Dams as well as protective dikes and levees are critical infrastructures whose associated risk must be properly managed in a continuous and updated process. Usually, dam safety management has been carried out assuming stationary climatic and non-climatic conditions. However, the projected alterations due to climate change are likely to affect different factors driving dam risk. Although some reference institutions develop guidance for including climate change in their decision support strategies, related information is still vast and scattered and its application to specific analyses such as dam safety assessments remains a challenge. This article presents a comprehensive and multidisciplinary review of the impacts of climate change that could affect dam safety. The global effect can be assessed through the integration of the various projected effects acting on each aspect of the risk, from the input hydrology to the calculation of the consequences of the flood wave on population and assets at risk. This will provide useful information for dam owners and dam safety practitioners in their decision-making process.

Risk analysis has become a top priority for authorities and stakeholders in many European countries, with the aim of reducing flooding risk, considering the population's needs and improving risk awareness. Within this context, two methodological pieces have been developed in the period 2009–2011 within the SUFRI project (Sustainable Strategies of Urban Flood Risk Management with non-structural measures to cope with the residual risk, 2nd ERA-Net CRUE Funding Initiative). First, the "SUFRI Methodology for pluvial and river flooding risk assessment in urban areas to inform decision-making" provides a comprehensive and quantitative tool for flood risk analysis. Second, the "Methodology for investigation of risk awareness of the population concerned" presents the basis to estimate current risk from a social perspective and identify tendencies in the way floods are understood by citizens. Outcomes of both methods are integrated in this paper with the aim of informing decision making on non-structural protection measures. The results of two case studies are shown to illustrate practical applications of this developed approach. The main advantage of applying the methodology herein presented consists in providing a quantitative estimation of flooding risk before and after investing in non-structural risk mitigation measures. It can be of great interest for decision makers as it provides rational and solid information.

The use of Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) to manage urban runoff and contribute to environmental and landscape improvement is now widely known, but its application is still limited in many regions, like in Mediterranean countries. In addition, there is a lack of Decision Support Tools that consider all their benefits in the decision making process in a clear and integrated holistic way.In this paper, the E2STORMED Decision Support Tool is presented. This tool analyses the impact of stormwater management in the urban environment and introduces energetic and environmental criteria in the decision making process. Therefore, it aims to fill in the existing \"gap\" between SuDS manuals and guidelines and regional and local decision makers, since it quantifies SuDS benefits and includes them in the comparison of different stormwater scenarios. Finally, the results of applying this tool to compare drainage infrastructures in a real urban development are described. The E2STORMED Decision Support Tool for stormwater management is presented.It complements financial analyses with energy and environmental criteria.It provides robust decision criteria for informed stormwater management.This tool encourages a more sustainable urban water management.The tool is very useful to promote SuDS between local and regional decision makers.

Around 30–40 years ago, principles and methods were developed to conceptualise, assess and manage risk. These principles and methods are still, to a large extent, the foundation of the field. Over the past decade, many tools have been developed for risk analysis of water systems. Many advances have been made, both in the theoretical platform and in practical models and procedures. Various risk analysis approaches have been used to identify potential hazards, calculate the probability of accidents and assess the severity of consequences. The objective of this paper is to review these developments, focusing on the fundamental ideas and thinking behind them, considering their application at strategic, programmatic and operational levels of decision-making, in order to improve the understanding of stakeholders (researchers, regulators, etc.). To achieve this objective, scientific papers on risk analysis associated with water treatment systems were identified and reviewed, with particular focus on risk assessment methods (qualitative, semi-qualitative or quantitative, deterministic or probabilistic, etc.), tools (ETA, FTA, FMEA/FMECA, QMRA, HRA, Markov, etc.), applicability of these tools and results of case studies. A total of 141 references were selected on the basis of title sorting from databases as ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science or SpringerLink, and a total of 68 articles were selected for full-text analysis. Main conclusions of this review and analysis efforts are as follows: (1) the scientific foundation of risk assessment and risk management is still an open issue; (2) principles, theories and base methods applicable to water supply systems are in continuous development, existing tools are suitable, and a growing number of applications are available and of great interest; and (3) risk analysis methodologies are in their journey to gain the necessary broad technical, community and political acceptance in the water treatment sector, and some gaps and opportunities have been included in the discussion.