understanding the spatiotemporal characteristics of water yield and its influencing factors is important for water resources management. In this study, we used the seasonal water yield model (SWYM) to assess the spatiotemporal water yield changes of the Lhasa River Basin from 1990 to 2015, and analyzed its influencing factors by focusing on precipitation, land cover, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) change. We first examined the model through Morris screening sensitivity analysis and validated it with the observed flow data. Spatiotemporal variation of three indices of water yield, baseflow, quick flow, and local recharge were then assessed. Results showed that from 1990 to 2015, the baseflow, local recharge, and quick flow decreased by 67.03%, 80.21%, and 37.03%, respectively. The spatial pattern of water yield remained mostly unchanged. According to the contribution analysis, precipitation and NDVI change were the main factors affecting water yield in the Lhasa River Basin, while land cover change began to exert greater influence after 2010. A combination of climate change and human activities therefore drive water yield change, especially through vegetation change. Water resources management strategies should thus take into account the combination of rapidly changing climate and human activities.

ACS Style

Huiting Lu; Yan Yan; Jieyuan Zhu; Tiantian Jin; Guohua Liu; Gang Wu; Lindsay C. Stringer; Martin Dallimer. Spatiotemporal Water Yield Variations and Influencing Factors in the Lhasa River Basin, Tibetan Plateau. Water 2020, 12, 1498 .

AMA Style

Huiting Lu, Yan Yan, Jieyuan Zhu, Tiantian Jin, Guohua Liu, Gang Wu, Lindsay C. Stringer, Martin Dallimer. Spatiotemporal Water Yield Variations and Influencing Factors in the Lhasa River Basin, Tibetan Plateau. Water. 2020; 12 (5):1498.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Huiting Lu; Yan Yan; Jieyuan Zhu; Tiantian Jin; Guohua Liu; Gang Wu; Lindsay C. Stringer; Martin Dallimer. 2020. "Spatiotemporal Water Yield Variations and Influencing Factors in the Lhasa River Basin, Tibetan Plateau." Water 12, no. 5: 1498.

Journal article
Published: 18 May 2020 in Land
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This paper explores multi-stakeholder perspectives on the extent to which forestry projects that pursue ecological restoration and rehabilitation in Madagascar engage with local communities and can co-deliver climate-development benefits. Drawing on mixed methods (policy analysis, semi-structured interviews, participatory site visits and focus groups) in two different forestry contexts, we show that by strengthening access to capital availability, projects can enhance local adaptive capacity and mitigation and deliver local development. We show that active consideration of ecological conservation and action plans early in project design and implementation can co-develop and support monitoring and reporting systems, needed to progress towards integrated climate-compatible development approaches. Climate mitigation benefits remain poorly quantified due to limited interest in, and low capacity to generate, carbon revenues. Monitoring alone does not ensure carbon benefits will materialize, and this research stresses that institutional considerations and strengthened engagement and cooperation between practitioners and communities are key in achieving both climate mitigation and community development impacts. Multiple benefits can be fostered by aligning objectives of multiple landscape actors (i.e., community needs and project developers) and by systematically linking project deliverables, outputs, outcomes and impacts over time, grounded in a theory of change focused on ensuring community buy-in and planning for delivery of tangible benefits.

ACS Style

Nicola Favretto; Stavros Afionis; Lindsay C. Stringer; Andrew J. Dougill; Claire H. Quinn; Hery Lisy Tiana Ranarijaona. Delivering Climate-Development Co-Benefits through Multi-Stakeholder Forestry Projects in Madagascar: Opportunities and Challenges. Land 2020, 9, 157 .

AMA Style

Nicola Favretto, Stavros Afionis, Lindsay C. Stringer, Andrew J. Dougill, Claire H. Quinn, Hery Lisy Tiana Ranarijaona. Delivering Climate-Development Co-Benefits through Multi-Stakeholder Forestry Projects in Madagascar: Opportunities and Challenges. Land. 2020; 9 (5):157.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nicola Favretto; Stavros Afionis; Lindsay C. Stringer; Andrew J. Dougill; Claire H. Quinn; Hery Lisy Tiana Ranarijaona. 2020. "Delivering Climate-Development Co-Benefits through Multi-Stakeholder Forestry Projects in Madagascar: Opportunities and Challenges." Land 9, no. 5: 157.

Journal article
Published: 31 March 2020 in Energy Research & Social Science
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Traditional global powers like the European Union and the United States are seeing the rise of emerging powers like Brazil as prospective cooperation partners. Examining how traditional powers are perceived by their emerging counterparts offers critical insights into the prerequisites for effective and durable partnerships. While the literature on external perceptions has expanded considerably, a comparative perspective on how emerging powers perceive the policies of the two transatlantic powers in issue-specific areas is lacking. We present a framework of explanatory variables (legitimacy, coherence and negotiating style) and apply it to interview data and the literature to unravel Brazil's relations on biofuels with the EU and US, including through trilateral partnerships with third countries. Our data show that while Brazil's partnership with the US has progressed, the one with the EU has struggled to advance. Our paper seeks to explain these differences using our framework, advance understanding on the external perceptions of the international role and collaborative posture of the EU and US, and provide policy insights for the fruitful conduct of partnerships.

ACS Style

Stavros Afionis; Lindsay C. Stringer. Fuelling friendships or driving divergence? Legitimacy, coherence, and negotiation in Brazilian perceptions of European and American biofuels governance. Energy Research & Social Science 2020, 67, 101487 .

AMA Style

Stavros Afionis, Lindsay C. Stringer. Fuelling friendships or driving divergence? Legitimacy, coherence, and negotiation in Brazilian perceptions of European and American biofuels governance. Energy Research & Social Science. 2020; 67 ():101487.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stavros Afionis; Lindsay C. Stringer. 2020. "Fuelling friendships or driving divergence? Legitimacy, coherence, and negotiation in Brazilian perceptions of European and American biofuels governance." Energy Research & Social Science 67, no. : 101487.