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Supercritical water desalination (SCWD) is zero liquid discharge technology that can potentially control the solubility of different electrolytes. However, SCWD is an energy-intensive process and requires high-quality thermal heat (> 450 °C). This study proposes the integration of a high-temperature heat pump to reduce the SCWD energy requirement. The integrated system energy consumption improves by 36% for 3.5% feed concentration and 14% for 20% feed, and the distillate cost reduces by 15% and 10%. Another benefit of the proposed integration is the system can be operated using only electricity as a heat source, as is the case with commonly used high-recovery thermal desalination technology. The integrated SCWD-heat pump system shows superior performance compared to the commercially used brine concentrator and crystallizer system. It is approximately 20% more energy-efficient for 25% feed concentration and 8% cheaper. Hence, the integrated SCWD-heat pump has the potential to outperform the pre-existing high-recovery desalination technology.
Prashant Sharan; Joshua D. McTigue; Tae Jun Yoon; Robert Currier; Alp Tugrul Findikoglu. Energy efficient supercritical water desalination using a high-temperature heat pump: A zero liquid discharge desalination. Desalination 2021, 506, 115020 .
AMA StylePrashant Sharan, Joshua D. McTigue, Tae Jun Yoon, Robert Currier, Alp Tugrul Findikoglu. Energy efficient supercritical water desalination using a high-temperature heat pump: A zero liquid discharge desalination. Desalination. 2021; 506 ():115020.
Chicago/Turabian StylePrashant Sharan; Joshua D. McTigue; Tae Jun Yoon; Robert Currier; Alp Tugrul Findikoglu. 2021. "Energy efficient supercritical water desalination using a high-temperature heat pump: A zero liquid discharge desalination." Desalination 506, no. : 115020.
This work examines formate salts as potential phase change materials (PCMs) for middle-high temperature (≤250 °C) latent heat thermal energy storage applications. The thermophysical properties of three formate salts were characterized: pure sodium formate and binary blends of sodium/potassium formate and sodium/calcium formate. The stability of formate PCM’s was evaluated by thermal cycling using differential scanning calorimetry where sodium formate and sodium/potassium formate appeared stable over 600 cycles, while sodium/calcium formate exhibited a monotonic decrease in heat of fusion over the test period. A longer test with sodium formate led to gas release and decomposition of the salt. FTIR analysis of the PCM showed degradation of formate to oxalate. T-history experiments with 50-g PCM quantities demonstrated a bulk supercooling of only 2–3 °C for these salts. Thermal conductivity enhancement of over 700% was achieved by embedding aluminum in the solid PCM. Finally, mild carbon steel was immersed in molten sodium formate for up to 2000 h. Sodium formate was found to be non-corrosive, as calculated by mass loss and confirmed by cross-sectional high-resolution microscopy. FTIR analysis of the PCM after 2000 h shows oxidation at the free surface, while the bulk PCM remained unchanged, further indicating a need to protect the formate from atmospheric exposure when used as a PCM.phase change materials; formate salts; latent heat thermal energy storage; thermal cycling; supercooling; thermal conductivity enhancement; corrosion
Samuel Gage; Prashant Sharan; Craig Turchi; Judy Netter. Evaluation of Formate Salt PCM’s for Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage. Energies 2021, 14, 765 .
AMA StyleSamuel Gage, Prashant Sharan, Craig Turchi, Judy Netter. Evaluation of Formate Salt PCM’s for Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage. Energies. 2021; 14 (3):765.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSamuel Gage; Prashant Sharan; Craig Turchi; Judy Netter. 2021. "Evaluation of Formate Salt PCM’s for Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage." Energies 14, no. 3: 765.