This page has only limited features, please log in for full access.
Nature-based solutions (NBS) offer multiple solutions to urban challenges simultaneously, but realising funding for NBS remains a challenge. When the concept of NBS for societal challenges was first defined by the EC in 2017, financing was recognised as one of the major challenges to its mainstreaming. The complexity of NBS finance has its origin in the multiple benefits/stakeholders involved, which obscures the argument for both public and private sector investment. Since 2017, subsequent waves of EU research- and innovation-funded projects have substantially contributed to the knowledge base of funding and business models for NBS, particularly in the urban context. Collaborating and sharing knowledge through an EU Task Force, this first set of EU projects laid important knowledge foundations, reviewing existing literature, and compiling empirical evidence of different financing approaches and the business models that underpinned them. The second set of EU innovation actions advanced this knowledge base, developing and testing new implementation models, business model tools, and approaches. This paper presents the findings of these projects from a business model perspective to improve our understanding of the value propositions of NBS to support their mainstreaming.
Beatriz Mayor; Helen Toxopeus; Siobhan McQuaid; Edoardo Croci; Benedetta Lucchitta; Suhana Reddy; Aitziber Egusquiza; Monica Altamirano; Tamara Trumbic; Andreas Tuerk; Gemma García; Efrén Feliu; Cosima Malandrino; Joanne Schante; Anne Jensen; Elena López Gunn. State of the Art and Latest Advances in Exploring Business Models for Nature-Based Solutions. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7413 .
AMA StyleBeatriz Mayor, Helen Toxopeus, Siobhan McQuaid, Edoardo Croci, Benedetta Lucchitta, Suhana Reddy, Aitziber Egusquiza, Monica Altamirano, Tamara Trumbic, Andreas Tuerk, Gemma García, Efrén Feliu, Cosima Malandrino, Joanne Schante, Anne Jensen, Elena López Gunn. State of the Art and Latest Advances in Exploring Business Models for Nature-Based Solutions. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (13):7413.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBeatriz Mayor; Helen Toxopeus; Siobhan McQuaid; Edoardo Croci; Benedetta Lucchitta; Suhana Reddy; Aitziber Egusquiza; Monica Altamirano; Tamara Trumbic; Andreas Tuerk; Gemma García; Efrén Feliu; Cosima Malandrino; Joanne Schante; Anne Jensen; Elena López Gunn. 2021. "State of the Art and Latest Advances in Exploring Business Models for Nature-Based Solutions." Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7413.
This paper critically analyses the methodologies that can be adopted to value ecosystem services (ESs) at the urban level through a literature review. While literature on ES valuation has grown in recent years, its application to urban contexts is still limited. Twenty-five papers, which include 29 different case studies, carry out an economic valuation and have undergone an in-depth analysis. The papers have been selected out of 80 papers detected through keywords. Six different valuation methodologies have been employed in the case studies. The most common ESs valued at the urban level are air quality regulation, local climate regulation, carbon sequestration and storage, and aesthetic appreciation and inspiration for culture, art, and design. The methodologies recur with different frequencies in the valuation of ESs at the urban level. Choice modeling and contingent valuation methodologies are used to value a variety of ESs, including regulating, cultural, and supporting services. Other methodologies are used to value only specific ESs. The replacement cost and damage cost avoided methodologies are used for the assessment of regulation services only; the travel cost method and contingent valuation are used for cultural services only. The results indicate that the considered valuation methodologies show different levels of appropriateness with respect to specific ES categories. Therefore, there is a need to expand the application of valuation methodologies to capture the value of all ESs provided by natural resources, in order to protect and enhance them.
Edoardo Croci; Benedetta Lucchitta; Tommaso Penati. Valuing Ecosystem Services at the Urban Level: A Critical Review. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1129 .
AMA StyleEdoardo Croci, Benedetta Lucchitta, Tommaso Penati. Valuing Ecosystem Services at the Urban Level: A Critical Review. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (3):1129.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEdoardo Croci; Benedetta Lucchitta; Tommaso Penati. 2021. "Valuing Ecosystem Services at the Urban Level: A Critical Review." Sustainability 13, no. 3: 1129.
The paper assesses the environmental footprint of last-mile distribution logistics operations through the application of a life cycle analysis method (LCA). The environmental impacts of the delivery activities carried out in the Limited Traffic Zones (LTZ) of the cities of Milan and Turin by a large private logistics operator are quantified. Through a scenario analysis, current delivery practices and an alternative solution, consisting of replacing the diesel vehicle fleet with electric vehicles (EV), are evaluated. The following environmental impact categories are considered: climate change; particulate matter caused by emission of inorganic substances; photochemical smog formation; acidification. The results show that, compared to current delivery methods, the adoption of EV is associated with an environmental impact reduction between −40% and −50% for global warming and photochemical smog formation, and a reduction between −15% and −25% for acidification. The adoption of the EVs increases the particulate matter emissions compared to diesel vehicles (by up to + 13%) due to the carbon intensity of the national power system, while it reduces them by −7% when at least 50% of the electricity is sourced from dedicated photovoltaic columns.
Edoardo Croci; Matteo Donelli; Francesco Colelli. An LCA comparison of last-mile distribution logistics scenarios in Milan and Turin municipalities. Case Studies on Transport Policy 2020, 9, 181 -190.
AMA StyleEdoardo Croci, Matteo Donelli, Francesco Colelli. An LCA comparison of last-mile distribution logistics scenarios in Milan and Turin municipalities. Case Studies on Transport Policy. 2020; 9 (1):181-190.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEdoardo Croci; Matteo Donelli; Francesco Colelli. 2020. "An LCA comparison of last-mile distribution logistics scenarios in Milan and Turin municipalities." Case Studies on Transport Policy 9, no. 1: 181-190.
The paper maps and evaluates the main economic, institutional, and behavioural barriers to the implementation of energy efficiency in final uses. Barriers prevent the achievement of targets of energy efficiency policies and measures. Assessing the relevance of barriers can lead to their consideration in goal-setting by policy-makers either by reducing ambition or by incorporating solutions to mitigate barriers, We consider three main categories of barriers: economic, institutional, and behavioural ones, in buildings and transport sectors. In order to assess the relevance of each specific barrier in these categories, a survey to experts in eight Countries (Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Estonia, United Kingdom, Italy, Belgium and Serbia) has been performed. The relevance of barriers is assessed by two levels of analysis: 1. their impact on policies and measures, and 2. their impact on the diffusion of key clean technologies and interventions in the two sectors. In the building sector, we find that the most relevant barriers relate to economic and behavioural categories. In the transport sector, we find that the most relevant barriers relate to institutional and economic categories. Economic barriers are also the most relevant in limiting the diffusion of technologies and interventions in both sectors. Results highlight the relevance of identifying and assessing barriers in order to improve policy design.
Annamaria Bagaini; Francesco Colelli; Edoardo Croci; Tania Molteni. Assessing the relevance of barriers to energy efficiency implementation in the building and transport sectors in eight European countries. The Electricity Journal 2020, 33, 106820 -106820.
AMA StyleAnnamaria Bagaini, Francesco Colelli, Edoardo Croci, Tania Molteni. Assessing the relevance of barriers to energy efficiency implementation in the building and transport sectors in eight European countries. The Electricity Journal. 2020; 33 (8):106820-106820.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnnamaria Bagaini; Francesco Colelli; Edoardo Croci; Tania Molteni. 2020. "Assessing the relevance of barriers to energy efficiency implementation in the building and transport sectors in eight European countries." The Electricity Journal 33, no. 8: 106820-106820.
Marta Villar Ezcurra; Mikael Skou Andersen; Janet Milne; Hope Ashiabor; Edoardo Croci. Environmental Fiscal Challenges for Cities and Transport. Environmental Fiscal Challenges for Cities and Transport 2019, 1 .
AMA StyleMarta Villar Ezcurra, Mikael Skou Andersen, Janet Milne, Hope Ashiabor, Edoardo Croci. Environmental Fiscal Challenges for Cities and Transport. Environmental Fiscal Challenges for Cities and Transport. 2019; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarta Villar Ezcurra; Mikael Skou Andersen; Janet Milne; Hope Ashiabor; Edoardo Croci. 2019. "Environmental Fiscal Challenges for Cities and Transport." Environmental Fiscal Challenges for Cities and Transport , no. : 1.
In 2008, the European Commission (EC) launched the Covenant of Mayors (CoM), a voluntary agreement under which local governments commit to reduce CO2 emissions by at least 20% within 2020, in order to reinforce local authorities in designing strategies to mitigate climate change in coherence with the European Union’s climate policy. The CoM may be defined as a coordinated collection of experiments based on common rules established by the EC. Cities signing the CoM commit to follow guidelines and standardized methodologies in setting CO2 emission reduction targets and in designing and implementing policies and measures to reach them, through the definition of key tools such as the Baseline Emission Inventory (BEI) and the Sustainable Energy Action Plan (SEAP). The present study analyses the emission reduction strategies of a sample of 124 cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants, signatories of the CoM, which delivered a SEAP by February 2014. More than 5500 actions planned by the sample cities were analysed and categorized. The most relevant actions in terms of recurrence and mitigation impact were assessed. Finally a set of variables was tested through a regression so as to determine their influence on emission reductions strategies. The main results of this study show that the sample cities accounted for a total of 370 million tons of CO2 emissions in selected baseline years and 94 million tons of intended emission reductions per year. The total emission reductions planned by cities reached 25% of the baseline emissions. Buildings and Transport stood out as the sectors where cities intend to deliver the largest emission reductions. Furthermore the analysis showed that cities’ administrations attribute higher potential to actions in subsectors under their direct control (municipal buildings, public transport, municipal fleet and public lighting) compared to actions in subsectors managed by private actors (households and firms). In the Building sector, the category of action delivering the highest share of CO2 emission reductions was represented by integrated actions, which combine several types of intervention so as to maximise the energy efficiency of buildings. In the transport sector, it was the modal shift, which implies a transition from private transport to public and cleaner transport modes. In both the Building and Transport sectors, cities plan to reduce the major amount of CO2 emissions through the implementation of management and organization, infrastructure construction and awareness-raising policy levers. Our results may be useful to urban policy makers to shape their mitigation strategies in coherence with cities’ commitments and plans and to replicate policies and actions on the basis of CoM signatories’ experiences.JRC.C.5-Air and Climat
Edoardo Croci; Benedetta Lucchitta; Greet Janssens-Maenhout; Simone Martelli; Tania Molteni. Urban CO2 mitigation strategies under the Covenant of Mayors: An assessment of 124 European cities. Journal of Cleaner Production 2017, 169, 161 -177.
AMA StyleEdoardo Croci, Benedetta Lucchitta, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Simone Martelli, Tania Molteni. Urban CO2 mitigation strategies under the Covenant of Mayors: An assessment of 124 European cities. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2017; 169 ():161-177.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEdoardo Croci; Benedetta Lucchitta; Greet Janssens-Maenhout; Simone Martelli; Tania Molteni. 2017. "Urban CO2 mitigation strategies under the Covenant of Mayors: An assessment of 124 European cities." Journal of Cleaner Production 169, no. : 161-177.
Patrick Biard; Edoardo Croci; Tania Molteni. An analysis of multi-level collaborative initiatives on sustainable energy in Europe. ECONOMICS AND POLICY OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT 2016, 89 -110.
AMA StylePatrick Biard, Edoardo Croci, Tania Molteni. An analysis of multi-level collaborative initiatives on sustainable energy in Europe. ECONOMICS AND POLICY OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT. 2016; (1):89-110.
Chicago/Turabian StylePatrick Biard; Edoardo Croci; Tania Molteni. 2016. "An analysis of multi-level collaborative initiatives on sustainable energy in Europe." ECONOMICS AND POLICY OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT , no. 1: 89-110.
Urban road pricing schemes have been designed in order to reduce externalities generated by traffic. Main impacts regard: time loss due to congestion, local pollution, noise, contribution to climate change caused by emissions of GHGs, pavement costs and road damages, increase in accidents risks, extra-fuel consumption, decrease in quality of life. Moreover road pricing schemes generate public revenues. The paper performs a comparative evaluation of the three main experiences of urban road pricing in Europe: London (in operations since 2003), Stockholm (in operations since 2007, after a period of trial in 2006) and Milan (in operations since 2008, with a shift from pollution to congestion charge in 2012). Since their launch, the schemes have been adjusted in terms of amount of charge, area of application and other features. The schemes have been able to reduce negative externalities generated by traffic, such as accidents, congestion and emissions, up to different levels. A comparative analysis of the three schemes is provided. Determinants of differences in the effectiveness of the schemes are evaluated with a particular focus on elasticity of use of private vehicles to charge. The results can be useful to design well targeted congestion charge schemes and to assess their efficacy.
Edoardo Croci. Urban Road Pricing: A Comparative Study on the Experiences of London, Stockholm and Milan. Transportation Research Procedia 2016, 14, 253 -262.
AMA StyleEdoardo Croci. Urban Road Pricing: A Comparative Study on the Experiences of London, Stockholm and Milan. Transportation Research Procedia. 2016; 14 ():253-262.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEdoardo Croci. 2016. "Urban Road Pricing: A Comparative Study on the Experiences of London, Stockholm and Milan." Transportation Research Procedia 14, no. : 253-262.
Massimo Franchini; Pier Mannuccio Mannucci; Sergio Harari; Federico Pontoni; Edoardo Croci. The Health and Economic Burden of Air Pollution. The American Journal of Medicine 2015, 128, 931 -932.
AMA StyleMassimo Franchini, Pier Mannuccio Mannucci, Sergio Harari, Federico Pontoni, Edoardo Croci. The Health and Economic Burden of Air Pollution. The American Journal of Medicine. 2015; 128 (9):931-932.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMassimo Franchini; Pier Mannuccio Mannucci; Sergio Harari; Federico Pontoni; Edoardo Croci. 2015. "The Health and Economic Burden of Air Pollution." The American Journal of Medicine 128, no. 9: 931-932.
Edoardo Croci; Aldo Ravazzi Douvan; Larry Kreiser; Mikael Andersen; Birgitte Olsen; Stefan Speck; Janet Milne; Hope Ashiabor. Urban road pricing: the experience of Milan. Carbon Pricing 2015, 141 -158.
AMA StyleEdoardo Croci, Aldo Ravazzi Douvan, Larry Kreiser, Mikael Andersen, Birgitte Olsen, Stefan Speck, Janet Milne, Hope Ashiabor. Urban road pricing: the experience of Milan. Carbon Pricing. 2015; ():141-158.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEdoardo Croci; Aldo Ravazzi Douvan; Larry Kreiser; Mikael Andersen; Birgitte Olsen; Stefan Speck; Janet Milne; Hope Ashiabor. 2015. "Urban road pricing: the experience of Milan." Carbon Pricing , no. : 141-158.
Determinants of cities' GHG emissions: a comparison of seven global cities
Edoardo Croci; Sabrina Melandri; Tania Molteni. Determinants of cities' GHG emissions: a comparison of seven global cities. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 2011, 3, 275 -300.
AMA StyleEdoardo Croci, Sabrina Melandri, Tania Molteni. Determinants of cities' GHG emissions: a comparison of seven global cities. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management. 2011; 3 (3):275-300.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEdoardo Croci; Sabrina Melandri; Tania Molteni. 2011. "Determinants of cities' GHG emissions: a comparison of seven global cities." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 3, no. 3: 275-300.
Daniel Hoornweg; Mila Freire; Marcus J. Lee; Perinaz Bhada-Tata; Belinda Yuen; Edoardo Croci. Cities and Climate Change. Cities and Climate Change 2011, 1 .
AMA StyleDaniel Hoornweg, Mila Freire, Marcus J. Lee, Perinaz Bhada-Tata, Belinda Yuen, Edoardo Croci. Cities and Climate Change. Cities and Climate Change. 2011; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel Hoornweg; Mila Freire; Marcus J. Lee; Perinaz Bhada-Tata; Belinda Yuen; Edoardo Croci. 2011. "Cities and Climate Change." Cities and Climate Change , no. : 1.
A. Silvestrini; S. Monni; Michael Pregernig; A. Barbato; J.-F. Dallemand; Edoardo Croci; F. Raes. The role of cities in achieving the EU targets on biofuels for transportation: The cases of Berlin, London, Milan and Helsinki. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 2010, 44, 403 -417.
AMA StyleA. Silvestrini, S. Monni, Michael Pregernig, A. Barbato, J.-F. Dallemand, Edoardo Croci, F. Raes. The role of cities in achieving the EU targets on biofuels for transportation: The cases of Berlin, London, Milan and Helsinki. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. 2010; 44 (6):403-417.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Silvestrini; S. Monni; Michael Pregernig; A. Barbato; J.-F. Dallemand; Edoardo Croci; F. Raes. 2010. "The role of cities in achieving the EU targets on biofuels for transportation: The cases of Berlin, London, Milan and Helsinki." Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 44, no. 6: 403-417.
This paper provides taxonomies and models, in order to contribute in including the economics of environmental voluntary agreements (VAs) into the standard framework of the economics of the environment. Environmental voluntary agreements try to remedy market failures differently from traditional regulatory and economic instruments. In fact, they are based on the exchange between the P.A. and firms and on the design of a framework of incentives to parties in a context of negotiation and cooperation. Efficiency and effectiveness of VAs depend on specific features, which can be evaluated only by a case by case analysis. VAs can effectively be included in the tool-kit of the environmental policy-maker if some conditions regarding their design and implementation are respected, in order to limit the risks of regulator capture and free riding.
Edoardo Croci. The Economics of Environmental Voluntary Agreements. The Handbook of Environmental Voluntary Agreements 2005, 3 -30.
AMA StyleEdoardo Croci. The Economics of Environmental Voluntary Agreements. The Handbook of Environmental Voluntary Agreements. 2005; ():3-30.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEdoardo Croci. 2005. "The Economics of Environmental Voluntary Agreements." The Handbook of Environmental Voluntary Agreements , no. : 3-30.
Over the last 10 years voluntary agreements have been adopted in Europe as an environmental policy instrument to reduce CO2 emissions. These agreements have been used in accordance with the specific economic, institutional and cultural features of the Member States. The evaluation of the cases of CO2 emission reduction does not, however, provide a definitive answer regarding the effectiveness and efficiency of these agreements. This is due to a number of reasons such as the absence of reference scenarios and the fact that the targets set are often too easy to reach. Nevertheless it is possible to determine some “rules” to design, negotiate, implement and monitor voluntary agreements according to effectiveness, efficiency and equity criteria. Moreover a European model for voluntary agreements at the Community level and a new generation of voluntary agreements are being developed in order to overcome some of the drawbacks of the past agreements.
Edoardo Croci. Voluntary Agreements for CO2 Emissions Reduction: Evaluation and Perspectives. Energy & Environment 2003, 14, 663 -676.
AMA StyleEdoardo Croci. Voluntary Agreements for CO2 Emissions Reduction: Evaluation and Perspectives. Energy & Environment. 2003; 14 (5):663-676.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEdoardo Croci. 2003. "Voluntary Agreements for CO2 Emissions Reduction: Evaluation and Perspectives." Energy & Environment 14, no. 5: 663-676.