The literature on the effect of organic labels on consumers’ perception of food products has grown significantly over the last two decades. Since the number of empirical studies has also increased greatly, a literature review revealing the operational definitions of the organic label effect (OLE), which have evolved among researchers, has become necessary. Accordingly, in the current article, 82 studies are reviewed. It was found that studies cluster around two interpretations: they define the OLE either as a change in the evaluation of a given product or as a change in the evaluation of the difference between an organic and a conventional product resulted from organic labeling. We term the first approach the absolute OLE and the latter the relative OLE. Our analysis shows that, when applied separately, these two interpretations might lead to significantly different measurement results, but they can be merged into one concept. We argue that organic labeling affects not only the evaluation of products receiving the organic label but the evaluation of competing products without such a label as well. We reveal that the relative OLE is equivalent to the difference between the absolute effects of organic labeling on the labeled and on the unlabeled products.

This study analyses the self-assessment behaviour and efficiency of 163 undergraduate business students from Hungary. Using various statistical methods, the results support the hypothesis that high-achieving students are more accurate in their pre- and post-examination self-assessments, and also less likely to overestimate their performance, and, if they do so, the mean overestimation is lower than in the case of lower achieving students. The study did not find a strong difference in the tendency to self-overestimation between sexes, but in their pre-examination prediction, women seem to overestimate significantly more than men. An overall tendency among the students to overrate their own examination performance is also detected, as is a tendency to increase the accuracy of self-assessment after sitting the examination.

To preserve economic and social sustainability, countries impacted by international migration must prepare for the challenges that influx will bring to their societies, whether it be to their labor markets or their local, regional and national cultures. In essence, all areas of public life may be affected. Therefore, the exploration and recognition of the factors influencing integration, as well as the correlations behind attitudes of acceptance or rejection of the integration of immigrants, are essential. The present study contributes to the results in this field by revealing the beliefs behind the differences between groups accepting and rejecting immigrants, using a questionnaire database. Our survey sample consists of 444 Hungarian university students and 170 employees. The primary method of data analysis is binary logistic regression, completed by bivariate analyses. Our findings confirm that a positive, accepting attitude towards immigrants is more probable if an image is formed of them as being hardworking and that the work they do contributes to the economic development of the host country. Moreover, the integration of such individuals should not be seen as resulting in any unfavorable change in criminal statistics, working conditions, unemployment or discrimination. Additionally, the acceptance of immigrants as colleagues might be facilitated—in addition to their higher qualifications—by domestic (i.e., Hungarian) employees being better informed about immigration, and if immigrants occupy positions in which domestic employees are not willing to work.

A TANULMÁNY CÉLJA A tanulmány célja Dunning–Kruger-hatás elemzése az üzleti felsőoktatási szakképzésben, illetve annak vizsgálata, hogy az önértékelés pontossága fejleszthető-e a felkészültség emelésével. ALKALMAZOTT MÓDSZERTAN Feleltválasztásos vizsgatesztek eredményeit (N = 359) vetettük össze a hallgatók saját vizsga előtti és utáni becsléseivel, lineáris regressziós modellekben, kontroll változók szerepeltetése mellett. LEGFONTOSABB EREDMÉNYEK A gyengébb teljesítményű hallgatók hajlamosabbak saját teljesítményüket felül- és egyben pontatlanabbul értékelni. A felkészültebb hallgatók hajlamosabbak korrigálni önértékelésüket a megszerzett tapasztalatok alapján. Ezt mind a vizsgák alatt, mind két vizsga között alátámasztottuk. Mindezekben nem találtunk különbséget a nemek között. GYAKORLATI JAVASLATOK Eredményeink alapján mind a tesztírás maga, mind az alaposabb felkészülés csökkentette az önértékelési hibákat, ezért javasolható a tesztelés gyakoriságának növelése (évközi és/vagy próbatesztekkel). Köszönetnyilvánítás: A tanulmány az EFOP3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-00007-"Tehetségből fiatal kutató" – A kutatói életpályát támogató tevékenységek a felsőoktatásban projekt támogatásával készült.

The purpose of the present paper is to examine the relationship between the ethical attitudes of university students and their Dark Triad personality traits. Research has suggested that the juvenile attitudes of people predict their later behaviour. Therefore, it is worth exploring this area for future aspects. Both topics are at the center of research, both individually and in terms of the correlations between them. In the present paper, we examined the relationship between ethical attitudes and the Dark Triad personality traits through questionnaires used in international research with background variables. We found that the most unethical behaviour is ‘Divulging confidential information,’ ‘Passing blame for your errors to an innocent co-worker,’ and ‘Claiming credit for someone else's work.’ The least unethical behaviour is ‘Eating snacks while at your workstation’. Factor analysis and linear regression analysis were used. Despite our expectations, the revealed relationships between ethical attitudes and Dark Triad personality traits were not clearly positive. According to the regression model, the dark triad personality score is lower if the respondent is female, studies at the commerce-marketing major, and has higher values at the following factors: ‘physiological unethicalness’, ‘overcharge’, and ‘other ethical attitudes’ factors.

The current study uses an adapted version of Cameron and Quinn’s OCAI questionnaire to test the organisational culture of the Faculty of Science and Technology at the University of Debrecen, Hungary, as it is perceived by its students, and also to discover what type of organisational culture the same students think would be ideal for them. An additional objective of this paper is to identify possible gaps between the perceived and the ideal cultures expressed by the students. Our sample includes 128 questionnaires completed by bachelor students from 6 different majors at the faculty. According to our results, the respondents perceive to a significant degree that the faculty’s organisational culture is at an average level of clan, market and hierarchy cultures, while it also exhibits a relatively low level of the adhocracy culture. Their ideal faculty culture would be one with average adhocracy, average hierarchy, high clan and low market features. Significant gaps are identified between the perceived and ideal cultures in all the four types: students would prefer an increase in clan and adhocracy cultures, and a decrease in the other two cultures.