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Dr. Lia Ginaldi
Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy

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0 Aging
0 Allergy
0 Bone
0 Inflammation
0 Osteoporosis

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Bone
Inflammation
Osteoporosis
Immunosenescence
Aging
Allergy
Osteoimmunology
Clinical immunology.

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Review
Published: 17 August 2021 in International Journal of Molecular Sciences
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Vitamin D (VD) is essential for bone homeostasis, but it is also involved in pleiotropic effects on various organs and tissues. In adults, VD deficiency can cause or exacerbate osteoporosis and induce osteomalacia. However, every tissue and cell in the body has a VD receptor, including the brain, heart, stomach, pancreas, skin, gonads, and immune cells, and a deficiency may modify the function of these organs. Thus, the wide-ranging actions of VD help to explain why a reduction in VD amount has been correlated with numerous chronic diseases. In fact, VD deficiency increases the risk of osteoporosis and several other diseases and complications characterized by impaired bone metabolisms, such as autoimmune diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, allergy, endocrinological diseases, hematological malignancies, and bone marrow transplantation. This review aims to investigate the link between VD deficiency, osteoporosis, and its concomitant diseases. Further epidemiological and mechanistic studies are necessary in order to ascertain the real role of hypovitaminosis in causing the reported diseases; however, adequate vitamin supplementation and restoration of metabolic normality could be useful for better management of these pathologies.

ACS Style

Massimo De Martinis; Alessandro Allegra; Maria Maddalena Sirufo; Alessandro Tonacci; Giovanni Pioggia; Martina Raggiunti; Lia Ginaldi; Sebastiano Gangemi. Vitamin D Deficiency, Osteoporosis and Effect on Autoimmune Diseases and Hematopoiesis: A Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2021, 22, 8855 .

AMA Style

Massimo De Martinis, Alessandro Allegra, Maria Maddalena Sirufo, Alessandro Tonacci, Giovanni Pioggia, Martina Raggiunti, Lia Ginaldi, Sebastiano Gangemi. Vitamin D Deficiency, Osteoporosis and Effect on Autoimmune Diseases and Hematopoiesis: A Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22 (16):8855.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Massimo De Martinis; Alessandro Allegra; Maria Maddalena Sirufo; Alessandro Tonacci; Giovanni Pioggia; Martina Raggiunti; Lia Ginaldi; Sebastiano Gangemi. 2021. "Vitamin D Deficiency, Osteoporosis and Effect on Autoimmune Diseases and Hematopoiesis: A Review." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 16: 8855.

Review
Published: 10 May 2021 in International Journal of Molecular Sciences
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Immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic nervous system dysregulation in anorexia nervosa lead to cardiovascular complications that can potentially result in increased morbidity and mortality. It is suggested that a complex non-invasive assessment of cardiovascular autonomic regulation—cardiac vagal control, sympathetic vascular activity, and cardiovascular reflex control—could represent a promising tool for early diagnosis, personalized therapy, and monitoring of therapeutic interventions in anorexia nervosa particularly at a vulnerable adolescent age. In this view, we recommend to consider in the diagnostic route, at least in the subset of patients with peripheral microvascular symptoms, a nailfold video-capillaroscopy as an easy not invasive tool for the early assessing of possible cardiovascular involvement.

ACS Style

Maria Sirufo; Lia Ginaldi; Massimo De Martinis. Peripheral Vascular Abnormalities in Anorexia Nervosa: A Psycho-Neuro-Immune-Metabolic Connection. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2021, 22, 5043 .

AMA Style

Maria Sirufo, Lia Ginaldi, Massimo De Martinis. Peripheral Vascular Abnormalities in Anorexia Nervosa: A Psycho-Neuro-Immune-Metabolic Connection. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22 (9):5043.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Sirufo; Lia Ginaldi; Massimo De Martinis. 2021. "Peripheral Vascular Abnormalities in Anorexia Nervosa: A Psycho-Neuro-Immune-Metabolic Connection." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 9: 5043.

Review
Published: 06 May 2021 in International Journal of Molecular Sciences
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Vitamin D is a steroid hormone that is essential for bone mineral metabolism and it has several other effects in the body, including anti-cancer actions. Vitamin D causes a reduction in cell growth by interrupting the cell cycle. Moreover, the active form of vitamin D, i.e., 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, exerts various effects via its interaction with the vitamin D receptor on the innate and adaptive immune system, which could be relevant in the onset of tumors. Multiple myeloma is a treatable but incurable malignancy characterized by the growth of clonal plasma cells in protective niches in the bone marrow. In patients affected by multiple myeloma, vitamin D deficiency is commonly correlated with an advanced stage of the disease, greater risk of progression, the development of pathological fractures, and a worse prognosis. Changes in the vitamin D receptor often contribute to the occurrence and progress of deficiencies, which can be overcome by supplementation with vitamin D or analogues. However, in spite of the findings available in the literature, there is no clear standard of care and clinical practice varies. Further research is needed to better understand how vitamin D influences outcomes in patients with monoclonal gammopathies.

ACS Style

Vanessa Innao; Alessandro Allegra; Lia Ginaldi; Giovanni Pioggia; Massimo De Martinis; Caterina Musolino; Sebastiano Gangemi. Reviewing the Significance of Vitamin D Substitution in Monoclonal Gammopathies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2021, 22, 4922 .

AMA Style

Vanessa Innao, Alessandro Allegra, Lia Ginaldi, Giovanni Pioggia, Massimo De Martinis, Caterina Musolino, Sebastiano Gangemi. Reviewing the Significance of Vitamin D Substitution in Monoclonal Gammopathies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22 (9):4922.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vanessa Innao; Alessandro Allegra; Lia Ginaldi; Giovanni Pioggia; Massimo De Martinis; Caterina Musolino; Sebastiano Gangemi. 2021. "Reviewing the Significance of Vitamin D Substitution in Monoclonal Gammopathies." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 9: 4922.

Case report
Published: 23 February 2021 in Journal of Personalized Medicine
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We report the case of a 49-year-old woman diagnosed with a rare histotype of early breast cancer (BC), invasive ductal carcinoma with osteoclast-like giant cells (OGCs), from the perspective of gene profile analysis tests. The patient underwent a quadrantectomy of the right breast with removal of 2 cm neoplastic nodule and three ipsilateral sentinel lymph nodes. The Oncotype Dx gave a recurrence score (RS) of 23, and taking into account the patient’s age, an RS of 23 corresponds to a chemotherapy benefit of 6.5%. After a multidisciplinary collegial discussion, and in consideration of the patient’s age, the absence of comorbidity, the premenopausal state, the rare histotype and the Oncotype Dx report, the patient was offered adjuvant chemotherapy treatment followed by hormone therapy. This case may be an example of the utility of integrating gene expression profiling tests into clinical practice in the adjuvant treatment decision of a rare histotype BC. The Oncotype Dx test required to supplement the histological examination made us opt for the proposal of a combined treatment of adjuvant chemotherapy followed by adjuvant hormone therapy. It demonstrates the importance of considering molecular tests and, in particular, the Oncotype Dx, in estimating the risk of disease recovery at 10 years in order to identify patients who benefit from hormone therapy alone versus those who benefit from the addition of chemotherapy, all with a view toward patient-centered oncology. Here, we discuss the possible validity and limitations of the Oncotype Dx in a rare luminal A-like histotype with high infiltrate of stromal/inflammatory cells.

ACS Style

Azzurra Irelli; Maria Sirufo; Gina Quaglione; Francesca De Pietro; Enrica Bassino; Carlo D’Ugo; Lia Ginaldi; Massimo De Martinis. Invasive Ductal Breast Cancer with Osteoclast-Like Giant Cells: A Case Report Based on the Gene Expression Profile for Changes in Management. Journal of Personalized Medicine 2021, 11, 156 .

AMA Style

Azzurra Irelli, Maria Sirufo, Gina Quaglione, Francesca De Pietro, Enrica Bassino, Carlo D’Ugo, Lia Ginaldi, Massimo De Martinis. Invasive Ductal Breast Cancer with Osteoclast-Like Giant Cells: A Case Report Based on the Gene Expression Profile for Changes in Management. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2021; 11 (2):156.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Azzurra Irelli; Maria Sirufo; Gina Quaglione; Francesca De Pietro; Enrica Bassino; Carlo D’Ugo; Lia Ginaldi; Massimo De Martinis. 2021. "Invasive Ductal Breast Cancer with Osteoclast-Like Giant Cells: A Case Report Based on the Gene Expression Profile for Changes in Management." Journal of Personalized Medicine 11, no. 2: 156.

Letter to the editor
Published: 01 January 2021 in The World Journal of Men's Health
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ACS Style

Maria Maddalena Sirufo; Lia Ginaldi; Massimo De Martinis. Bone Health Risks Associated with Finasteride and Dutasteride Long-Term Use. The World Journal of Men's Health 2021, 39, 389 -390.

AMA Style

Maria Maddalena Sirufo, Lia Ginaldi, Massimo De Martinis. Bone Health Risks Associated with Finasteride and Dutasteride Long-Term Use. The World Journal of Men's Health. 2021; 39 (2):389-390.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Maddalena Sirufo; Lia Ginaldi; Massimo De Martinis. 2021. "Bone Health Risks Associated with Finasteride and Dutasteride Long-Term Use." The World Journal of Men's Health 39, no. 2: 389-390.

Review
Published: 24 November 2020 in International Journal of Molecular Sciences
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Hundreds of trillions of bacteria are present in the human body in a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship with the host. A stable dynamic equilibrium exists in healthy individuals between the microbiota, host organism, and environment. Imbalances of the intestinal microbiota contribute to the determinism of various diseases. Recent research suggests that the microbiota is also involved in the regulation of the bone metabolism, and its alteration may induce osteoporosis. Due to modern molecular biotechnology, various mechanisms regulating the relationship between bone and microbiota are emerging. Understanding the role of microbiota imbalances in the development of osteoporosis is essential for the development of potential osteoporosis prevention and treatment strategies through microbiota targeting. A relevant complementary mechanism could be also constituted by the permanent relationships occurring between microbiota and microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are a set of small non-coding RNAs able to regulate gene expression. In this review, we recapitulate the physiological and pathological meanings of the microbiota on osteoporosis onset by governing miRNA production. An improved comprehension of the relations between microbiota and miRNAs could furnish novel markers for the identification and monitoring of osteoporosis, and this appears to be an encouraging method for antagomir-guided tactics as therapeutic agents.

ACS Style

Massimo De Martinis; Lia Ginaldi; Alessandro Allegra; Maria Maddalena Sirufo; Giovanni Pioggia; Alessandro Tonacci; Sebastiano Gangemi. The Osteoporosis/Microbiota Linkage: The Role of miRNA. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2020, 21, 8887 .

AMA Style

Massimo De Martinis, Lia Ginaldi, Alessandro Allegra, Maria Maddalena Sirufo, Giovanni Pioggia, Alessandro Tonacci, Sebastiano Gangemi. The Osteoporosis/Microbiota Linkage: The Role of miRNA. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21 (23):8887.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Massimo De Martinis; Lia Ginaldi; Alessandro Allegra; Maria Maddalena Sirufo; Giovanni Pioggia; Alessandro Tonacci; Sebastiano Gangemi. 2020. "The Osteoporosis/Microbiota Linkage: The Role of miRNA." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 23: 8887.

Journal article
Published: 06 November 2020 in Current Medicinal Chemistry
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Osteoporosis is a skeletal pathology characterized by compromised bone strength leading to increased risk of fracture, mainly the spine and hip fractures. Osteoporosis affects more than 200 million people worldwide and because of the skeletal fractures it causes, represents a major cause of morbidity, disability and mortality in older people. Recently, the new discoveries of osteoimmunology have clarified many of the pathogenetic mechanisms of osteoporosis, helping to identify new immunological targets for its treatment opening the way for new and effective therapies with biological drugs. Currently, there are basically two monoclonal antibodies for osteoporosis therapy: denosumab and romosozumab. Here, we focus on the modern approach to the osteoporosis management and in particular, on current and developing biologic drugs targeted to new immunological checkpoints, in the landscape of osteoimmunology.

ACS Style

Massimo De Martinis; Maria Maddalena Sirufo; Lia Ginaldi. Osteoporosis: Current and Emerging Therapies Targeted to Immunological Checkpoints. Current Medicinal Chemistry 2020, 27, 6356 -6372.

AMA Style

Massimo De Martinis, Maria Maddalena Sirufo, Lia Ginaldi. Osteoporosis: Current and Emerging Therapies Targeted to Immunological Checkpoints. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2020; 27 (37):6356-6372.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Massimo De Martinis; Maria Maddalena Sirufo; Lia Ginaldi. 2020. "Osteoporosis: Current and Emerging Therapies Targeted to Immunological Checkpoints." Current Medicinal Chemistry 27, no. 37: 6356-6372.

Review
Published: 21 July 2020 in Biomedicines
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The global burden of cancer is growing and a wide disparity in the incidence, malignancy and mortality of different types of cancer between each sex has been demonstrated. The sex specificity of cancer appears to be a relevant issue in the management of the disease, and studies investigating the role of sex and gender are becoming extremely urgent. Sex hormones are presumably the leading actors of sex differences in cancer, especially estrogens. They modulate gene expression, alter molecules and generate disparities in effectiveness and side effects of anticancer therapies. Recently immunotherapy aims to improve anticancer treatment strategies reducing off-target effects of chemotherapy and direct cancer cells killing. It is recognized as a fruitful strategy to treat and possible to cure cancer. Immunotherapeutic agents are used to activate or boost the activation of the immune system to fight cancer cells through physiological mechanisms often evaded in the offensive march of the disease. These therapeutic strategies have allowed new successes, but also have serious adverse effects including non-specific inflammation and autoimmunity. Sex and gender issues are of primary importance in this field, due to their recognized role in inflammation, immunity and cancer, and the clarification and understanding of these aspects is a necessary step to increase the responses and to diminish the adverse effects of immunotherapy. This review describes the available knowledge on the role of sex and gender in cancer immunotherapy, and will offer insights to stimulate the attention and practice of clinicians and researchers in a gender perspective of new cancer treatment strategies.

ACS Style

Azzurra Irelli; Maria Maddalena Sirufo; Carlo D’Ugo; Lia Ginaldi; Massimo De Martinis. Sex and Gender Influences on Cancer Immunotherapy Response. Biomedicines 2020, 8, 232 .

AMA Style

Azzurra Irelli, Maria Maddalena Sirufo, Carlo D’Ugo, Lia Ginaldi, Massimo De Martinis. Sex and Gender Influences on Cancer Immunotherapy Response. Biomedicines. 2020; 8 (7):232.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Azzurra Irelli; Maria Maddalena Sirufo; Carlo D’Ugo; Lia Ginaldi; Massimo De Martinis. 2020. "Sex and Gender Influences on Cancer Immunotherapy Response." Biomedicines 8, no. 7: 232.

Review
Published: 03 July 2020 in International Journal of Molecular Sciences
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Osteoporosis (OP) is defined as a generalized skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and an alteration of the microarchitecture that lead to an increase in bone fragility and, therefore, an increased risk of fractures. It must be considered today as a true public health problem and the most widespread metabolic bone disease that affects more than 200 million people worldwide. Under physiological conditions, there is a balance between bone formation and bone resorption necessary for skeletal homeostasis. In pathological situations, this balance is altered in favor of osteoclast (OC)-mediated bone resorption. During chronic inflammation, the balance between bone formation and bone resorption may be considerably affected, contributing to a net prevalence of osteoclastogenesis. Skin diseases are the fourth cause of human disease in the world, affecting approximately one third of the world’s population with a prevalence in elderly men. Inflammation and the various associated cytokine patterns are the basis of both osteoporosis and most skin pathologies. Moreover, dermatological patients also undergo local or systemic treatments with glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants that could increase the risk of osteoporosis. Therefore, particular attention should be paid to bone health in these patients. The purpose of the present review is to take stock of the knowledge in this still quite unexplored field, despite the frequency of such conditions in clinical practice.

ACS Style

Maria Maddalena Sirufo; Francesca De Pietro; Enrica Maria Bassino; Lia Ginaldi; Massimo De Martinis. Osteoporosis in Skin Diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2020, 21, 4749 .

AMA Style

Maria Maddalena Sirufo, Francesca De Pietro, Enrica Maria Bassino, Lia Ginaldi, Massimo De Martinis. Osteoporosis in Skin Diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21 (13):4749.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Maddalena Sirufo; Francesca De Pietro; Enrica Maria Bassino; Lia Ginaldi; Massimo De Martinis. 2020. "Osteoporosis in Skin Diseases." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 13: 4749.

Journal article
Published: 15 June 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Osteoporosis is an age-related bone disease, affecting mainly postmenopausal women, characterized by decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and consequent risk of fractures. Homocysteine (Hcy), a sulfur-aminoacid whose serum level is regulated by methylenetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) activity and vitamin B12 and folate as cofactors, is a risk factor for inflammatory diseases. Literature data concerning the link between Hcy and osteoporosis are still debated. The aim of our study was to assess the relationship among Hcy and BMD, inflammation, vitamin status and bone turnover in postmenopausal osteoporosis. In 252 postmenopausal women, BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). In addition to serum Hcy, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP) and bone turnover markers (bone alkaline phosphatase-BAP, osteocalcin-OC, C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX), vitamin deficiencies and MTHFR-C677T polymorphism were evaluated. Hcy, inflammation, bone resorption markers and prevalence of C677T polymorphism were higher, whereas vitamin D, B12, folate, and bone formation markers were lower in women with decreased BMD compared to those with normal BMD. Our results suggest a significant association between Hcy, BMD and inflammation in postmenopausal osteoporosis. The regulation of Hcy overproduction and the modulation of the inflammatory substrate could represent additional therapeutic approaches for osteoporosis prevention.

ACS Style

Massimo De Martinis; Maria Maddalena Sirufo; Cristina Nocelli; Lara Fontanella; Lia Ginaldi. Hyperhomocysteinemia Is Associated with Inflammation, Bone Resorption, Vitamin B12 and Folate Deficiency and MTHFR C677T Polymorphism in Postmenopausal Women with Decreased Bone Mineral Density. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 4260 .

AMA Style

Massimo De Martinis, Maria Maddalena Sirufo, Cristina Nocelli, Lara Fontanella, Lia Ginaldi. Hyperhomocysteinemia Is Associated with Inflammation, Bone Resorption, Vitamin B12 and Folate Deficiency and MTHFR C677T Polymorphism in Postmenopausal Women with Decreased Bone Mineral Density. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (12):4260.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Massimo De Martinis; Maria Maddalena Sirufo; Cristina Nocelli; Lara Fontanella; Lia Ginaldi. 2020. "Hyperhomocysteinemia Is Associated with Inflammation, Bone Resorption, Vitamin B12 and Folate Deficiency and MTHFR C677T Polymorphism in Postmenopausal Women with Decreased Bone Mineral Density." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12: 4260.

Case report
Published: 12 June 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Archers are known to be exposed to the risk of developing various injuries, including less described microvascular damages, which can however heavily affect the performance of athletes. Nailfold videocapillaroscopy is a safe, proven and non-invasive method that allows us to examine the nail capillaries and diagnose vascular anomalies in athletes suffering from the consequences of microtrauma caused by repeated use of fingertips. The detection of defined capillaroscopic pictures is the basis for the follow-up and suggests carrying out further clinical investigations to exclude underlying pathologies. In women this aspect is even more important since they are more frequently affected by autoimmune diseases such as scleroderma which can cause microcirculation alterations. We report the case of a 16-year-old woman who has been practicing archery for five years. She had been complaining for two years about painful fingertips, worsening in the last year. Through videocapillaroscopy, carried out by using a ×200 optical probe-equipped videocapillaroscope connected to image analyzer software (VideoCap software 3.0; DS Medica, Milan, Italy), we detected changes in the microvasculature compatible with a non-specific pattern. The findings of these anomalies suggest a diagnostic analysis aimed at excluding the presence of systemic diseases such as scleroderma. Once these conditions are excluded, and assuming that the documented alterations are due to the particular muscular effort and vibrations to which the fingers are subjected in shooting, we suggest follow-up to keep under control possible further developments and clinical changes. As far as we know, this is the first report that documents and describes the condition of microvascular changes in an archer. Archers, similar to other athletes who mainly use fingertips such as volleyball players, are more exposed to the development of digital traumas that can induce alterations in the microcirculation. We suggest that a periodic capillaroscopy should be included in the health surveillance program of these athletes, in fact this simple, reliable, non-invasive and inexpensive diagnostic tool is able to recognize early signs of microvascular damage and then suggest indications for further investigations and or follow-up.

ACS Style

Maria Maddalena Sirufo; Enrica Maria Bassino; Francesca De Pietro; Lia Ginaldi; Massimo De Martinis. Microvascular Damage in a Young Female Archer Assessed by Nailfold Videocapillaroscopy: A Case Report. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 1 .

AMA Style

Maria Maddalena Sirufo, Enrica Maria Bassino, Francesca De Pietro, Lia Ginaldi, Massimo De Martinis. Microvascular Damage in a Young Female Archer Assessed by Nailfold Videocapillaroscopy: A Case Report. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (12):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Maddalena Sirufo; Enrica Maria Bassino; Francesca De Pietro; Lia Ginaldi; Massimo De Martinis. 2020. "Microvascular Damage in a Young Female Archer Assessed by Nailfold Videocapillaroscopy: A Case Report." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12: 1.

Review
Published: 13 May 2020 in Journal of Clinical Medicine
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Neuroendocrine breast cancer (NEBC) is a rare histotype of breast carcinoma that presents, in most cases, positive hormone receptors and negative HER2. Indeed, the analysis of gene expression profiles revealed that NEBC belongs mainly to the luminal subtype. Cases of HER2-positive and triple-negative NEBC are rare. The cardinal treatment of early NEBC is surgery, similar to the treatment of invasive non-special histological type carcinoma. The use of radiotherapy follows the criteria applied in infiltrating breast cancer of non-special histotype. In the post-operative phase, therefore after the surgical treatment of mammary quadrantectomy, or mastectomy associated with homolateral sentinel lymph node removal ± axillary dissection, based on the histopathological characteristics of the tumor, the use of chemotherapy (anthracycline + taxane) and/or hormone therapy, whether or not associated with anti-HER2 therapy (trastuzumab) is the rule. Literature data report the use of cisplatin and etoposide, as in small cell lung cancers. Most of the information currently available derive from single case reports or a series of clinical cases; it follows the difficulty of formulating definite recommendations on the correct management of this histological type of breast cancer. This review describes available knowledge on this rare entity to improve the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies and offer insights to stimulate exploration of the many aspects still unknown.

ACS Style

Azzurra Irelli; Maria Maddalena Sirufo; Luca Morelli; Carlo D’Ugo; Lia Ginaldi; Massimo De Martinis. Neuroendocrine Cancer of the Breast: A Rare Entity. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2020, 9, 1452 .

AMA Style

Azzurra Irelli, Maria Maddalena Sirufo, Luca Morelli, Carlo D’Ugo, Lia Ginaldi, Massimo De Martinis. Neuroendocrine Cancer of the Breast: A Rare Entity. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9 (5):1452.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Azzurra Irelli; Maria Maddalena Sirufo; Luca Morelli; Carlo D’Ugo; Lia Ginaldi; Massimo De Martinis. 2020. "Neuroendocrine Cancer of the Breast: A Rare Entity." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 5: 1452.

Review
Published: 19 March 2020 in Medicina
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Alarmins are endogenous mediators released by cells following insults or cell death to alert the host’s innate immune system of a situation of danger or harm. Many of these, such as high-mobility group box-1 and 2 (HMGB1, HMGB2) and S100 (calgranulin proteins), act through RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products), whereas the IL-1 and IL-33 cytokines bind the IL-1 receptors type I and II, and the cellular receptor ST2, respectively. The alarmin family and their signal pathways share many similarities of cellular and tissue localization, functions, and involvement in various physiological processes and inflammatory diseases including osteoporosis. The aim of the review was to evaluate the role of alarmins in osteoporosis. A bibliographic search of the published scientific literature regarding the role of alarmins in osteoporosis was organized independently by two researchers in the following scientific databases: Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The keywords used were combined as follows: “alarmins and osteoporosis”, “RAGE and osteoporosis”, “HMGB1 and osteoporosis”, “IL-1 and osteoporosis”, “IL 33 and osteopororsis”, “S100s protein and osteoporosis”. The information was summarized and organized in the present review. We highlight the emerging roles of alarmins in various bone remodeling processes involved in the onset and development of osteoporosis, as well as their potential role as biomarkers of osteoporosis severity and progression. Findings of the research suggest a potential use of alarmins as pharmacological targets in future therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing bone loss and fragility fractures induced by aging and inflammatory diseases.

ACS Style

Massimo De Martinis; Lia Ginaldi; Maria Maddalena Sirufo; Giovanni Pioggia; Gioacchino Calapai; Sebastiano Gangemi; Carmen Mannucci. Alarmins in Osteoporosis, RAGE, IL-1, and IL-33 Pathways: A Literature Review. Medicina 2020, 56, 138 .

AMA Style

Massimo De Martinis, Lia Ginaldi, Maria Maddalena Sirufo, Giovanni Pioggia, Gioacchino Calapai, Sebastiano Gangemi, Carmen Mannucci. Alarmins in Osteoporosis, RAGE, IL-1, and IL-33 Pathways: A Literature Review. Medicina. 2020; 56 (3):138.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Massimo De Martinis; Lia Ginaldi; Maria Maddalena Sirufo; Giovanni Pioggia; Gioacchino Calapai; Sebastiano Gangemi; Carmen Mannucci. 2020. "Alarmins in Osteoporosis, RAGE, IL-1, and IL-33 Pathways: A Literature Review." Medicina 56, no. 3: 138.

Review
Published: 24 February 2020 in International Journal of Molecular Sciences
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Allergies are rapidly worsening in recent decades, representing the most common immunological diseases. The mechanism of disorders such as asthma, rhinocongiuntivitis, urticaria, atopic dermatitis, food and drug allergies, and anaphylaxis still remain unclear and consequently treatments is mostly still symptomatic and aspecific while developments of new therapies are limited. A growing amount of data in the literature shows us how the prevalence of allergic diseases is different in both sexes and its changes over the course of life. Genes, hormones, environmental and immunological factors affect sex disparities associated with the development and control of allergic diseases, while they more rarely are considered and reported regarding their differences related to social, psychological, cultural, economic, and employment aspects. This review describes the available knowledge on the role of sex and gender in allergies in an attempt to improve the indispensable gender perspective whose potential is still underestimated while it represents a significant turning point in research and the clinic. It will offer insights to stimulate exploration of the many aspects still unknown in this relationship that could ameliorate the preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies in allergic diseases.

ACS Style

Massimo De Martinis; Maria Maddalena Sirufo; Mariano Suppa; Daniela Di Silvestre; Lia Ginaldi. Sex and Gender Aspects for Patient Stratification in Allergy Prevention and Treatment. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2020, 21, 1535 .

AMA Style

Massimo De Martinis, Maria Maddalena Sirufo, Mariano Suppa, Daniela Di Silvestre, Lia Ginaldi. Sex and Gender Aspects for Patient Stratification in Allergy Prevention and Treatment. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21 (4):1535.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Massimo De Martinis; Maria Maddalena Sirufo; Mariano Suppa; Daniela Di Silvestre; Lia Ginaldi. 2020. "Sex and Gender Aspects for Patient Stratification in Allergy Prevention and Treatment." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 4: 1535.

Review
Published: 21 February 2020 in International Journal of Molecular Sciences
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The improvement of the knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the tolerance and sensitization to food antigens has recently led to a radical change in the clinical approach to food allergies. Epidemiological studies show a global increase in the prevalence of food allergy all over the world and manifestations of food allergy appear increasingly frequent also in elderly subjects. Environmental and nutritional changes have partly changed the epidemiology of allergic reactions to foods and new food allergic syndromes have emerged in recent years. The deepening of the study of the intestinal microbiota has highlighted important mechanisms of immunological adaptation of the mucosal immune system to food antigens, leading to a revolution in the concept of immunological tolerance. As a consequence, new prevention models and innovative therapeutic strategies aimed at a personalized approach to the patient affected by food allergy are emerging. This review focuses on these new perspectives and their practical implications in the management of food allergy, providing an updated view of this complex pathology.

ACS Style

Massimo De Martinis; Maria Maddalena Sirufo; Mariano Suppa; Lia Ginaldi. New Perspectives in Food Allergy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2020, 21, 1474 .

AMA Style

Massimo De Martinis, Maria Maddalena Sirufo, Mariano Suppa, Lia Ginaldi. New Perspectives in Food Allergy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21 (4):1474.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Massimo De Martinis; Maria Maddalena Sirufo; Mariano Suppa; Lia Ginaldi. 2020. "New Perspectives in Food Allergy." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 4: 1474.

Review
Published: 13 February 2020 in International Journal of Molecular Sciences
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The study of the immunoskeletal interface has led to the discovery of numerous cytokines involved in the regulation of bone remodeling, providing valuable information on the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. The role of inflammatory cytokines of the Th1 and Th17 profile in osteoporosis is well known. Here we focus on two newly discovered Th2 cytokines, IL-31 and IL-33, whose implications in osteoporosis are recently emerging. Clinical and experimental observations suggest an important role of the IL-33/IL-31 axis in osteoporosis. IL-33 induces IL-31 secretion by Th2 cells and inhibits RANKL-dependent osteoclastogenesis, thus counteracting bone loss. IL-31 influences Th1/Th17 osteoclastogenetic inflammation and limits Th2 osteoprotective processes, thus favoring osteoporosis. Better knowledge of the role of IL-31 and IL-33 and their receptor complexes in osteoporosis could provide an interesting perspective for the development of new and more effective therapies, possibly with less side effects.

ACS Style

Massimo De Martinis; Maria Maddalena Sirufo; Mariano Suppa; Lia Ginaldi. IL-33/IL-31 Axis in Osteoporosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2020, 21, 1239 .

AMA Style

Massimo De Martinis, Maria Maddalena Sirufo, Mariano Suppa, Lia Ginaldi. IL-33/IL-31 Axis in Osteoporosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21 (4):1239.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Massimo De Martinis; Maria Maddalena Sirufo; Mariano Suppa; Lia Ginaldi. 2020. "IL-33/IL-31 Axis in Osteoporosis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 4: 1239.

Review
Published: 21 January 2020 in International Journal of Molecular Sciences
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Osteoporosis and allergic diseases are important causes of morbidity, and traditionally their coexistence has been attributed to causality, to independent processes, and they were considered unrelated. However, the increasing knowledge in the field of osteoimmunology and an increasing number of epidemiological and biological studies have provided support to a correlation between bone and allergy that share pathways, cells, cytokines and mediators. If the link between allergic pathology and bone alterations appears more subtle, there are conditions such as mastocytosis and hypereosinophilic or hyper-IgE syndromes characterized by the proliferation of cells or hyper-production of molecules that play a key role in allergies, in which this link is at least clinically more evident, and the diseases are accompanied by frank skeletal involvement, offering multiple speculation cues. The pathophysiological connection of allergy and osteoporosis is currently an intriguing area of research. The aim of this review is to summarize and bring together the current knowledge and pursue an opportunity to stimulate further investigation.

ACS Style

Maria Maddalena Sirufo; Mariano Suppa; Lia Ginaldi; Massimo De Martinis. Does Allergy Break Bones? Osteoporosis and Its Connection to Allergy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2020, 21, 712 .

AMA Style

Maria Maddalena Sirufo, Mariano Suppa, Lia Ginaldi, Massimo De Martinis. Does Allergy Break Bones? Osteoporosis and Its Connection to Allergy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21 (3):712.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Maddalena Sirufo; Mariano Suppa; Lia Ginaldi; Massimo De Martinis. 2020. "Does Allergy Break Bones? Osteoporosis and Its Connection to Allergy." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 3: 712.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2020 in The World Journal of Men's Health
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Osteoporosis affects more than 200 million people worldwide: its prevalence increases with age and is actually growing due to the constant population aging. Women are at greater risk than men, but in recent years it has become increasingly evident that osteoporosis represents a significantly important problem also for men. However, osteoporosis in men is still poorly studied, underdiagnosed and inadequately treated. We conducted an observational study to identify any gender disparities in osteoporosis screening. For this purpose we observed people consecutively admitted at our Outpatient Service for the Diagnosis of Osteoporosis during the last 3 years. Patients underwent clinical and laboratory assessment and bone mineral density (BMD) measurements by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Bone turnover serum markers have been evaluated and stratified according to gender. Out of 3,752 patients, 2,376 subjects who met the inclusion criteria were identified. As expected, the great majority (94.5%) of the screened subjects were women and only 5.4% were men. Women exhibited lower BMD compared to men (T-score values: -2.33±1.14 vs. -1.31±1.55; p<0.001), whereas the prevalence of fractures in osteoporotic men was significantly higher (50% vs. 31%; p<0.001). Women had lower vitamin D and higher bone remodeling markers compared to men. Secondary osteoporosis was more frequent in men (66.67%) than in women (20.83%) and the calculated risk for hip fractures was higher in osteoporotic men compared to women (11.47±10.62 vs. 6.87±7.73; p<0.001). Here we highlighted that men are under-screened for osteoporosis and exhibit secondary osteoporosis more frequently than women.

ACS Style

Massimo De Martinis; Maria Maddalena Sirufo; Matteo Polsinelli; Giuseppe Placidi; Daniela Di Silvestre; Lia Ginaldi. Gender Differences in Osteoporosis: A Single-Center Observational Study. The World Journal of Men's Health 2020, 38, 1 .

AMA Style

Massimo De Martinis, Maria Maddalena Sirufo, Matteo Polsinelli, Giuseppe Placidi, Daniela Di Silvestre, Lia Ginaldi. Gender Differences in Osteoporosis: A Single-Center Observational Study. The World Journal of Men's Health. 2020; 38 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Massimo De Martinis; Maria Maddalena Sirufo; Matteo Polsinelli; Giuseppe Placidi; Daniela Di Silvestre; Lia Ginaldi. 2020. "Gender Differences in Osteoporosis: A Single-Center Observational Study." The World Journal of Men's Health 38, no. : 1.

Review
Published: 21 November 2019 in International Journal of Molecular Sciences
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Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays a crucial role in the control of cellular growth, proliferation, survival, metabolism, angiogenesis, transcription, and translation. In most human cancers, alterations to this pathway are common and cause activation of other downstream signaling pathways linked with oncogenesis. The mTOR pathway modulates the interactions between the stroma and the tumor, thereby affecting both tumor immunity and angiogenesis. Inflammation is a hallmark of cancer, playing a central role in the tumor dynamics, and immune cells can exert antitumor functions or promote the growth of cancer cells. In this context, mTOR may regulate the activity of macrophages and T cells by regulating the expression of cytokines/chemokines, such as interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF-β), and/or membrane receptors, such as cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte protein 4 (CTLA-4) and Programmed Death 1 (PD-1). Furthermore, inhibitors of mammalian target of rapamycin are demonstrated to actively modulate osteoclastogenesis, exert antiapoptotic and pro-differentiative activities in osteoclasts, and reduce the number of lytic bone metastases, increasing bone mass in tumor-bearing mice. With regard to the many actions in which mTOR is involved, the aim of this review is to describe its role in the immune system and bone metabolism in an attempt to identify the best strategy for therapeutic opportunities in the metastatic phase of solid tumors.

ACS Style

Azzurra Irelli; Maria Maddalena Sirufo; Teresa Scipioni; Francesca De Pietro; Amedeo Pancotti; Lia Ginaldi; Massimo De Martinis. mTOR Links Tumor Immunity and Bone Metabolism: What are the Clinical Implications? International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2019, 20, 5841 .

AMA Style

Azzurra Irelli, Maria Maddalena Sirufo, Teresa Scipioni, Francesca De Pietro, Amedeo Pancotti, Lia Ginaldi, Massimo De Martinis. mTOR Links Tumor Immunity and Bone Metabolism: What are the Clinical Implications? International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20 (23):5841.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Azzurra Irelli; Maria Maddalena Sirufo; Teresa Scipioni; Francesca De Pietro; Amedeo Pancotti; Lia Ginaldi; Massimo De Martinis. 2019. "mTOR Links Tumor Immunity and Bone Metabolism: What are the Clinical Implications?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 23: 5841.

Reference work
Published: 20 November 2019 in Handbook of Immunosenescence
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Osteoporosis is substantially an age-related condition characterized by low bone mass and increased bone fragility, putting the patients at risk of fractures, which are major causes of morbidity and mortality in older people. Although aging and estrogen deficiency are probably the two most important risk factors, osteoporosis can occur in any age of life. There are a large number of risk factors for the development of senile osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is currently attributed to various endocrine, metabolic, and mechanical factors. However, recent discoveries suggest that these risk factors could exert their effects through immunologically mediated modulation of bone remodeling. Emerging clinical and molecular evidences suggest that inflammation exerts significant influence on bone turnover, inducing osteoporosis. Currently, growing understanding of bone physiology suggests that factors involved in inflammation are linked with those critical for bone remodeling process. Numerous proinflammatory cytokines have been implicated in the regulation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and a shift towards an activated immune profile has been hypothesized as important risk factor. Chronic inflammation and the immune system remodeling characteristic of aging may be determinant pathogenetic factors. Inflamm-aging itself plays a role in bone remodeling through proinflammatory cytokines, together with other more recently discovered immunological mediators and transcription factors. Senile osteoporosis is an example of the central role of immune-mediated inflammation in determining bone resorption.

ACS Style

Lia Ginaldi; Lucia Paola Mengoli; Maria Maddalena Sirufo; Massimo De Martinis. Osteoporosis, Inflammation, and Aging. Handbook of Immunosenescence 2019, 1 -31.

AMA Style

Lia Ginaldi, Lucia Paola Mengoli, Maria Maddalena Sirufo, Massimo De Martinis. Osteoporosis, Inflammation, and Aging. Handbook of Immunosenescence. 2019; ():1-31.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lia Ginaldi; Lucia Paola Mengoli; Maria Maddalena Sirufo; Massimo De Martinis. 2019. "Osteoporosis, Inflammation, and Aging." Handbook of Immunosenescence , no. : 1-31.