The problem of ground truth generation is fundamental for many approaches of computer vision and image processing. In order to test algorithms for object segmentation, object tracking, object interactions, it is necessary to have image sequences in which the ground truth is determined in an objective way. In the context of visual surveillance where many people moves in the scene occluding each other, it could be very complex and hard the work of generating for each image the position of all the moving objects and maintain this information for all the period in which they remain in the scene. In this paper we propose a semi-automatic system that generates an initial ground truth estimation, and then provides a user-friendly interface to manually validate or correct the track results. The proposed system has been tested on some soccer video sequences that have been published on-line for being available to the scientific community, but it can be used also in other surveillance contexts.

In this paper we tackle the problem of indoor robot localization by using a vision-based approach. Specifically, we propose a visual odometer able to give back the relative pose of an omnidirectional automatic guided vehicle (AGV) that moves inside an indoor industrial environment. A monocular downward-looking camera having the optical axis nearly perpendicular to the ground floor, is used for collecting floor images. After a preliminary analysis of images aimed at detecting robust point features (keypoints) takes place, specific descriptors associated to the keypoints enable to match the detected points to their consecutive frames. A robust correspondence feature filter based on statistical and geometrical information is devised for rejecting those incorrect matchings, thus delivering better pose estimations. A camera pose compensation is further introduced for ensuring better positioning accuracy. The effectiveness of proposed methodology has been proven through several experiments, in laboratory as well as in an industrial setting. Both quantitative and qualitative evaluations have been made. Outcomes have shown that the method provides a final positioning percentage error of 0.21% on an average distance of 17.2 m. A longer run in an industrial context has provided comparable results (a percentage error of 0.94% after about 80 m). The average relative positioning error is about 3%, which is still in good agreement with current state of the art.

In response to prevailing classification inconsistency between land cover maps, developed by different organizations in different times at different scales, an object-based National Land Representation System (NLRS) for Bangladesh has been developed. The process, which began in 2013 and was completed in 2016, brought together several national organizations and involved an extensive process of consultation, data collection, translation, and analysis of existing land cover/use classification systems. The process focused on the interpretation of three legends from historic national land cover/use maps. Field inventory data were collected from over 1000 sites across the country to assist the process of land characterization and the development of a dynamic and representative overview of land cover and land use in Bangladesh. The system has been applied to the development of a wall-to-wall national land cover map for the year 2015. In this article, the methodological process and results of NLRS formulation and land cover map 2015 are presented. We also provide examples of how this interoperable system and the land cover dataset are being used for variety of applications including national forest resources assessment, estimation of REDD+ activity data, integration of biophysical and socioeconomic information, and semantic similarity assessment.

In this paper, we present a new generation of omnidirectional automated guided vehicles (omniagv) used for transporting materials within a manufacturing factory with the ability to navigate autonomously and intelligently by interacting with the environment, including people and other entities. This robot has to be integrated into the operating environment without significant changes to the current facilities or heavy redefinitions of the logistics processes already running. For this purpose, different vision-based systems and advanced methods in mobile and cognitive robotics are developed and integrated. In this context, vision and perception are key factors. Different developed modules are in charge of supporting the robot during its navigation in the environment. Specifically, the localization module provides information about the robot pose by using visual odometry and wheel odometry systems. The obstacle avoidance module can detect obstacles and recognize some object classes for adaptive navigation. Finally, the tag detection module aids the robot during the picking phase of carts and provides information for global localization. The smart integration of vision and perception is paramount for effectively using the robot in the industrial context. Extensive qualitative and quantitative results prove the capability and effectiveness of the proposed AGV to navigate in the considered industrial environment.