Purpose. Patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) are generally confined to bed leading to limited mobility that may have detrimental effects on different body systems. Early mobilization prevents or reduces these effects and improves outcomes in patients following critical illness. The purpose of this review is to summarize different aspects of early mobilization in intensive care. Methods. Electronic databases of PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Scopus were searched using a combination of keywords. Full-text articles meeting the inclusion criteria were selected. Results. Fifty-six studies on various aspects such as the effectiveness of early mobilization in various intensive care units, newer techniques in early mobilization, outcome measures for physical function in the intensive care unit, safety, and practice and barriers to early mobilization were included. Conclusion: Early mobilization is found to have positive effects on various outcomes in patients with or without mechanical ventilation. The newer techniques can be used to facilitate early mobilization. Scoring systemsspecific to the ICUare available and should be used to quantify patients status at different intervals of time. Early mobilization is not commonly practiced in many countries. Various barriers to early mobilization have been identified, and different strategies can be used to overcome them.

Objective: Impaired glucose control & Insulin resistance are reported to be risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases. To find the effects of a structured exercise program on insulin resistance, glycaemic control, functional capacity, and quality of life in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Design: Randomized, controlled trial. Setting: Diabetic Foot Clinic, Department of Physiotherapy & Department of General Medicine, Kasturba Hospital in Manipal, Karnataka, India. Participants: 160 participants aged between 30–65 years with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Intervention: A set of structured exercise programs (aerobic, resistance, and combined) along with the standard hospital care was performed 3–5 times weekly for 12 weeks. Measurements: Primary outcome measures: Fasting Insulin Level, Homa-IR, Six-minute walk test (6MWT), and WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire at baseline and 12th week. Secondary outcome measures: Body composition analysis, Fasting Blood Sugar, Postprandial Blood Sugar, Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c), and GPAQ questionnaire at baseline and 12th week. Results: Significant differences have been observed in Homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (Homa-IR) (F (1, 144) = 89.29, p < 0.001); Fasting insulin (FI) (F (1, 144) = 129.10, p < 0.001); Fasting blood sugar (FBS) (F (1, 144) = 12.193, p< 0.001); Post prandial blood sugar (PPBS) (F (1, 144) = 53.015, p< 0.001); glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) (F (1, 144) = 80.050, p < 0.001); WHOQOL-Physical health (F (1, 144) = 20.008, p< 0.001), Psychological (F (1, 144) = 77.984, p< 0.001), Social relationship (F (1, 144) = 44.866, p< 0.001); Environmental (F (1, 144) = 69.974, p< 0.001); Six minute walk test (6MWT) (F (1, 144) = 84.135, p< 0.001) in the study group when compared with the control group from baseline to 12th week. Conclusions: The study reveals that a 12-week structured exercise training program effectively reduces insulin resistance, improves quality of life, enhances functional capacity, and improves glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Background: Prediabetes is a strong risk factor for the development of Type2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Modification in lifestyle plays an important role to avoid the prognosis of T2DM and its complications in future. The aim of our study was to focus on the effectiveness of physical activity (PA) intervention program on different outcome measures in individuals with prediabetes. The effort of the present review was to contribute to the existing literature by strengthening the evidence pointing toward the positive impact of physical activity in individuals with prediabetes.Methods: Studies have been identified through database like PubMed, Scopus, and ProQuest. Randomized and nonrandomized controlled trials have been included. Nineteen articles have been selected for the qualitative analysis and 08 for meta-analysis.Results: PA intervention showed a favorable effect on improving oral glucose tolerance (Risk ratio [RR] –0.26, 95% CI –0.06 to 0.07) and fasting blood sugar (RR –0.05, 95% CI –0.14 to 0.04). It also showed the favorable effect on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), and body composition.Conclusion: Present review suggests that the PA promotion and participation can help to slow down the progression of disease in individuals with prediabetes and thus reduces the morbidity and mortality associated with T2DM.

Diabetes mellitus patients are at increased risk of developing diabetic foot with peripheral neuropathy, vascular and musculoskeletal complications. Therefore they are prone to develop frequent and often foot problems with a relative high risk of infection, gangrene and amputation. In addition, altered plantar pressure distribution is an important etiopathogenic risk factor for the development of foot ulcers. Thus the review on study of foot kinematic and kinetic in type 2 diabetes mellitus to understand the biomechanical changes is important. Scientific articles were obtained using electronic databases including Science Direct, CINAHL, Springer Link, Medline, Web of Science, and Pubmed. The selection was completed after reading the full texts. Studies using experimental design with focus on biomechanics of diabetic foot were selected. The meta-analysis report on gait velocity (neuropathy = 128 and non-diabetes = 131) showed that there was a significantly lower gait velocity in neuropathy participants compared to non-diabetes age matched participants at a high effect level (−0.09, 95 % CI −0.13 to 0.05; p < 0.0001). Regarding knee joint flexion range there was a significant difference between neuropathy and non-diabetes group (4.75, 95 % CI, −7.53 to 1.97, p = 0.0008). The systematic review with meta-analysis reported significant difference in kinematic and kinetic variables among diabetic with neuropathy, diabetic without neuropathy and non-diabetes individuals. The review also found that the sample size in some studies were not statistically significant to perform the meta-analysis and report a strong conclusion. Therefore a study with higher sample size should be done.

Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research aims to publish findings of doctors at grass root level and post graduate students, so that all unique medical experiences are recorded in literature.