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The United States Department of Energy (DOE) established the Concentrating Solar Power Generation 3 (CSP Gen3) program to promote the development of advanced CSP systems capable of producing electricity at a levelized cost of energy (LCOE) less than $60/MWh, based on criteria published in the CSP Gen3 Roadmap and a subsequent funding opportunity announcement (Gen3 FOA). This report documents the progress and potential of the “Liquid Pathway” to meet these objectives. The Liquid Pathway proposes the use of low-cost molten chloride salts for energy storage, mated with an operationally flexible solar receiver that employs liquid-metal sodium for heat capture and transfer to the storage salt. This approach leverages molten-salt technology from the current state-of-the-art CSP power towers embodied by plants such as Gemasolar, Crescent Dunes, Noor III, and the DEWA 700 CSP project. Furthermore, the design builds on the knowledge gained over decades of use of liquid-metal sodium as a high-temperature heat transfer fluid (HTF) in solar tests and nuclear-power applications. The commercial representation of the proposed Gen3 design incorporates a high-efficiency sodium receiver operating at ~740°C, with a liquid-liquid heat exchanger feeding a two-tank, molten-chloride salt storage system. Chloride salt is dispatched to a supercritical CO2 (sCO2) power cyclemore » to provide electric power to the grid. The design integration is a conceptual match for the current sodium receiver to solar salt storage to steam-Rankine power cycle promoted by developer Vast Solar, which may facilitate commercial acceptance and development.« less
Craig Turchi; Samuel Gage; Janna Martinek; Sameer Jape; Ken Armijo; Joe Coventry; John Pye; Charles-Alexis Asselineau; Felix Venn; William Logie; Armando Fontalvo; Shuang Wang; Robbie McNaughton; Daniel Potter; Theodore Steinberg; Geoffrey Will. CSP Gen3: Liquid-Phase Pathway to SunShot. CSP Gen3: Liquid-Phase Pathway to SunShot 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleCraig Turchi, Samuel Gage, Janna Martinek, Sameer Jape, Ken Armijo, Joe Coventry, John Pye, Charles-Alexis Asselineau, Felix Venn, William Logie, Armando Fontalvo, Shuang Wang, Robbie McNaughton, Daniel Potter, Theodore Steinberg, Geoffrey Will. CSP Gen3: Liquid-Phase Pathway to SunShot. CSP Gen3: Liquid-Phase Pathway to SunShot. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCraig Turchi; Samuel Gage; Janna Martinek; Sameer Jape; Ken Armijo; Joe Coventry; John Pye; Charles-Alexis Asselineau; Felix Venn; William Logie; Armando Fontalvo; Shuang Wang; Robbie McNaughton; Daniel Potter; Theodore Steinberg; Geoffrey Will. 2021. "CSP Gen3: Liquid-Phase Pathway to SunShot." CSP Gen3: Liquid-Phase Pathway to SunShot , no. : 1.
A techno-economic study is performed to assess the feasibility of molten chloride salt thermal energy storage (TES) systems for next generation concentrating solar power. Refractory liners internally insulate tanks to allow tank shells to be constructed from carbon steel. The liner must not be wetted by salt to maintain predictable thermal properties and manageable heat loss out of the tank. The commercial scale tank liner is an anchored brick and mortar design with expansion joints to accommodate thermal expansion. Finite element analysis is performed to optimize the thermal and mechanical profile of the tank. Equalizing the shell temperature between the water-cooled foundation and the shell wall is necessary to minimize differential thermomechanical stress and lower overall stress values below industrial allowable limits. The cost of the TES system is estimated to be $60/kWhth, which is four times greater than Department of Energy targets. Solutions to reduce system cost and overall risk are proposed.
Samuel H. Gage; Devon Kesseli; Jacob Dupree; Chase Kimbal; Joe Rigby; James Yates; Brad Morrison; Gordon Bigham; Craig S. Turchi. Technical and economic feasibility of molten chloride salt thermal energy storage systems. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 2021, 226, 111099 .
AMA StyleSamuel H. Gage, Devon Kesseli, Jacob Dupree, Chase Kimbal, Joe Rigby, James Yates, Brad Morrison, Gordon Bigham, Craig S. Turchi. Technical and economic feasibility of molten chloride salt thermal energy storage systems. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 2021; 226 ():111099.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSamuel H. Gage; Devon Kesseli; Jacob Dupree; Chase Kimbal; Joe Rigby; James Yates; Brad Morrison; Gordon Bigham; Craig S. Turchi. 2021. "Technical and economic feasibility of molten chloride salt thermal energy storage systems." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 226, no. : 111099.
A chloride-based molten-salt system that uses a ternary blend of MgCl2/KCl/NaCl is investigated to provide higher-temperature thermal energy storage capability than conventional nitrate salt-based systems. Despite their high thermal stability and operating temperature, molten chlorides present several challenges, including the design of internal liners to prevent the corrosion and thermal stress of alloy tank shells. This work discusses issues and potential solutions related to containment of molten chloride salt, specifically the optimization of the hot face refractory materials for use as internal liners. Three down-selected refractory materials were analyzed with respect to permeation of salt through the material as well as chemical stability during high temperature operation. Through the application of X-ray imaging and electron spectroscopy techniques, highly stable secondary surface phases in equilibrium with the molten salt were identified, as well as time-dependent changes in the salt composition itself.
Samuel H. Gage; Josh J. Bailey; Donal P. Finegan; Dan J.L. Brett; Paul R. Shearing; Craig S. Turchi. Internal insulation and corrosion control of molten chloride thermal energy storage tanks. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 2021, 225, 111048 .
AMA StyleSamuel H. Gage, Josh J. Bailey, Donal P. Finegan, Dan J.L. Brett, Paul R. Shearing, Craig S. Turchi. Internal insulation and corrosion control of molten chloride thermal energy storage tanks. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 2021; 225 ():111048.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSamuel H. Gage; Josh J. Bailey; Donal P. Finegan; Dan J.L. Brett; Paul R. Shearing; Craig S. Turchi. 2021. "Internal insulation and corrosion control of molten chloride thermal energy storage tanks." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 225, no. : 111048.
This work examines formate salts as potential phase change materials (PCMs) for middle-high temperature (≤250 °C) latent heat thermal energy storage applications. The thermophysical properties of three formate salts were characterized: pure sodium formate and binary blends of sodium/potassium formate and sodium/calcium formate. The stability of formate PCM’s was evaluated by thermal cycling using differential scanning calorimetry where sodium formate and sodium/potassium formate appeared stable over 600 cycles, while sodium/calcium formate exhibited a monotonic decrease in heat of fusion over the test period. A longer test with sodium formate led to gas release and decomposition of the salt. FTIR analysis of the PCM showed degradation of formate to oxalate. T-history experiments with 50-g PCM quantities demonstrated a bulk supercooling of only 2–3 °C for these salts. Thermal conductivity enhancement of over 700% was achieved by embedding aluminum in the solid PCM. Finally, mild carbon steel was immersed in molten sodium formate for up to 2000 h. Sodium formate was found to be non-corrosive, as calculated by mass loss and confirmed by cross-sectional high-resolution microscopy. FTIR analysis of the PCM after 2000 h shows oxidation at the free surface, while the bulk PCM remained unchanged, further indicating a need to protect the formate from atmospheric exposure when used as a PCM.phase change materials; formate salts; latent heat thermal energy storage; thermal cycling; supercooling; thermal conductivity enhancement; corrosion
Samuel Gage; Prashant Sharan; Craig Turchi; Judy Netter. Evaluation of Formate Salt PCM’s for Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage. Energies 2021, 14, 765 .
AMA StyleSamuel Gage, Prashant Sharan, Craig Turchi, Judy Netter. Evaluation of Formate Salt PCM’s for Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage. Energies. 2021; 14 (3):765.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSamuel Gage; Prashant Sharan; Craig Turchi; Judy Netter. 2021. "Evaluation of Formate Salt PCM’s for Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage." Energies 14, no. 3: 765.
Nanostructured noble-metal catalysts traditionally suffer from sintering under high operating temperatures, leading to durability issues and process limitations. The encapsulation of nanostructured catalysts to prevent loss of activity through thermal sintering, while maintaining accessibility of active sites, remains a great challenge in the catalysis community. Here, we report a robust and regenerable palladium-based catalyst, wherein palladium particles are intercalated into the three-dimensional framework of SBA-15-type mesoporous silica. The encapsulated Pd active sites remain catalytically active as demonstrated in high-temperature/pressure phenol hydrodeoxygenation reactions. The confinement of Pd particles in the walls of SBA-15 prevents particle sintering at high temperatures. Moreover, a partially deactivated catalyst containing intercalated particles is regenerated almost completely even after several reaction cycles. In contrast, Pd particles, which are not encapsulated within the SBA-15 framework, sinter and do not recover prior activity after a regeneration procedure.
Samuel H. Gage; Jan Engelhardt; Martin J. Menart; Chilan Ngo; G. Jeremy Leong; Yazhou Ji; Brian G. Trewyn; Svitlana Pylypenko; Ryan M. Richards. Palladium Intercalated into the Walls of Mesoporous Silica as Robust and Regenerable Catalysts for Hydrodeoxygenation of Phenolic Compounds. ACS Omega 2018, 3, 7681 -7691.
AMA StyleSamuel H. Gage, Jan Engelhardt, Martin J. Menart, Chilan Ngo, G. Jeremy Leong, Yazhou Ji, Brian G. Trewyn, Svitlana Pylypenko, Ryan M. Richards. Palladium Intercalated into the Walls of Mesoporous Silica as Robust and Regenerable Catalysts for Hydrodeoxygenation of Phenolic Compounds. ACS Omega. 2018; 3 (7):7681-7691.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSamuel H. Gage; Jan Engelhardt; Martin J. Menart; Chilan Ngo; G. Jeremy Leong; Yazhou Ji; Brian G. Trewyn; Svitlana Pylypenko; Ryan M. Richards. 2018. "Palladium Intercalated into the Walls of Mesoporous Silica as Robust and Regenerable Catalysts for Hydrodeoxygenation of Phenolic Compounds." ACS Omega 3, no. 7: 7681-7691.