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The coronavirus pandemic has severely affected our daily lives, with direct consequences on passenger transport. This in turn has strongly impacted the energy demand of the transport sector and associated CO2 emissions. We analyse near real-time passenger mobility and related emission trends in Europe between 21 January and 21 September 2020. We compiled a dataset of country-, sector- and lockdown- specific values, representing daily activity changes in private, public, and active passenger transport. In the aggregate, surface passenger transport emissions fell by 11.2% corresponding to 40.3 MtCO2 in Europe. This decline was predominantly due to the reduction of private passenger transport in five European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the UK). During the first lockdown in April 2020, CO2 emissions from surface passenger transport declined by 50% in Europe, resulting in a 7.1% reduction in total CO2 emissions. After April 2020, private passenger travel recovered rapidly, while public passenger flows remained low. Solely prompted by the private sector, a rebound in total emissions and surface passenger transport emissions of 1.5% and 10.7%, respectively, was estimated at the end of the study period. The resulting situation of increased private and decreased public passenger transport is in contradiction to major climate goals, and without reversing these trends, emission reductions, as stated in the European Green Deal are unlikely to be achieved. Our study provides an analysis based on a detailed and timely set of data of surface passenger transport and points to options to grasp the momentum for innovative changes in passenger mobility.
Marta Schulte-Fischedick; Yuli Shan; Klaus Hubacek. Implications of COVID-19 lockdowns on surface passenger mobility and related CO2 emission changes in Europe. Applied Energy 2021, 300, 117396 -117396.
AMA StyleMarta Schulte-Fischedick, Yuli Shan, Klaus Hubacek. Implications of COVID-19 lockdowns on surface passenger mobility and related CO2 emission changes in Europe. Applied Energy. 2021; 300 ():117396-117396.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarta Schulte-Fischedick; Yuli Shan; Klaus Hubacek. 2021. "Implications of COVID-19 lockdowns on surface passenger mobility and related CO2 emission changes in Europe." Applied Energy 300, no. : 117396-117396.
Substantially enhancing carbon mitigation ambition is a crucial step towards achieving the Paris climate goal. Yet this attempt is hampered by poor knowledge on the net economic effect of mitigation for each emitter, by taking into account potential cost and benefit. Here we use a global economic model with regional and sectoral disaggregation details to assess the mitigation costs for 27 major emitting countries and regions, and further contrast the costs against the potential benefits of mitigation valued as avoided social cost of carbon. We find substantial variabilities across these emitters in both cost and benefit of mitigating each ton of carbon dioxide and, more importantly, a strong negative spatial correlation between cost and benefit. The relative suitability of carbon mitigation, defined as the ratio of normalized benefit to normalized cost, shows great spatial mismatch with the mitigation ambition of emitters indicated in their first intended nationally determined contributions. China is relatively suitable for domestic carbon mitigation and could largely enhance their mitigation ambition. The European Union, which is economically less suitable to reduce domestic emissions, could work with many developing countries which are more suitable but less capable to reduce emissions. Our work provides important information to improve concerted climate action and formulate more efficient mitigation strategy.
Mingxi Du; Yu Liu; Qi Cui; Jintai Lin; Yawen Liu; Qiuyu Liu; Dan Tong; Kuishuang Feng; Klaus Hubacek. Contrasting Suitability and Ambition in Regional Carbon Mitigation. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleMingxi Du, Yu Liu, Qi Cui, Jintai Lin, Yawen Liu, Qiuyu Liu, Dan Tong, Kuishuang Feng, Klaus Hubacek. Contrasting Suitability and Ambition in Regional Carbon Mitigation. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMingxi Du; Yu Liu; Qi Cui; Jintai Lin; Yawen Liu; Qiuyu Liu; Dan Tong; Kuishuang Feng; Klaus Hubacek. 2021. "Contrasting Suitability and Ambition in Regional Carbon Mitigation." , no. : 1.
Daoping Wang; Klaus Hubacek; Xi Liang; D’Maris Coffman; Stephane Hallegatte; Dabo Guan. Reply to: Observed impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on global trade. Nature Human Behaviour 2021, 5, 308 -309.
AMA StyleDaoping Wang, Klaus Hubacek, Xi Liang, D’Maris Coffman, Stephane Hallegatte, Dabo Guan. Reply to: Observed impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on global trade. Nature Human Behaviour. 2021; 5 (3):308-309.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaoping Wang; Klaus Hubacek; Xi Liang; D’Maris Coffman; Stephane Hallegatte; Dabo Guan. 2021. "Reply to: Observed impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on global trade." Nature Human Behaviour 5, no. 3: 308-309.
Echo chambers in science describe the amplification and repetition of information within closed networks. Frequently used data sources can cause echo chambers as scientists keep reading similar outputs from different sources, creating false perceptions of certainty and variety of data sources. We show this effect by studying the scientific and grey literature on water use by electricity systems. The power sector is the largest contributor to anthropogenic carbon emissions and the second largest water consumer. We have assessed the scope and references of 2,426 papers and created a citation network to trace original data sources. Most data sources used for the last 30 years originate from a few old US publications, recently also Chinese, that echo through publications. This echo effect, also reflected in recent scientific publications, creates a confirmation bias, also facilitating double counting of the water intensities of electricity generation. This example from sustainability science warns of the risk of echo chambers in other scientific disciplines. This meta-analysis of over 2,400 papers tracks the influence of older publications that have ‘echoed’ through the decades, cited in countless publications and creating a potentially false confirmation bias.
S. Vaca-Jiménez; P. W. Gerbens-Leenes; S. Nonhebel; K. Hubacek. Unreflective use of old data sources produced echo chambers in the water–electricity nexus. Nature Sustainability 2021, 4, 537 -546.
AMA StyleS. Vaca-Jiménez, P. W. Gerbens-Leenes, S. Nonhebel, K. Hubacek. Unreflective use of old data sources produced echo chambers in the water–electricity nexus. Nature Sustainability. 2021; 4 (6):537-546.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. Vaca-Jiménez; P. W. Gerbens-Leenes; S. Nonhebel; K. Hubacek. 2021. "Unreflective use of old data sources produced echo chambers in the water–electricity nexus." Nature Sustainability 4, no. 6: 537-546.
Production and consumption activities deplete freshwater, generate water pollution and may further lead to water stress. The accurate measurement of water stress is a precondition for sustainable water management. This paper reviews the literature on physical water stress induced by blue and green water use and by water pollution. Specifically, we clarify several key concepts (i.e., water stress, scarcity, availability, withdrawal, consumption and the water footprint) for water stress evaluation, and review physical water stress indicators in terms of quantity and quality. Furthermore, we identify research gaps in physical water stress assessment, related to environmental flow requirements, return flows, outsourcing of water pollution and standardization of terminology and approaches. These research gaps can serve as venues for further research dealing with the evaluation and reduction of water stress.
Dan Wang; Klaus Hubacek; Yuli Shan; Winnie Gerbens-Leenes; Junguo Liu. A Review of Water Stress and Water Footprint Accounting. Water 2021, 13, 201 .
AMA StyleDan Wang, Klaus Hubacek, Yuli Shan, Winnie Gerbens-Leenes, Junguo Liu. A Review of Water Stress and Water Footprint Accounting. Water. 2021; 13 (2):201.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDan Wang; Klaus Hubacek; Yuli Shan; Winnie Gerbens-Leenes; Junguo Liu. 2021. "A Review of Water Stress and Water Footprint Accounting." Water 13, no. 2: 201.
SummaryCities, contributing more than 75% of global carbon emissions, are at the heart of climate change mitigation. Given cities' heterogeneity, they need specific low-carbon roadmaps instead of one-size-fits-all approaches. Here, we present the most detailed and up-to-date accounts of CO2 emissions for 294 cities in China and examine the extent to which their economic growth was decoupled from emissions. Results show that from 2005 to 2015, only 11% of cities exhibited strong decoupling, whereas 65.6% showed weak decoupling, and 23.4% showed no decoupling. We attribute the economic-emission decoupling in cities to several socioeconomic factors (i.e., structure and size of the economy, emission intensity, and population size) and find that the decline in emission intensity via improvement in production and carbon efficiency (e.g., decarbonizing the energy mix via building a renewable energy system) is the most important one. The experience and status quo of carbon emissions and emission-GDP (gross domestic product) decoupling in Chinese cities may have implications for other developing economies to design low-carbon development pathways.
Yuli Shan; Shuai Fang; Bofeng Cai; Ya Zhou; Dong Li; Kuishuang Feng; Klaus Hubacek. Chinese cities exhibit varying degrees of decoupling of economic growth and CO2 emissions between 2005 and 2015. One Earth 2021, 4, 124 -134.
AMA StyleYuli Shan, Shuai Fang, Bofeng Cai, Ya Zhou, Dong Li, Kuishuang Feng, Klaus Hubacek. Chinese cities exhibit varying degrees of decoupling of economic growth and CO2 emissions between 2005 and 2015. One Earth. 2021; 4 (1):124-134.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYuli Shan; Shuai Fang; Bofeng Cai; Ya Zhou; Dong Li; Kuishuang Feng; Klaus Hubacek. 2021. "Chinese cities exhibit varying degrees of decoupling of economic growth and CO2 emissions between 2005 and 2015." One Earth 4, no. 1: 124-134.
The global economy is facing a serious recession due to COVID-19, with implications for CO2 emissions. Here, using a global adaptive multiregional input–output model and scenarios of lockdown and fiscal counter measures, we show that global emissions from economic sectors will decrease by 3.9 to 5.6% in 5 years (2020 to 2024) compared with a no-pandemic baseline scenario (business as usual for economic growth and carbon intensity decline). Global economic interdependency via supply chains means that blocking one country’s economic activities causes the emissions of other countries to decrease even without lockdown policies. Supply-chain effects contributed 90.1% of emissions decline from power production in 2020 but only 13.6% of transport sector reductions. Simulations of follow-up fiscal stimuli in 41 major countries increase global 5-yr emissions by −6.6 to 23.2 Gt (−4.7 to 16.4%), depending on the strength and structure of incentives. Therefore, smart policy is needed to turn pandemic-related emission declines into firm climate action. Global emissions could decrease 3.9–5.6% over 5 years due to COVID-19, and the interconnected economy means lockdown-related declines reach beyond borders. As countries look to stimulate their economies, how fiscal incentives are allocated and invested will determine longer-term emission changes.
Yuli Shan; Jiamin Ou; Daoping Wang; Zhao Zeng; Shaohui Zhang; Dabo Guan; Klaus Hubacek. Impacts of COVID-19 and fiscal stimuli on global emissions and the Paris Agreement. Nature Climate Change 2020, 11, 200 -206.
AMA StyleYuli Shan, Jiamin Ou, Daoping Wang, Zhao Zeng, Shaohui Zhang, Dabo Guan, Klaus Hubacek. Impacts of COVID-19 and fiscal stimuli on global emissions and the Paris Agreement. Nature Climate Change. 2020; 11 (3):200-206.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYuli Shan; Jiamin Ou; Daoping Wang; Zhao Zeng; Shaohui Zhang; Dabo Guan; Klaus Hubacek. 2020. "Impacts of COVID-19 and fiscal stimuli on global emissions and the Paris Agreement." Nature Climate Change 11, no. 3: 200-206.
Countries have sought to stop the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by severely restricting travel and in-person commercial activities. Here, we analyse the supply-chain effects of a set of idealized lockdown scenarios, using the latest global trade modelling framework. We find that supply-chain losses that are related to initial COVID-19 lockdowns are largely dependent on the number of countries imposing restrictions and that losses are more sensitive to the duration of a lockdown than its strictness. However, a longer containment that can eradicate the disease imposes a smaller loss than shorter ones. Earlier, stricter and shorter lockdowns can minimize overall losses. A 'go-slow' approach to lifting restrictions may reduce overall damages if it avoids the need for further lockdowns. Regardless of the strategy, the complexity of global supply chains will magnify losses beyond the direct effects of COVID-19. Thus, pandemic control is a public good that requires collective efforts and support to lower-capacity countries.
Dabo Guan; Daoping Wang; Stephane Hallegatte; Steven J. Davis; Jingwen Huo; Shuping Li; Yangchun Bai; Tianyang Lei; Qianyu Xue; D'maris Coffman; Danyang Cheng; Peipei Chen; Xi Liang; Bing Xu; Xiaosheng Lu; Shouyang Wang; Klaus Hubacek; Peng Gong. Global supply-chain effects of COVID-19 control measures. Nature Human Behaviour 2020, 4, 577 -587.
AMA StyleDabo Guan, Daoping Wang, Stephane Hallegatte, Steven J. Davis, Jingwen Huo, Shuping Li, Yangchun Bai, Tianyang Lei, Qianyu Xue, D'maris Coffman, Danyang Cheng, Peipei Chen, Xi Liang, Bing Xu, Xiaosheng Lu, Shouyang Wang, Klaus Hubacek, Peng Gong. Global supply-chain effects of COVID-19 control measures. Nature Human Behaviour. 2020; 4 (6):577-587.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDabo Guan; Daoping Wang; Stephane Hallegatte; Steven J. Davis; Jingwen Huo; Shuping Li; Yangchun Bai; Tianyang Lei; Qianyu Xue; D'maris Coffman; Danyang Cheng; Peipei Chen; Xi Liang; Bing Xu; Xiaosheng Lu; Shouyang Wang; Klaus Hubacek; Peng Gong. 2020. "Global supply-chain effects of COVID-19 control measures." Nature Human Behaviour 4, no. 6: 577-587.
There are substantial differences in carbon footprints across households. This study applied an environmentally extended multiregional input–output approach to estimate household carbon footprints for 12 different income groups of China’s 30 regions. Subsequently, carbon footprint Gini coefficients were calculated to measure carbon inequality for households across provinces. We found that the top 5% of income earners were responsible for 17% of the national household carbon footprint in 2012, while the bottom half of income earners caused only 25%. Carbon inequality declined with economic growth in China across space and time in two ways: first, carbon footprints showed greater convergence in the wealthier coastal regions than in the poorer inland regions; second, China’s national carbon footprint Gini coefficients declined from 0.44 in 2007 to 0.37 in 2012. We argue that economic growth not only increases income levels but also contributes to an overall reduction in carbon inequality in China.
Zhifu Mi; Jiali Zheng; Jing Meng; Jiamin Ou; Klaus Hubacek; Zhu Liu; D’Maris Coffman; Nicholas Stern; Sai Liang; Yi-Ming Wei. Economic development and converging household carbon footprints in China. Nature Sustainability 2020, 3, 529 -537.
AMA StyleZhifu Mi, Jiali Zheng, Jing Meng, Jiamin Ou, Klaus Hubacek, Zhu Liu, D’Maris Coffman, Nicholas Stern, Sai Liang, Yi-Ming Wei. Economic development and converging household carbon footprints in China. Nature Sustainability. 2020; 3 (7):529-537.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhifu Mi; Jiali Zheng; Jing Meng; Jiamin Ou; Klaus Hubacek; Zhu Liu; D’Maris Coffman; Nicholas Stern; Sai Liang; Yi-Ming Wei. 2020. "Economic development and converging household carbon footprints in China." Nature Sustainability 3, no. 7: 529-537.
Urban activities have profound and lasting effects on the global carbon balance. Here we develop a consistent metabolic approach that combines two complementary carbon accounts, the physical carbon balance and the fossil fuel-derived gaseous carbon footprint, to track carbon coming into, being added to urban stocks, and eventually leaving the city. We find that over 88% of the physical carbon in 16 global cities is imported from outside their urban boundaries, and this outsourcing of carbon is notably amplified by virtual emissions from upstream activities that contribute 33–68% to their total carbon inflows. While 13–33% of the carbon appropriated by cities is immediately combusted and released as CO2, between 8 and 24% is stored in durable household goods or becomes part of other urban stocks. Inventorying carbon consumed and stored for urban metabolism should be given more credit for the role it can play in stabilizing future global climate.
Shaoqing Chen; Bin Chen; Kuishuang Feng; Zhu Liu; Neil Fromer; Xianchun Tan; Ahmed Alsaedi; Tasawar Hayat; Helga Weisz; Hans Joachim Schellnhuber; Klaus Hubacek. Physical and virtual carbon metabolism of global cities. Nature Communications 2020, 11, 182 -11.
AMA StyleShaoqing Chen, Bin Chen, Kuishuang Feng, Zhu Liu, Neil Fromer, Xianchun Tan, Ahmed Alsaedi, Tasawar Hayat, Helga Weisz, Hans Joachim Schellnhuber, Klaus Hubacek. Physical and virtual carbon metabolism of global cities. Nature Communications. 2020; 11 (1):182-11.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShaoqing Chen; Bin Chen; Kuishuang Feng; Zhu Liu; Neil Fromer; Xianchun Tan; Ahmed Alsaedi; Tasawar Hayat; Helga Weisz; Hans Joachim Schellnhuber; Klaus Hubacek. 2020. "Physical and virtual carbon metabolism of global cities." Nature Communications 11, no. 1: 182-11.
The global urbanization rate is accelerating; however, data limitations have far prevented robust estimations of either global urban expansion or its effects on terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP). Here, using a high resolution dataset of global land use/cover (GlobeLand30), we show that global urban areas expanded by an average of 5694 km2 per year between 2000 and 2010. The rapid urban expansion in the past decade has in turn reduced global terrestrial NPP, with a net loss of 22.4 Tg Carbon per year (Tg C year−1). Although small compared to total terrestrial NPP and fossil fuel carbon emissions worldwide, the urbanization-induced decrease in NPP offset 30% of the climate-driven increase (73.6 Tg C year−1) over the same period. Our findings highlight the urgent need for global strategies to address urban expansion, enhance natural carbon sinks, and increase agricultural productivity.
Xiaoping Liu; Fengsong Pei; Youyue Wen; Xia Li; Shaojian Wang; Changjiang Wu; Yiling Cai; Jianguo Wu; Jun Chen; Kuishuang Feng; Junguo Liu; Klaus Hubacek; Steven J. Davis; Wenping Yuan; Le Yu; Zhu Liu. Global urban expansion offsets climate-driven increases in terrestrial net primary productivity. Nature Communications 2019, 10, 1 -8.
AMA StyleXiaoping Liu, Fengsong Pei, Youyue Wen, Xia Li, Shaojian Wang, Changjiang Wu, Yiling Cai, Jianguo Wu, Jun Chen, Kuishuang Feng, Junguo Liu, Klaus Hubacek, Steven J. Davis, Wenping Yuan, Le Yu, Zhu Liu. Global urban expansion offsets climate-driven increases in terrestrial net primary productivity. Nature Communications. 2019; 10 (1):1-8.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiaoping Liu; Fengsong Pei; Youyue Wen; Xia Li; Shaojian Wang; Changjiang Wu; Yiling Cai; Jianguo Wu; Jun Chen; Kuishuang Feng; Junguo Liu; Klaus Hubacek; Steven J. Davis; Wenping Yuan; Le Yu; Zhu Liu. 2019. "Global urban expansion offsets climate-driven increases in terrestrial net primary productivity." Nature Communications 10, no. 1: 1-8.
In a globalized economy, production of goods can be disrupted by trade disputes. Yet the resulting impacts on carbon dioxide emissions and ambient particulate matter (PM2.5) related premature mortality are unclear. Here we show that in contrast to a free trade world, with the emission intensity in each sector unchanged, an extremely anti-trade scenario with current tariffs plus an additional 25% tariff on each traded product would reduce the global export volume by 32.5%, gross domestic product by 9.0%, carbon dioxide by 6.3%, and PM2.5-related mortality by 4.1%. The respective impacts would be substantial for the United States, Western Europe and China. A freer trade scenario would increase global carbon dioxide emission and air pollution due to higher levels of production, especially in developing regions with relatively high emission intensities. Global collaborative actions to reduce emission intensities in developing regions could help achieve an economic-environmental win-win state through globalization.
Jintai Lin; Mingxi Du; Lulu Chen; Kuishuang Feng; Yu Liu; Randall V. Martin; Jingxu Wang; Ruijing Ni; Yu Zhao; Hao Kong; Hongjian Weng; Mengyao Liu; Aaron Van Donkelaar; Qiuyu Liu; Klaus Hubacek. Carbon and health implications of trade restrictions. Nature Communications 2019, 10, 1 -12.
AMA StyleJintai Lin, Mingxi Du, Lulu Chen, Kuishuang Feng, Yu Liu, Randall V. Martin, Jingxu Wang, Ruijing Ni, Yu Zhao, Hao Kong, Hongjian Weng, Mengyao Liu, Aaron Van Donkelaar, Qiuyu Liu, Klaus Hubacek. Carbon and health implications of trade restrictions. Nature Communications. 2019; 10 (1):1-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJintai Lin; Mingxi Du; Lulu Chen; Kuishuang Feng; Yu Liu; Randall V. Martin; Jingxu Wang; Ruijing Ni; Yu Zhao; Hao Kong; Hongjian Weng; Mengyao Liu; Aaron Van Donkelaar; Qiuyu Liu; Klaus Hubacek. 2019. "Carbon and health implications of trade restrictions." Nature Communications 10, no. 1: 1-12.
In order to combat environmental pollution, China enacted the Environmental Protection Tax Law in early 2018. Yet the impacts of the environmental tax on individual regions with different socioeconomic statuses, which are crucial for social justice and public acceptance, remain unclear. Based on a Multi-Regional Input-Output (MRIO) Table and a nationally regulated tax payment calculation method, this study analyzes the distributional impacts of the environmental tax due to each province’s consumption from both inter-provincial and rural-urban aspects. The national tax revenue based on the current levy mechanism is estimated to be only one seventh of the economic loss from premature mortality caused by ambient particulate matter (PM2.5). The taxation may slightly alleviate urban-rural inequality but may not be helpful with reducing inter-provincial inequality. We further analyze two alternative levy mechanisms. If each province imposes taxes to products it consumes (rather than produces, as in the current mechanism), with the tax rate linearly dependent on its per capita consumption expenditure, this would moderately increase the national tax revenue and effectively reduce inter-provincial inequality. To better compensate for the economic cost of air pollution and reduce regional inequality, it would be beneficial to increase the tax rate nationwide and implement a levy mechanism based on provincially differentiated levels of consumption and economic status.
Jingxu Wang; Jintai Lin; Kuishuang Feng; Peng Liu; Mingxi Du; Ruijing Ni; Lulu Chen; Hao Kong; Hongjian Weng; Mengyao Liu; Giovanni Baiocchi; Yu Zhao; Zhifu Mi; Jing Cao; Klaus Hubacek. Environmental taxation and regional inequality in China. Science Bulletin 2019, 64, 1691 -1699.
AMA StyleJingxu Wang, Jintai Lin, Kuishuang Feng, Peng Liu, Mingxi Du, Ruijing Ni, Lulu Chen, Hao Kong, Hongjian Weng, Mengyao Liu, Giovanni Baiocchi, Yu Zhao, Zhifu Mi, Jing Cao, Klaus Hubacek. Environmental taxation and regional inequality in China. Science Bulletin. 2019; 64 (22):1691-1699.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJingxu Wang; Jintai Lin; Kuishuang Feng; Peng Liu; Mingxi Du; Ruijing Ni; Lulu Chen; Hao Kong; Hongjian Weng; Mengyao Liu; Giovanni Baiocchi; Yu Zhao; Zhifu Mi; Jing Cao; Klaus Hubacek. 2019. "Environmental taxation and regional inequality in China." Science Bulletin 64, no. 22: 1691-1699.
China's high‐speed economic development and reliance on overconsumption of natural resources have led to serious environmental pollution. Environmental taxation is seen as an effective economic tool to help mitigate air pollution. In order to assess the effects of different scenarios of environmental taxation policies, we propose a frontier‐based environmentally extended input–output optimization model with explicit emission abatement sectors to reflect the inputs and benefits of abatement. Frontier analysis ensures policy scenarios are assessed under the same technical efficiency benchmark, while input–output analysis depicts the wide range of economic transactions among sectors of an economy. Four scenarios are considered in this study, which are increasing specific tax rates of SO2, NOx, and soot and dust separately and increasing all three tax rates simultaneously. Our estimation results show that: raising tax rates of SO2, NOx, and soot and dust simultaneously would have the highest emission reduction effects, with the SO2 tax rate making the greatest contribution to emission reduction. Raising the soot and dust tax rate is the most environmentally friendly strategy due to its highest abatement to welfare through avoided health costs. The combination of frontier analysis and input–output analysis provides policy makers a comprehensive and sectoral approach to assess costs and benefits of environmental taxation.
Ke Wang; Jiayu Wang; Klaus Hubacek; Zhifu Mi; Yi‐Ming Wei. A cost–benefit analysis of the environmental taxation policy in China: A frontier analysis‐based environmentally extended input–output optimization method. Journal of Industrial Ecology 2019, 24, 564 -576.
AMA StyleKe Wang, Jiayu Wang, Klaus Hubacek, Zhifu Mi, Yi‐Ming Wei. A cost–benefit analysis of the environmental taxation policy in China: A frontier analysis‐based environmentally extended input–output optimization method. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 2019; 24 (3):564-576.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKe Wang; Jiayu Wang; Klaus Hubacek; Zhifu Mi; Yi‐Ming Wei. 2019. "A cost–benefit analysis of the environmental taxation policy in China: A frontier analysis‐based environmentally extended input–output optimization method." Journal of Industrial Ecology 24, no. 3: 564-576.
Heavy metal pollution is posing a serious threat to ecosystem and human health in China. In addition to being emitted into the atmosphere, heavy metals generated by industrial processes are also emitted into water bodies. However, there is a lack of research exploring trade-induced aquatic heavy metals (AHM) emissions hidden in cross-regional supply chain networks. Such information can provide both consumer and producer perspectives on stakeholders' responsibility and involve them in pollution control along the entire supply chain including influencing consumption choices. Using a bottom-up AHM emission inventory (including mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), and lead (Pb)) in 2010, we firstly accounted for production- and consumption-based AHM emissions and their virtual flows between China's 30 provinces. Additionally, we developed an integrated index, i.e. Equal Risk Pollution Load, to measure the risk associated with five AHM based on the corresponding reference dose. We found that richer provinces Guangdong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang through their consumption of metal products caused aquatic Hg, Cd, As and Pb pollution in provinces with nonferrous-metallic mineral resources such as Hunan, Yunnan, and Inner Mongolia. However, virtual aquatic Cr emissions were incurred in richer coastal regions (e.g. Guangdong, Zhejiang) for producing and exporting high value added products (electroplated products, printed circuit board and leather products) to less developed inland provinces. Finally, we propose measures from a supply chain perspective to mitigate aquatic pollution.
Wei Zhang; Miaomiao Liu; Klaus Hubacek; Kuishuang Feng; Wenjun Wu; Yu Liu; Hongqiang Jiang; Jun Bi; Jinnan Wang. Virtual flows of aquatic heavy metal emissions and associated risk in China. Journal of Environmental Management 2019, 249, 109400 .
AMA StyleWei Zhang, Miaomiao Liu, Klaus Hubacek, Kuishuang Feng, Wenjun Wu, Yu Liu, Hongqiang Jiang, Jun Bi, Jinnan Wang. Virtual flows of aquatic heavy metal emissions and associated risk in China. Journal of Environmental Management. 2019; 249 ():109400.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWei Zhang; Miaomiao Liu; Klaus Hubacek; Kuishuang Feng; Wenjun Wu; Yu Liu; Hongqiang Jiang; Jun Bi; Jinnan Wang. 2019. "Virtual flows of aquatic heavy metal emissions and associated risk in China." Journal of Environmental Management 249, no. : 109400.
China has enacted a number of ambitious pollution control policies to mitigate air pollution in urban areas. Unintended side effects of these policies to other environmental policy arenas and regions have largely been ignored. To bridge this gap, we use a multiregional input-output model in combination with an atmospheric chemical transport model to simulate clean air policy scenarios and evaluate their environmental impacts on primary PM2.5and secondary precursor emissions, as well as CO2emissions and water consumption, in the target region and spillover effects to other regions. Our results show that the reduction in primary PM2.5and secondary precursor emissions in the target regions comes at the cost of increasing emissions especially in neighboring provinces. Similarly, co-benefits of lower CO2emissions and reduced water consumption in the target region are achieved at the expense of higher impacts elsewhere, through outsourcing production to less developed regions in China.
Delin Fang; Bin Chen; Klaus Hubacek; Ruijing Ni; Lulu Chen; Kuishuang Feng; Jintai Lin. Clean air for some: Unintended spillover effects of regional air pollution policies. Science Advances 2019, 5, eaav4707 .
AMA StyleDelin Fang, Bin Chen, Klaus Hubacek, Ruijing Ni, Lulu Chen, Kuishuang Feng, Jintai Lin. Clean air for some: Unintended spillover effects of regional air pollution policies. Science Advances. 2019; 5 (4):eaav4707.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDelin Fang; Bin Chen; Klaus Hubacek; Ruijing Ni; Lulu Chen; Kuishuang Feng; Jintai Lin. 2019. "Clean air for some: Unintended spillover effects of regional air pollution policies." Science Advances 5, no. 4: eaav4707.
Dietary-related risks rank top among all the health risks in many countries. The 2nd United Nations Sustainable Development Goal aims to end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. Yet whether improving nutritional quality also benefits the environment is still under-explored, particularly for developing countries. China is an interesting and important case because of its rapidly changing dietary patterns distinct from the western countries studied in the literature, sub-national level heterogeneity, socio-economic characteristics and lifestyles, as well as its considerable population. This paper evaluates greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, water consumption, and land appropriation resulting from shifting the Chinese population to healthy diets. We quantify the environmental impacts of individual diets using the latest available data of China Health and Nutrition Survey (2011), and compare them with the environmental impacts of suggested healthy dietary patterns in accordance with the 2016 Chinese Dietary Guidelines. If all Chinese would follow healthy diets rather than their current diets revealed in the survey, GHG emissions, water consumption, and land occupation would increase by 7.5% (63.9 Mt CO2e annually), 53.5% (510 billion m3), and 54.2% (1256 billion m2), respectively. Urban and high-income groups have higher diet-related environmental impacts but could achieve less additional environmental impacts when moving to healthier diets. These findings indicate an expense of increased GHG emissions, and consumption of water and land resources in improving health. They also highlight the need to focus on the effects of improved economic conditions and urbanization in reconciling environmental impacts and human nutritional adequacy.
Pan He; Giovanni Baiocchi; Kuishuang Feng; Klaus Hubacek; Yang Yu. Environmental impacts of dietary quality improvement in China. Journal of Environmental Management 2019, 240, 518 -526.
AMA StylePan He, Giovanni Baiocchi, Kuishuang Feng, Klaus Hubacek, Yang Yu. Environmental impacts of dietary quality improvement in China. Journal of Environmental Management. 2019; 240 ():518-526.
Chicago/Turabian StylePan He; Giovanni Baiocchi; Kuishuang Feng; Klaus Hubacek; Yang Yu. 2019. "Environmental impacts of dietary quality improvement in China." Journal of Environmental Management 240, no. : 518-526.
Collaborative science brings together diverse stakeholders to share knowledge and form networks that in turn can be foundational to policies and practices to increase socio-ecological resilience. In this article, we present results from a collaborative science project that employed collaborative learning methods to develop a network of local, regional, state and academic stakeholders. These stakeholders had little social interaction prior to the project and represented a diversity of views, positions and responsibilities. They shared in common a concern for the effects of climate change on a coastal socio-ecological system and the desire to reduce vulnerabilities and enhance resilience. Through ethnographic and survey methods, we found that collaborative science and learning promoted the exchange of cultural and environmental knowledge and expertise among individuals who previously had no sustained interaction. Stakeholders perceived these exchanges as worthwhile in that they allowed individuals to express viewpoints and share knowledge and expertise, which was seen to have the potential to increase socio-ecological resilience. Our results suggest that social networks can emerge from collaborative science and learning projects and can become formally organized and help foster opportunities to enhance socio-ecological resilience.
Michael Paolisso; Christina Prell; Katherine J. Johnson; Brian Needelman; Ibraheem Khan; Klaus Hubacek. Enhancing socio-ecological resilience in coastal regions through collaborative science, knowledge exchange and social networks: a case study of the Deal Island Peninsula, USA. Socio-Ecological Practice Research 2019, 1, 109 -123.
AMA StyleMichael Paolisso, Christina Prell, Katherine J. Johnson, Brian Needelman, Ibraheem Khan, Klaus Hubacek. Enhancing socio-ecological resilience in coastal regions through collaborative science, knowledge exchange and social networks: a case study of the Deal Island Peninsula, USA. Socio-Ecological Practice Research. 2019; 1 (2):109-123.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichael Paolisso; Christina Prell; Katherine J. Johnson; Brian Needelman; Ibraheem Khan; Klaus Hubacek. 2019. "Enhancing socio-ecological resilience in coastal regions through collaborative science, knowledge exchange and social networks: a case study of the Deal Island Peninsula, USA." Socio-Ecological Practice Research 1, no. 2: 109-123.
Participatory Modeling (PM) is becoming increasingly common in environmental planning and conservation, due in part to advances in cyberinfrastructure as well as to greater recognition of the importance of engaging a diverse array of stakeholders in decision making. We provide lessons learned, based on over 200 years of the authors’ cumulative and diverse experience, about PM processes. These include successful and, perhaps more importantly, not-so-successful trials. Our collective interdisciplinary background has supported the development, testing, and evaluation of a rich range of collaborative modeling approaches. We share here what we have learned as a community of participatory modelers, within three categories of reflection: a) lessons learned about participatory modelers; b) lessons learned about the context of collaboration; and c) lessons learned about the PM process. First, successful PM teams encompass a variety of skills beyond modeling expertise. Skills include: effective relationship-building, openness to learn from local experts, awareness of personal motivations and biases, and ability to translate discussions into models and to assess success. Second, the context for collaboration necessitates a culturally appropriate process for knowledge generation and use, for involvement of community co-leads, and for understanding group power dynamics that might influence how people from different backgrounds interact. Finally, knowing when to use PM and when not to, managing expectations, and effectively and equitably addressing conflicts is essential. Managing the participation process in PM is as important as managing the model building process. We recommend that PM teams consider what skills are present within a team, while ensuring inclusive creative space for collaborative exploration and learning supported by simple yet relevant models. With a realistic view of what it entails, PM can be a powerful approach that builds collective knowledge and social capital, thus helping communities to take charge of their future and address complex social and environmental problems.
Eleanor J. Sterling; Moira Zellner; Karen E. Jenni; Kirsten Leong; Pierre D. Glynn; Todd K. Bendor; Pierre Bommel; Klaus Hubacek; Antonie J. Jetter; Rebecca Jordan; Laura Schmitt Olabisi; Michael Paolisso; Steven Gray. Try, try again: Lessons learned from success and failure in participatory modeling. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene 2019, 7, 1 .
AMA StyleEleanor J. Sterling, Moira Zellner, Karen E. Jenni, Kirsten Leong, Pierre D. Glynn, Todd K. Bendor, Pierre Bommel, Klaus Hubacek, Antonie J. Jetter, Rebecca Jordan, Laura Schmitt Olabisi, Michael Paolisso, Steven Gray. Try, try again: Lessons learned from success and failure in participatory modeling. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene. 2019; 7 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEleanor J. Sterling; Moira Zellner; Karen E. Jenni; Kirsten Leong; Pierre D. Glynn; Todd K. Bendor; Pierre Bommel; Klaus Hubacek; Antonie J. Jetter; Rebecca Jordan; Laura Schmitt Olabisi; Michael Paolisso; Steven Gray. 2019. "Try, try again: Lessons learned from success and failure in participatory modeling." Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene 7, no. 1: 1.
China’s urban agglomerations contribute 64 percent to China’s energy-related CO2 emissions and thus play a vital role in determining the future of climate change. There is little information available about city-level energy consumption and CO2 emissions; thus, we employ spatiotemporal modeling using Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/Operational Line-scan System (DMSP/OLS) nighttime light imagery. Our findings show that such agglomerations have in fact experienced a remarkable decline in CO2 emission intensity—from 0.43 t/thousand yuan to 0.20 t/thousand yuan between 1995 and 2013, which constitutes an average annual decline of 4.34 percent. Despite still very high CO2 intensities in western China, a convergence of CO2 intensities across the country has occurred over the last few decades. Using panel regression modeling, we analyze differences in the decline of CO2 emission intensities due to regional differences in socioeconomic variables such as economic growth, population, economic structure, population density, and characteristics of urbanization. Factors that have hampered the decline of CO2 intensities are the ongoing industrialization that demands the increase in the production of heavy industry, in infrastructure investment, and in housing stock. Key Words: CO2 emission intensity, nighttime light imagery, spatiotemporal modeling, urban agglomerations. 中国的城市集聚, 生产了中国与能源相关的二氧化碳排放的百分之六十四, 因此在决定气候变迁的未来方面扮演了重要角色。但城市层级的能源消耗和二氧化碳排放的可及信息却相当稀少;因此我们运用时空模式化, 该模式化使用防卫气象卫星计画/线形扫描系统(DMSP/OLS)的夜间光影像。我们的研究发现显示, 这些集聚其实经历了二氧化碳排放密集度的明显减少——从1995年的0.43吨/千元到2013年的0.2吨/千元, 每年平均降低百分之四点三四。尽管中国西部的二氧化碳密度仍相当高, 过去数十年来仍发生了全国二氧化碳密度的聚合。我们运用面板迴归模型, 分析因诸如经济成长、人口、经济结构、人口密度与城市化特徵等社会经济变因的区域差异所导致的二氧化碳排放密度降低的差异。阻碍二氧化碳密度降低的因素是需要增加重工业生产、基础建设投资以及房地产需求的持续工业化。 关键词:二氧化碳排放密度, 夜间光影像, 时空模式化, 城市集聚。 Las aglomeraciones urbanas de China contribuyen el 64 por ciento de las emisiones chinas de CO2 relacionadas con energía, para así desempeñar un papel vital en la determinación futura del cambio climático. Hay poca información disponible acerca del consumo de energía a nivel de ciudad y de las emisiones de CO2; entonces, empleamos modelado espaciotemporal usando imágenes de luminosidad nocturna del Programa Satelital Meteorológico de la Defensa/Sistema Operacional de Escaneo en Línea (DMSP/OLS). Nuestros hallazgos muestran que de hecho tales aglomeraciones han experimentado una notable disminución en la intensidad de la emisión de CO2 ––de 0.43t/miles de yuanes a 0.20t/miles yuanes entre 1995 y 2013, lo cual constituye una declinación promedio anual de 4.34 por ciento. Pese a las intensidades de CO2 en China occidental todavía demasiado altas, una convergencia de intensidades del CO2 a través del país ha ocurrido durante las pasadas pocas décadas. Usando modelado de regresión de panel, analizamos las diferencias de la declinación de las intensidades en la emisión de CO2 debidas a diferencias regionales en variables socioeconómicas tales como crecimiento económico, población, estructura económica, densidad de población y características de la urbanización. Los factores que han dificultado la declinación en las intensidades del CO2 son la industrialización en marcha que demanda incremento en la producción de la industria pesada, en inversiones para infraestructura y en el inventario de vivienda.
Shaojian Wang; Chuanglin Fang; Laixiang Sun; Yongxian Su; Xiuzhi Chen; Chunshan Zhou; Kuishuang Feng; Klaus Hubacek. Decarbonizing China’s Urban Agglomerations. Annals of the American Association of Geographers 2018, 109, 266 -285.
AMA StyleShaojian Wang, Chuanglin Fang, Laixiang Sun, Yongxian Su, Xiuzhi Chen, Chunshan Zhou, Kuishuang Feng, Klaus Hubacek. Decarbonizing China’s Urban Agglomerations. Annals of the American Association of Geographers. 2018; 109 (1):266-285.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShaojian Wang; Chuanglin Fang; Laixiang Sun; Yongxian Su; Xiuzhi Chen; Chunshan Zhou; Kuishuang Feng; Klaus Hubacek. 2018. "Decarbonizing China’s Urban Agglomerations." Annals of the American Association of Geographers 109, no. 1: 266-285.