The need of non-toxic synthesis protocols for nanoparticles arises developing interest in biogenic approaches. The present project was focused on cost effective, environment congenial synthesis of Ag nanoparticles and their biological applications. Leaf and root extracts of Ricinus communis were used as a reducing and stabilizing agent in synthesis process. A Proposed mechanism in published literature suggested that Indole-3-acetic acid, l-valine, triethyl citrate, and quercetin-3-0-p-d-glucopyranoside phytoconstituents of Ricinus communis act as reducing and capping agents. The synthesized Ag NPs were characterized with a help X-ray diffractometer, Transmission electron microscopy, UV-Vis spectrophotometry and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The XRD results inveterate the synthesis of pure nano size crystalline silver particles. The FTIR data revealed the possible functional groups of biomolecules involved in bio reduction and capping for efficient stabilization of silver nanoparticles. TEM analysis confirmed the almost spherical morphology of synthesized particles with mean size 29 and 38 nm for R-Ag-NPs (root) and L-Ag-NPs (leaf), respectively. The stability of synthesized nanoparticles was examined against heat and pH. It was observed that synthesized nanoparticles were stable up to 100 °C temperature and also showed stability in neutral, basic and slightly acidic medium (pH 05–06) for several months while below pH 5 were unstable. The synthesized silver nanoparticles had promising inhibition efficiency in multiple applications, including as bactericidal/fungicidal agents and Urease/Xanthine oxidase enzymes inhibitors. The cytotoxicity of synthesized nanoparticles shows that the concentration under 20 μg/mL were biologically compatible.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the structural conformations of three clear aligner systems, Eon^®, SureSmile^®, and Clarity^®, and compare them with the most commonly used system, Invisalign^®. Clear aligner samples from Invisalign^®, Eon^®, SureSmile^®, and Clarity^® were cut into 5 × 5 mm squares and exposed to artificial saliva for 2 weeks. The specimens were then subjected to a Vickers hardness test by applying three separate indentations with a 25 gf load for 15 s. Hardness was calculated using the following formula: Vickers hardness number = 1.854 (F/D2). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was performed, with a diamond hemisphere and infrared beam being allowed to pass through each specimen. A mid-infrared range from 4000 to 375 cm⁻¹ was recorded. The samples were also evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis spectroscopy at different magnifications. No statistically significant differences were observed between the included systems with regard to hardness. All systems showed a polyurethane-based material, as illustrated by the FTIR analysis. Some structural variations were noted in the Invisalign^® system, which had a more homogeneous architecture. Statistically significant differences in the carbon weights were found among the systems. The four systems presented comparable hardness levels. Mild molecular composition differences were found, but all systems had the similarity of being composed of a polyurethane-based material. Carbon and oxygen were the main elements, as they were located in all studied clear aligners. The SEM analysis revealed that Invisalign^® had a smoother surface than the other three systems. All included clear aligners had similar characteristics with minimal differences, providing a wide variety of options for clinical orthodontic treatment according to patients’ demands.

Flibanserin (FLB) is a drug used for female hypotensive sexual desire disorder approved by the FDA in August 2015. FLB exhibits extensive hepatic first-pass metabolism and low aqueous solubility, hence poor oral bioavailability. In this study, beta hydroxypropyl cyclodextrin-FLB inclusion complexes were incorporated into orally fast dissolving films. This dosage form was expected to improve FLB aqueous solubility, which would give fast onset of action and decrease presystemic metabolism, hence improving oral bioavailability. The inclusion complex at a ratio of 1:1 was prepared by the kneading method. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and powder X-ray diffractometry (XRD) were used to confirm complex formation. The Box–Behnken design (15 different formulae of FLB fast-dissolving oral films (FLBFDOFs) were utilized for the optimization of the prepared films. The Expert Design 11 program was utilized to examine the effects of three selected factors, polymer concentration (X₁), plasticizer concentration (X₂), and disintegrant concentration (X₃) on four responses: disintegration time (DT), initial dissolution rate (IDR), dissolution efficiency (DE), and film quality (QF). Numerical optimization was performed by minimizing disintegration time (Y1), while maximizing the initial drug dissolution rate (Y₂), dissolution efficiency (Y₃), and the quality factor (Y₄). The statistical analysis showed that X₁ has a significant positive effect on the disintegration time and a significant negative effect on IDR. While X₂ and X₃ produced a nonsignificant negative effect on IDR. Dissolution efficiency was maximized at the middle concentration of both X₂ and X₃. The best film quality was observed at the middle concentration of both X₁ and X₂. In addition, increasing X₃ leads to an improvement in film quality. The optimized film cast from an aqueous solution contains hydroxypropyl cellulose (2%) as a hydrophilic film-forming agent and propylene glycol (0.8%) as a plasticizer and cross povidone (0.2%) as a disintegrant. The prepared film released 98% of FLB after 10 min and showed good physical and mechanical properties. The optimized formula showed a disintegration time of 30 s, IDR of 16.6% per minute, DE₁₅ of 77.7%, and QF of 90%. This dosage form is expected to partially avoid the pre-systemic metabolism with a fast onset of action, hence improving its bioavailability that favors an advantage over conventional dosage forms.

Inductively coupled plasma and microwave digestion are used in this article to analyze various food matrices. Different natural herbs are used in the recipes for the food items that the people of the Middle Eastern part of the world eat; they use these herbs as spices in different proportions. The study examines the potential effects on human health associated with consuming trace and toxic elements, such as Ni, Mn, Pb, Cd, Fe, Zn, Ca, Mg, K, and Na. The targeted spices include sumac, za’atar, black lemon, cumin seed, and kabsa powder; these were used in a variety of recipes for the food items the people of Saudi Arabia eat but not limited to fattier, kabsa, tabbouleh, humus, haysa Al tumreya, and other traditional foods. The herbs were collected from the Saudi Arabian market. For microwave digestion, Merck's ultra-pure nitric acid and 30% hydrogen peroxide were used. For elemental analysis, a highly sophisticated technique of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was applied. The average potassium values in black lemon (Loomi), kabsa powder, cumin seed, za’atar, and sumac were 1,283, 1,248, 1,739, 500, and 500 mg/100 g, respectively. These spices help fulfill the human body’s daily requirements of elemental content.

In some cases, titanium plates could be a reservoir for harboring bacteria resulting in challenging cases of infection. Current estimates indicate that 10–12% of plates require removal due to infection, exposure, pain, and discomfort. The present investigation was conducted to evaluate the potential sustained meropenem-coated plates amalgamated with “PLGA” polylactic co-glycolic acid and chitosan polymers with the concurrent sterilization effect of gamma irradiation. After coating the plates with either M “meropenem”, MP “meropenem-PLGA, or MC “meropenem-chitosan”, they were divided into two groups of sterile and non-sterile coated plates. The drug release was studied over three-time intervals of 1, 3, and 7 days using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography. Overall, the three materials had similar drug release on day one, both in sterile and non-sterile groups, while on days 3 and 7, a noticeable increase in the drug release was perceived in favor of MP. At the same time, no statistically significant difference was observed between sterile and non-sterile groups. A statistically significant increase in drug release was observed between and within the materials over time, with no overall difference between sterile and non-sterile groups.

In recent years, indole derivatives have acquired conspicuous significance due to their wide spectrum of biological activities—antibacterial, antiviral, and anticonvulsant. This compound is derived from naturally grown plants. Therefore, synthesis of a novel “3-(Naphthalen-1-ylimino)indolin-2-one” compound (2) and its analysis using UPLC systems along with antimicrobial assessment was the aim of the current study. Isatin was used as a parent drug for synthesizing compound (2). Liquid Chromatographic analysis was performed using a C18 BEH column (1.7 μm 2.1 × 50 mm) by UPLC systems. Degradation studies were carried out to see whether acid, base, thermal, and oxidizing agents had any impact on the synthesized molecule in stress conditions (100 °C). A lipid-based self-nanoemulsifying formulation was developed and selectivity, specificity, recovery, accuracy, and precision were measured as part of the UPLC system’s validation process. Antimicrobial studies were conducted using gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The standard samples were run with a concentration range of 5.0–100.0 μg/mL using the isocratic mobile phase comprising of methanol/water (70/30 %v/v) at 234 nm; good linearity (R² = 0.9998) was found. The lower limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) of the method were found to be 0.81 μg/mL and 2.5 μg/mL, respectively. The coefficients of variation were found to be less than 2%. The antimicrobial study suggests that compound (2) has a substantial growth effect against gram-negative bacteria. It was successfully synthesized and applied to measure the concentrations in lipid-based dosage form, along with potent antimicrobial activities.