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Representative and very uneven texturally bricks having yellow/beige or pale or dark red colors from the Renaissance walls (16th century) of Padua, Northeast Italy, were studied by means of colorimetric, petrographic (MOP), chemical (XRF), mineralogical (PXRD) and microstructural analysis (FESEM-EDS). Starting from the color measurements of the ceramic bodies, the manufacturing technologies and their influence on the physical behavior and durability of the bricks were established. The porous system was characterized by means of hygric tests and mercury intrusion porosimetry; the compactness and structural anisotropy were defined through ultrasound velocity; the uniaxial compressive strength was determined; and durability to salt crystallization and frost action of the bricks was assessed. Mg- and Ca-rich illitic clays fired at temperatures ≥900 °C were used to manufacture the beige hue bodies, while the pale red bricks were made out with Ca- and Fe-rich illitic clays fired at 850–900 °C. A lower carbonate content on the base clays and a lower firing temperature were the main causes responsible for the changing colors from beige to red hue. The increase of the red color was associated to higher silicate inclusions content and lower development of reaction rims around grains. The low sintering degree achieved yielded highly porous bodies with diverse porous systems, leading to differential physical performance and durability of the bricks that may turn out beneficial for the conservation of the historic walls.
Elena Pérez-Monserrat; Lara Maritan; Enrico Garbin; Giuseppe Cultrone. Production Technologies of Ancient Bricks from Padua, Italy: Changing Colors and Resistance over Time. Minerals 2021, 11, 744 .
AMA StyleElena Pérez-Monserrat, Lara Maritan, Enrico Garbin, Giuseppe Cultrone. Production Technologies of Ancient Bricks from Padua, Italy: Changing Colors and Resistance over Time. Minerals. 2021; 11 (7):744.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElena Pérez-Monserrat; Lara Maritan; Enrico Garbin; Giuseppe Cultrone. 2021. "Production Technologies of Ancient Bricks from Padua, Italy: Changing Colors and Resistance over Time." Minerals 11, no. 7: 744.
Glazed ceramics -both original and replacement- from Chamberí Metro Station (built in 1919) in Madrid (Spain) were studied using a multidisciplinary approach aimed at finding out more about the materials and technologies used to make them. The original white tiles, which help illuminate these underground spaces, were manufactured in Onda, Castellón (Spain) with very calcareous clays fired at ≈950 °C and coated with lead alkali-glazes. The original decorative pieces, with a metallic sheen, were made in Triana, Seville (Spain) with calcareous and illite clays fired at temperatures of between 850 and 950 °C and treated with transparent lead glazes. The replacement pieces had the same appearance as the originals but were more resistant. The white tiles were made out of quartz-rich, illite-kaolinite and calcareous clays fired at temperatures of >950 °C with an alkali-glaze that was very rich in zircon and aluminium. The decorative pieces were made from illite-kaolinite clays very rich in aluminium and fired at <850 °C. These included an additive in the form of a highly refractory grog and were covered with an aluminium-rich lead‑potassium glaze. The manufacturing techniques used to make each type of piece varied depending on their particular function within the station.
Elena Mercedes Pérez-Monserrat; Giuseppe Cultrone; Jesús María Rincón; Antonio Perla; Rafael Fort. Multidisciplinary study of glazed ceramics from Chamberí Metro Station (Madrid, Spain): A knowledge base with technological and heritage value. Applied Clay Science 2019, 175, 102 -114.
AMA StyleElena Mercedes Pérez-Monserrat, Giuseppe Cultrone, Jesús María Rincón, Antonio Perla, Rafael Fort. Multidisciplinary study of glazed ceramics from Chamberí Metro Station (Madrid, Spain): A knowledge base with technological and heritage value. Applied Clay Science. 2019; 175 ():102-114.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElena Mercedes Pérez-Monserrat; Giuseppe Cultrone; Jesús María Rincón; Antonio Perla; Rafael Fort. 2019. "Multidisciplinary study of glazed ceramics from Chamberí Metro Station (Madrid, Spain): A knowledge base with technological and heritage value." Applied Clay Science 175, no. : 102-114.
The color patterns generally found on the façades of architecturally sensitive buildings have an adverse impact on their aesthetics, to the detriment of their identity and potential economic value. A quantitative and qualitative study was conducted of the perception of aesthetic decay in the limestone on a heritage building. The study assessed building aesthetics between two façade cleaning operations, conducted in 1984–1986 and 2006–2008. Based on the calculation of the final or total soiling index, by means of in situ lightness measurement and three architectural design variables, the color distribution of the façades was quantified in 2006 and a model was developed to monitor façade soiling over time. The proposed model, a tool for planning preventive façade maintenance on architecturally sensitive buildings, advocates for sustainable cleaning operations. Its premise that periodic cleaning should only be conducted in areas where the limestone is affected by aesthetic decay redounds to minimised intervention and lower building management costs.
Elena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat; Rafael Fort; Maria Jose Varas-Muriel. Monitoring façade soiling as a maintenance strategy for the sensitive built heritage. International Journal of Architectural Heritage 2018, 12, 816 -827.
AMA StyleElena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat, Rafael Fort, Maria Jose Varas-Muriel. Monitoring façade soiling as a maintenance strategy for the sensitive built heritage. International Journal of Architectural Heritage. 2018; 12 (5):816-827.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat; Rafael Fort; Maria Jose Varas-Muriel. 2018. "Monitoring façade soiling as a maintenance strategy for the sensitive built heritage." International Journal of Architectural Heritage 12, no. 5: 816-827.
Building materials used at the Former Workers Hospital of Maudes, Madrid (Spain) were studied. The study addressed the information both achieved from documental resources and characterization techniques. Documentary work has enabled to know about the architect thought, the ideology of the project or the grounds that conditioned such materials selection; it also permitted to learn about materials provenance and/or its elaboration. Analytical studies provided information about petrographic features of the materials and their composition; limestone provenance was confirmed and new data on material manufacture were provided. Such information, which deserves to be known and disseminated, provides a significant heritage value to materials that shape cultural assets. Studies with a multidisciplinary approach represent a commitment to improve the knowledge and conservation of heritage.
Elena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat; Rafael Fort González; Maria José Varas-Muriel; Monica Alvarez De Buergo. Heritage value of building materials: Former Workers Hospital of Maudes, Madrid (Spain) case study. Ge-conservacion 2017, 11, 17 -24.
AMA StyleElena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat, Rafael Fort González, Maria José Varas-Muriel, Monica Alvarez De Buergo. Heritage value of building materials: Former Workers Hospital of Maudes, Madrid (Spain) case study. Ge-conservacion. 2017; 11 ():17-24.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat; Rafael Fort González; Maria José Varas-Muriel; Monica Alvarez De Buergo. 2017. "Heritage value of building materials: Former Workers Hospital of Maudes, Madrid (Spain) case study." Ge-conservacion 11, no. : 17-24.
Elena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat; C. Peropadre; R. Fort; M.J. Varas-Muriel. La caliza de Morata de Tajuña, Comunidad de Madrid: una piedra tradicional de construcción en la capital a principios del siglo XX. BOLETÍN GEOLÓGICO Y MINERO 2017, 128, 963 -988.
AMA StyleElena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat, C. Peropadre, R. Fort, M.J. Varas-Muriel. La caliza de Morata de Tajuña, Comunidad de Madrid: una piedra tradicional de construcción en la capital a principios del siglo XX. BOLETÍN GEOLÓGICO Y MINERO. 2017; 128 (4):963-988.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat; C. Peropadre; R. Fort; M.J. Varas-Muriel. 2017. "La caliza de Morata de Tajuña, Comunidad de Madrid: una piedra tradicional de construcción en la capital a principios del siglo XX." BOLETÍN GEOLÓGICO Y MINERO 128, no. 4: 963-988.
The appearance and main decay forms in the fair-faced brick façades on the University Campus of Madrid's Faculty of Medicine were taken as a starting point to analyse certain building's construction characteristics and the clay and technology used in brick manufacture. The raw materials consisted in a mix of Miocene marl and red Triassic clays from the Spanish province of Jaén. The exposed face of bricks was characterised by a yellowish tone and smooth, uniform texture that afforded perfect dimensioning and inter-brick alignment. In some bricks this texture was lost, with a concomitant colour change, surface roughness increase and loss of material. Laboratory studies through polarised optical microscope (POM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FESEM-EDS) revealed similar composition in all the bricks, firing temperatures ranging between 800 and 850 °C and, with the exception of the exposed surface, not particularly careful manufacture.This research was funded under the Geomateriales 2 Programme (S2013/MIT_2914)Peer reviewe
Elena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat; Fernando Agua; Rafael Fort; Monica Alvarez de Buergo; Juan Felix Conde; Manuel Garcia-Heras. Effect of manufacturing methods on the decay of ceramic materials: A case study of bricks in modern architecture of Madrid (Spain). Applied Clay Science 2017, 135, 136 -149.
AMA StyleElena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat, Fernando Agua, Rafael Fort, Monica Alvarez de Buergo, Juan Felix Conde, Manuel Garcia-Heras. Effect of manufacturing methods on the decay of ceramic materials: A case study of bricks in modern architecture of Madrid (Spain). Applied Clay Science. 2017; 135 ():136-149.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat; Fernando Agua; Rafael Fort; Monica Alvarez de Buergo; Juan Felix Conde; Manuel Garcia-Heras. 2017. "Effect of manufacturing methods on the decay of ceramic materials: A case study of bricks in modern architecture of Madrid (Spain)." Applied Clay Science 135, no. : 136-149.
Air pollution induces the development of black crusts on the surface of built heritage materials. Black layers on the limestone used on an emblematic Madrilenian building dating from the early twentieth century, mainly built up in the 20 years lapsing between two façade cleaning operations, was studied with POM and SEM-EDS. Particulate matter deposited on surfaces in the same period was analyzed with XRD and IC. Climate change in the environs was also studied and façade coloring patterns were compared. Since black crust and settled dust composition, as well as façade soling intensity, were found to be closely related to the surrounding environment, both are proposed as environment and climate change markers. These are considerations, moreover, that must be addressed when designing conservation strategies. Domestic heating systems and vehicle traffic were identified as the two main sources of pollution throughout the period studied in the target area, where the temperature steadily rose and relative humidity declined. The progressive replacement of coal with gas oil in domestic heating boilers and the proliferation of vehicles with diesel engines have mostly determined the evolution of the pollutants emitted. The color of façade soiling, in turn, has been primarily conditioned by the typology of the particles deposited on the limestone surface, declining humidity and the passage of time.
Elena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat; Maria Jose Varas-Muriel; Monica Alvarez De Buergo; Rafael Fort. Black Layers of Decay and Color Patterns on Heritage Limestone as Markers of Environmental Change. Geosciences 2016, 6, 4 .
AMA StyleElena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat, Maria Jose Varas-Muriel, Monica Alvarez De Buergo, Rafael Fort. Black Layers of Decay and Color Patterns on Heritage Limestone as Markers of Environmental Change. Geosciences. 2016; 6 (1):4.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat; Maria Jose Varas-Muriel; Monica Alvarez De Buergo; Rafael Fort. 2016. "Black Layers of Decay and Color Patterns on Heritage Limestone as Markers of Environmental Change." Geosciences 6, no. 1: 4.
Preliminary studies are an imperative when determining the impact of conservation treatments on historical materials. The Romanesque apse on a church at Talamanca de Jarama, Madrid, Spain, whose dolostone was severely decayed by rainwater and salts, was treated in the past with substances that ravaged the restored area. Petrological techniques showed that salts leached out of the cement under the roof onto the stone cornice whose surface had been coated with synthetic resins. During evaporation, the salts precipitated in the stone and underneath the resin, inducing blistering, fissuring, flaking, scaling and detachment of part of the restored decorative elements.This study was funded under project of MICCIN (CGL2011-27902) and forms part of the GEOMATERIALES-2CM (S2013/MIT-2914) research programme.Peer reviewe
M.J. Varas-Muriel; Elena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat; C. Vázquez-Calvo; R. Fort. Effect of conservation treatments on heritage stone. Characterisation of decay processes in a case study. Construction and Building Materials 2015, 95, 611 -622.
AMA StyleM.J. Varas-Muriel, Elena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat, C. Vázquez-Calvo, R. Fort. Effect of conservation treatments on heritage stone. Characterisation of decay processes in a case study. Construction and Building Materials. 2015; 95 ():611-622.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM.J. Varas-Muriel; Elena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat; C. Vázquez-Calvo; R. Fort. 2015. "Effect of conservation treatments on heritage stone. Characterisation of decay processes in a case study." Construction and Building Materials 95, no. : 611-622.
Colmenar Limestone is one of the traditional materials most commonly used in monuments in Madrid, Spain. The petrophysical properties of this stone determine its high resistance to decay. Its low water absorption and pore size distribution favour good hydraulic behaviour, which is likewise furthered by its high ultrasound velocity and low anisotropy. The durability findings pursuant to the 280 freeze–thaw, 42 thermal shock, 30 salt crystallization and 120 salt mist cycles conducted confirmed the stone's resistance to decay in these simulated aggressive environments. The mass loss recorded in the samples and the variation in petrophysical parameters were generally very low after all except the salt crystallization trials, which induced loss of cohesion on the stone surface, increased roughness and the formation of concentric microcracks, sub-parallel to the more exposed surface, that also affected the arris and vertices of the specimens tested.
R. Fort; M. J. Varas-Muriel; M. Alvarez de Buergo; Elena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat. Colmenar Limestone, Madrid, Spain: considerations for its nomination as a Global Heritage Stone Resource due to its long term durability. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2014, 407, 121 -135.
AMA StyleR. Fort, M. J. Varas-Muriel, M. Alvarez de Buergo, Elena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat. Colmenar Limestone, Madrid, Spain: considerations for its nomination as a Global Heritage Stone Resource due to its long term durability. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 2014; 407 (1):121-135.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR. Fort; M. J. Varas-Muriel; M. Alvarez de Buergo; Elena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat. 2014. "Colmenar Limestone, Madrid, Spain: considerations for its nomination as a Global Heritage Stone Resource due to its long term durability." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 407, no. 1: 121-135.
Paula López-Arce; Ainara Zornoza-Indart; Luz Stella Gomez-Villalba; Elena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat; Mónica Alvarez De Buergo; Gustavo Vivar; Rafael Fort. Corrigendum to “Archaeological ceramic amphorae from underwater marine environments: Influence of firing temperature on salt crystallization decay” [J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 33 (2013) 2031–2042]. Journal of the European Ceramic Society 2014, 34, 877 -878.
AMA StylePaula López-Arce, Ainara Zornoza-Indart, Luz Stella Gomez-Villalba, Elena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat, Mónica Alvarez De Buergo, Gustavo Vivar, Rafael Fort. Corrigendum to “Archaeological ceramic amphorae from underwater marine environments: Influence of firing temperature on salt crystallization decay” [J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 33 (2013) 2031–2042]. Journal of the European Ceramic Society. 2014; 34 (3):877-878.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaula López-Arce; Ainara Zornoza-Indart; Luz Stella Gomez-Villalba; Elena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat; Mónica Alvarez De Buergo; Gustavo Vivar; Rafael Fort. 2014. "Corrigendum to “Archaeological ceramic amphorae from underwater marine environments: Influence of firing temperature on salt crystallization decay” [J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 33 (2013) 2031–2042]." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 34, no. 3: 877-878.
Non-desalinated and desalinated fragments of Iberian, Italic and Tarraconensian amphorae sherds, found in different underwater marine environments, were compared to determine the decay caused by salt crystallization. Polarizing light and fluorescence optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, ion chromatography and mercury intrusion porosimetry tests were conducted on the samples. Non-desalinated samples exhibit a variety of signs of degradation, especially those samples fired at lower temperature. Sherds fired at higher temperatures have a lower surface area and less connected porosity, which entail a lower absorption of soluble salts containing water and eventually less decay than those fired at lower temperatures. The composition and texture reached with the firing temperature is a key factor on salt crystallization decay and hence on the durability of these artefacts. This should be taken into account during desalination procedures that have to be optimized in order to be successful. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.This work was supported by the GEOMATERIALES (S2009/MAT-1629) and CONSOLIDER-TCP (CSD2007-0058) programmes and by a JAE-PreDoc fellowship program and the European Social Fund FSE 2007-2013.Peer Reviewe
Paula López-Arce; Ainara Zornoza-Indart; Luz Stella Gomez-Villalba; Elena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat; Mónica Alvarez De Buergo; Gustavo Vivar; Rafael Fort. Archaeological ceramic amphorae from underwater marine environments: Influence of firing temperature on salt crystallization decay. Journal of the European Ceramic Society 2013, 33, 2031 -2042.
AMA StylePaula López-Arce, Ainara Zornoza-Indart, Luz Stella Gomez-Villalba, Elena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat, Mónica Alvarez De Buergo, Gustavo Vivar, Rafael Fort. Archaeological ceramic amphorae from underwater marine environments: Influence of firing temperature on salt crystallization decay. Journal of the European Ceramic Society. 2013; 33 (10):2031-2042.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaula López-Arce; Ainara Zornoza-Indart; Luz Stella Gomez-Villalba; Elena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat; Mónica Alvarez De Buergo; Gustavo Vivar; Rafael Fort. 2013. "Archaeological ceramic amphorae from underwater marine environments: Influence of firing temperature on salt crystallization decay." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 33, no. 10: 2031-2042.
Rafael Fort; Monica Alvarez De Buergo; Elena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat; Miguel Gomez-Heras; M. Jose Varas-Muriel; David M. Freire. Evolution in the use of natural building stone in Madrid, Spain. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 2013, 46, 421 -429.
AMA StyleRafael Fort, Monica Alvarez De Buergo, Elena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat, Miguel Gomez-Heras, M. Jose Varas-Muriel, David M. Freire. Evolution in the use of natural building stone in Madrid, Spain. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology. 2013; 46 (4):421-429.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRafael Fort; Monica Alvarez De Buergo; Elena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat; Miguel Gomez-Heras; M. Jose Varas-Muriel; David M. Freire. 2013. "Evolution in the use of natural building stone in Madrid, Spain." Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 46, no. 4: 421-429.
Several types of granite found in two architectural heritage monuments were assessed with two non-destructive, portable techniques: Schmidt hammer rebound and ultrasound velocity (Vp). Similar assessments were conducted on the rock from which the granite was originally quarried for comparison. The results obtained, which revealed the existence of a direct correlation, constitute a useful indication of decay, particularly if the approximate dates of construction are known. And conversely, if they are not, such stone assessments may provide a rough estimate of when the structure was built. Both of these convenient, portable and non-destructive techniques may be used as reliable indicators of the degree of stone decay.
Rafael Fort; Monica Alvarez de Buergo; Elena M. Perez-Monserrat. Non-destructive testing for the assessment of granite decay in heritage structures compared to quarry stone. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 2013, 61, 296 -305.
AMA StyleRafael Fort, Monica Alvarez de Buergo, Elena M. Perez-Monserrat. Non-destructive testing for the assessment of granite decay in heritage structures compared to quarry stone. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences. 2013; 61 ():296-305.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRafael Fort; Monica Alvarez de Buergo; Elena M. Perez-Monserrat. 2013. "Non-destructive testing for the assessment of granite decay in heritage structures compared to quarry stone." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 61, no. : 296-305.
This study is focuses on the characterisation of the pastes and enamels constituents of the decorative ceramics, cladding ceramics and mosaic tiles, covering the façades and the central garden fountain of the Former Workers Hospital of Maudes at Madrid, Spain. The structural bricks of the inner fabric walls and those used at the courtyards are also studied. Both the original and restoration materials are analysed petrographically and mineralogically and the elemental composition of the enamel is determined. The major textural and compositional variations identified in the materials are mainly due to differences in the clay raw materials and additives used, as well as to the manufacturing processes, specially firing temperatures. In addition to comparing the results of the analyses conducted to the information obtained from the references consulted, the study provides unknown data on the raw materials and technologies involved in manufacturing the ceramic materials found in a heritage building.
Elena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat; Rafael Fort; Paula Lopez-Arce; Monica Alvarez de Buergo; Maria Jose Varas-Muriel. Contribution of analytical techniques to determine the technologies used in the ceramic materials from the Former Workers Hospital of Maudes, Madrid (Spain). Journal of the European Ceramic Society 2013, 33, 479 -491.
AMA StyleElena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat, Rafael Fort, Paula Lopez-Arce, Monica Alvarez de Buergo, Maria Jose Varas-Muriel. Contribution of analytical techniques to determine the technologies used in the ceramic materials from the Former Workers Hospital of Maudes, Madrid (Spain). Journal of the European Ceramic Society. 2013; 33 (3):479-491.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat; Rafael Fort; Paula Lopez-Arce; Monica Alvarez de Buergo; Maria Jose Varas-Muriel. 2013. "Contribution of analytical techniques to determine the technologies used in the ceramic materials from the Former Workers Hospital of Maudes, Madrid (Spain)." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 33, no. 3: 479-491.
The stone traditionally used to build cities contributes to their personality and attests to the geological substrate on which they stand. While stone decay in the built heritage can be attributed to a number of causes, anthropic activity has a particularly significant impact. The geomonumental routes project is one of the initiatives proposed in recent years for urban routes that convey geological fundamentals by observing the rocks present in heritage structures. Its innovative approach addresses traditional stone properties, original quarrying sites and mechanisms of decay. Madrid’s Royal Palace is a fine example of the use of traditional building stone in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula. In the geomonumental route proposed, the building doubles as an in situ laboratory that affords an overview of the main petrological properties of the two traditional stones most commonly used in the city’s built heritage, the forms of decay they are subject and the factors underlying such alterations. This route constitutes a tool for showing the main petrological features and decay forms in traditional building stones found in urban heritage façades, with a special focus on anthropic impact, primarily air pollution and the use of conservation treatments that time has proven to be unsuitable.
Elena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat; Monica Alvarez De Buergo; Miguel Gomez-Heras; Maria Jose Varas Muriel; Rafael Fort Gonzalez. An urban geomonumental route focusing on the petrological and decay features of traditional building stones used in Madrid, Spain. Environmental Earth Sciences 2013, 69, 1071 -1084.
AMA StyleElena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat, Monica Alvarez De Buergo, Miguel Gomez-Heras, Maria Jose Varas Muriel, Rafael Fort Gonzalez. An urban geomonumental route focusing on the petrological and decay features of traditional building stones used in Madrid, Spain. Environmental Earth Sciences. 2013; 69 (4):1071-1084.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat; Monica Alvarez De Buergo; Miguel Gomez-Heras; Maria Jose Varas Muriel; Rafael Fort Gonzalez. 2013. "An urban geomonumental route focusing on the petrological and decay features of traditional building stones used in Madrid, Spain." Environmental Earth Sciences 69, no. 4: 1071-1084.
Elena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat; Maria J. Varas; Rafael Fort; Monica Alvarez De Buergo. Assessment of Different Methods for Cleaning the Limestone Façades of the Former Workers Hospital of Madrid, Spain. Studies in Conservation 2011, 56, 298 -313.
AMA StyleElena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat, Maria J. Varas, Rafael Fort, Monica Alvarez De Buergo. Assessment of Different Methods for Cleaning the Limestone Façades of the Former Workers Hospital of Madrid, Spain. Studies in Conservation. 2011; 56 (4):298-313.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat; Maria J. Varas; Rafael Fort; Monica Alvarez De Buergo. 2011. "Assessment of Different Methods for Cleaning the Limestone Façades of the Former Workers Hospital of Madrid, Spain." Studies in Conservation 56, no. 4: 298-313.
Rafael Fort; Monica Alvarez De Buergo; Elena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat; Maria Jose Varas. Characterisation of monzogranitic batholiths as a supply source for heritage construction in the northwest of Madrid. Engineering Geology 2010, 115, 149 -157.
AMA StyleRafael Fort, Monica Alvarez De Buergo, Elena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat, Maria Jose Varas. Characterisation of monzogranitic batholiths as a supply source for heritage construction in the northwest of Madrid. Engineering Geology. 2010; 115 ():149-157.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRafael Fort; Monica Alvarez De Buergo; Elena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat; Maria Jose Varas. 2010. "Characterisation of monzogranitic batholiths as a supply source for heritage construction in the northwest of Madrid." Engineering Geology 115, no. : 149-157.
El Paular Monastery (eleventh century) is one of the most important Carthusian monasteries in Spain and is highly affected by crystallisation of Mg-sulphates, together with chlorides and nitrates. Urgent remediation of the decay process is needed to guarantee the stability of the building materials from the cloister and to make their hallways suitable for the exhibition of an important collection of seventeenth century paintings. This paper aims to characterise the building materials, salts and their interaction to suggest preservation strategies to minimise the impact of salts both in the short and the long term. These strategies include architectural solutions (such as a ventilation system to avoid increasing dampness and hence the dissolution, mobilisation and crystallisation of salts), petrophysical-based solutions (i.e. exploiting the porosity differences between building materials and poultices to maximise salt reduction) and strategies based on the physicochemical behaviour of salts and relative humidity transfer through the stone (to determine the most suitable environmental conditions to prevent crystallisation of the most harmful salt species). This research represents both a practical and experimental exercise that is useful for conservation scientists and restorers involved in the field of preservation of monuments, and for environmental control to avoid salt crystallisation.
P. López-Arce; Rafael Fort; Miguel Gomez-Heras; Elena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat; M. J. Varas-Muriel. Preservation strategies for avoidance of salt crystallisation in El Paular Monastery cloister, Madrid, Spain. Environmental Earth Sciences 2010, 63, 1487 -1509.
AMA StyleP. López-Arce, Rafael Fort, Miguel Gomez-Heras, Elena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat, M. J. Varas-Muriel. Preservation strategies for avoidance of salt crystallisation in El Paular Monastery cloister, Madrid, Spain. Environmental Earth Sciences. 2010; 63 (7):1487-1509.
Chicago/Turabian StyleP. López-Arce; Rafael Fort; Miguel Gomez-Heras; Elena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat; M. J. Varas-Muriel. 2010. "Preservation strategies for avoidance of salt crystallisation in El Paular Monastery cloister, Madrid, Spain." Environmental Earth Sciences 63, no. 7: 1487-1509.
The main aim of this research is to determine the reasons for the detachment of a mortar rendering applied to the stone masonry of the Church of San Manuel and San Benito (1903–1910), Madrid, Spain. Two building materials were analysed using optical and electron microscopy: the original limestone dressing affected by intense flaking, and the restoration render mortar used in a relatively recent rehabilitation to ‘consolidate’ the decayed stone. Results obtained by microscopic techniques and from analysis of the environmental conditions to which the building is exposed made it possible to conclude that 1) the mortar is a good material and compatible with the stone, 2) the render mortar failure was mainly due to its incorrect application and the unsuitable repair technique chosen, and last, 3) the material decay was worsened by the adverse exposure conditions of the upper section of the building (pounding rain and sun's radiation).
M.J. Varas; M. Álvarez De Buergo; Elena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat; Rafael Fort. Decay of the restoration render mortar of the church of San Manuel and San Benito, Madrid, Spain: Results from optical and electron microscopy. Materials Characterization 2008, 59, 1531 -1540.
AMA StyleM.J. Varas, M. Álvarez De Buergo, Elena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat, Rafael Fort. Decay of the restoration render mortar of the church of San Manuel and San Benito, Madrid, Spain: Results from optical and electron microscopy. Materials Characterization. 2008; 59 (11):1531-1540.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM.J. Varas; M. Álvarez De Buergo; Elena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat; Rafael Fort. 2008. "Decay of the restoration render mortar of the church of San Manuel and San Benito, Madrid, Spain: Results from optical and electron microscopy." Materials Characterization 59, no. 11: 1531-1540.