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Prof. Esa Vakkilainen
LUT University

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0 Combustion
0 Emissions
0 Gasification
0 Pyrolysis

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Encyclopedia
Published: 29 May 2021 in Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences
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This article deals with the steam generation from biomass for industrial purposes. First, the magnitude of biomass usage for industrial purposes is described with emphasis on biomass usage categories. Co-generation or simultaneous production of both heat and electricity is the mainstay of industrial steam generation. How the industrial boiler is scoped. Recovery boilers generate steam from pulp and paper mills. Next, the fluidized beds with bark and bagasse applications are described. Lastly, steam generation from grate and auxiliary boilers is looked at. The article ends with an overview of environmental considerations.

ACS Style

Esa K Vakkilainen. Industrial Applications of Steam Generated from Biomass. Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Esa K Vakkilainen. Industrial Applications of Steam Generated from Biomass. Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Esa K Vakkilainen. 2021. "Industrial Applications of Steam Generated from Biomass." Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences , no. : 1.

Erratum
Published: 03 April 2021 in Renewable Energy
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ACS Style

Richard Sikkema; Svetlana Proskurina; Manjola Banja; Esa Vakkilainen. Addendum to “How can solid biomass contribute to the EU’s renewable energy targets 2020, 2030 and what are the GHG drivers and safeguards in energy- and forestry sectors?” [Renew. Energy 165 (2021) 758–772]. Renewable Energy 2021, 173, 1141 .

AMA Style

Richard Sikkema, Svetlana Proskurina, Manjola Banja, Esa Vakkilainen. Addendum to “How can solid biomass contribute to the EU’s renewable energy targets 2020, 2030 and what are the GHG drivers and safeguards in energy- and forestry sectors?” [Renew. Energy 165 (2021) 758–772]. Renewable Energy. 2021; 173 ():1141.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Richard Sikkema; Svetlana Proskurina; Manjola Banja; Esa Vakkilainen. 2021. "Addendum to “How can solid biomass contribute to the EU’s renewable energy targets 2020, 2030 and what are the GHG drivers and safeguards in energy- and forestry sectors?” [Renew. Energy 165 (2021) 758–772]." Renewable Energy 173, no. : 1141.

Journal article
Published: 17 March 2021 in Energies
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A refining model is developed to analyses the refining process’s energy efficiency based on the refining variables. A simulation model is obtained for longer-term refining energy analysis by further developing the MATLAB Thermo-Mechanical Pulping Simulink toolbox. This model is utilized to predict two essential variables for refining energy efficiency calculation: refining motor-load and generated steam. The conventional variable for presenting refining energy efficiency is refining specific energy consumption (RSEC), which is the ratio of the refining motor load to throughput and does not consider the share of recovered energy from the refining produced steam. In this study, a new variable, corrected refining specific energy consumption (CRSEC), is introduced and practiced for better representation of the refining energy efficiency. In the calculation process of the CRSEC, recovered energy from the refining generated steam is considered useful energy. The developed model results in 160% and 78.75% improvement in simulation model determination coefficient and error, respectively. Utilizing the developed model and hourly district heating demand for CRSEC calculation, results prove a 22% annual average difference between CRSEC and RSEC. Findings confirm that the wintertime refining energy efficiency is 27% higher due to higher recovered energy in the heat recovery unit compared to summertime.

ACS Style

Behnam Talebjedi; Timo Laukkanen; Henrik Holmberg; Esa Vakkilainen; Sanna Syri. Energy Efficiency Analysis of the Refining Unit in Thermo-Mechanical Pulp Mill. Energies 2021, 14, 1664 .

AMA Style

Behnam Talebjedi, Timo Laukkanen, Henrik Holmberg, Esa Vakkilainen, Sanna Syri. Energy Efficiency Analysis of the Refining Unit in Thermo-Mechanical Pulp Mill. Energies. 2021; 14 (6):1664.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Behnam Talebjedi; Timo Laukkanen; Henrik Holmberg; Esa Vakkilainen; Sanna Syri. 2021. "Energy Efficiency Analysis of the Refining Unit in Thermo-Mechanical Pulp Mill." Energies 14, no. 6: 1664.

Journal article
Published: 11 March 2021 in Energies
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Sustainability and energy efficiency have become important factors for many industrial processes, including chemical pulping. Recently complex back-end heat recovery solutions have been applied to biomass-fired boilers, lowering stack temperatures and recovering some of the latent heat of the moisture by condensation. Modern kraft recovery boiler flue gas offers still unutilized heat recovery possibilities. Scrubbers have been used, but the focus has been on gas cleaning; heat recovery implementations remain simple. The goal of this study is to evaluate the potential to increase the power generation and efficiency of chemical pulping by improved back-end heat recovery from the recovery boiler. Different configurations of heat recovery schemes and different heat sink options are considered, including heat pumps. IPSEpro simulation software is used to model the boiler and steam cycle of a modern Nordic pulp mill. When heat pumps are used to upgrade some of the recovered low-grade heat, up to +23 MW gross and +16.7 MW net power generation increase was observed when the whole pulp mill in addition to the boiler and steam cycle is considered as heat consumer. Combustion air humidification proved to yield a benefit only when assuming the largest heat sink scenario for the pulp mill.

ACS Style

Jussi Saari; Ekaterina Sermyagina; Juha Kaikko; Markus Haider; Marcelo Hamaguchi; Esa Vakkilainen. Evaluation of the Energy Efficiency Improvement Potential through Back-End Heat Recovery in the Kraft Recovery Boiler. Energies 2021, 14, 1550 .

AMA Style

Jussi Saari, Ekaterina Sermyagina, Juha Kaikko, Markus Haider, Marcelo Hamaguchi, Esa Vakkilainen. Evaluation of the Energy Efficiency Improvement Potential through Back-End Heat Recovery in the Kraft Recovery Boiler. Energies. 2021; 14 (6):1550.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jussi Saari; Ekaterina Sermyagina; Juha Kaikko; Markus Haider; Marcelo Hamaguchi; Esa Vakkilainen. 2021. "Evaluation of the Energy Efficiency Improvement Potential through Back-End Heat Recovery in the Kraft Recovery Boiler." Energies 14, no. 6: 1550.

Journal article
Published: 25 February 2021 in Biomass and Bioenergy
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To increase the understanding of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of lignocellulosic biomass residues, four feedstocks: giant bamboo, coffee wood, eucalyptus, and coffee parchment, were studied. The effect of operating conditions on the products in terms of yield, composition and energy densification were quantified. Each feedstock was treated for 3 h at temperatures of 180, 200, 220 and 240 °C. For all samples, the higher heating value (HHV), fixed carbon content and energy density increased with increasing reaction severity, while volatile matter content and mass yield decreased. The HHV of hydrochar samples obtained at temperatures ≥220 °C were in the range of 24.6–29.2 MJ kg−1 and indicated the high potential of these materials for fuel applications. The mass yields varied in the range of 46.5–56.9%, with the exception for coffee parchment, where the lower values of 34.4–46.0% were obtained. The fixed carbon varied from 33.8% to 53.0%. The HTC liquor had pH values of 2.9–4.4 due to organic acids. The results were used to model and evaluate different industrial-scale HTC simulation cases. The overall efficiency was similar within all studied biomasses. The integration with a bio-fired power plant allows simplification of the process while also bringing efficiency gains. All studied biomasses appear to be suitable for energy and value-added products generation through HTC treatment. Coffee residues, which have received little research consideration previously, responded well.

ACS Style

Clara Lisseth Mendoza Martinez; Ekaterina Sermyagina; Jussi Saari; Marcia Silva de Jesus; Marcelo Cardoso; Gustavo Matheus de Almeida; Esa Vakkilainen. Hydrothermal carbonization of lignocellulosic agro-forest based biomass residues. Biomass and Bioenergy 2021, 147, 106004 .

AMA Style

Clara Lisseth Mendoza Martinez, Ekaterina Sermyagina, Jussi Saari, Marcia Silva de Jesus, Marcelo Cardoso, Gustavo Matheus de Almeida, Esa Vakkilainen. Hydrothermal carbonization of lignocellulosic agro-forest based biomass residues. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2021; 147 ():106004.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Clara Lisseth Mendoza Martinez; Ekaterina Sermyagina; Jussi Saari; Marcia Silva de Jesus; Marcelo Cardoso; Gustavo Matheus de Almeida; Esa Vakkilainen. 2021. "Hydrothermal carbonization of lignocellulosic agro-forest based biomass residues." Biomass and Bioenergy 147, no. : 106004.

Original article
Published: 01 February 2021 in Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change
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The objective of this paper is to analyse role of forest industry in meeting energy and climate targets that aim to mitigating global change. Finland as an important forest industry country with the ambitious target of becoming carbon neutral by 2035 is selected to a target county. This study aims to present a plausible assessment of the future of the Finnish forest industry until 2035 based on literature and a scenario building approach. The focus is on energy use and fossil carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The results suggest that electricity consumption will decrease, whereas electricity production will increase, which indicates that forest industry can provide more renewable electricity to the grid. Heat consumption may even increase as a result from building new biorefineries, but those mills can most probably meet their heat demand by combusting biofuels. Changes in forest industry’s direct fossil CO2 emissions can reduce Finnish fossil CO2 emissions 2─4% in comparison to 2018. Biofuels production is likely to rise, but the extent remains to be seen. It is concluded that the Finnish forest industry can contribute significantly to meeting national climate policy targets, and forest industry in general can play a role in mitigating global change. Additionally, it was found that development of the Finnish forest industry will probably be limited by the requirement for sustainable wood harvesting, which may also be a problem for other forest industry countries.

ACS Style

Satu Lipiäinen; Esa Vakkilainen. Role of the Finnish forest industry in mitigating global change: energy use and greenhouse gas emissions towards 2035. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 2021, 26, 1 -19.

AMA Style

Satu Lipiäinen, Esa Vakkilainen. Role of the Finnish forest industry in mitigating global change: energy use and greenhouse gas emissions towards 2035. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change. 2021; 26 (2):1-19.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Satu Lipiäinen; Esa Vakkilainen. 2021. "Role of the Finnish forest industry in mitigating global change: energy use and greenhouse gas emissions towards 2035." Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 26, no. 2: 1-19.

Review article
Published: 05 December 2020 in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
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Coffee production in Brazil creates significant amounts of residues. The goals of this study are to evaluate the characteristics of these residues (parchment, husk, pulp, spent grounds, silverskin and defective beans); to discuss their potential for conversion to improved biofuels via thermochemical methods; and to develop mass and energy balances of the processes to help determine the value of residues for direct combustion, fast and slow pyrolysis, gasification, hydrothermal carbonization and torrefaction. Particularly the pulp, but also husk and parchment, are characterized by high moisture, as well as high contents of cellulose (41–64%) and hemicellulose (27–35%). These residues are suitable for several conversion routes, albeit with the drawback of drying need for the dry methods. The ash of these also creates a risk of fouling, corrosion and agglomeration with high-temperature and fluidized bed technologies. The silverskin and some of the defective beans are available at lower moisture. The spent coffee grounds appear a particularly advantageous residue for energy use: while moisture varies, the roasted product dries easily and has the highest heating value of the residues. For defective beans, little thermochemical treatment data is available. Among the technologies, for wet feedstocks hydrothermal carbonization has the advantage of post-conversion drying. Gasification appears advantageous for parchment with a high syngas yield and heating value. Fast pyrolysis of biomass suffers from the oxygen content of the liquid, requiring additional treatment; slow pyrolysis may be more appropriate. In conclusion, coffee residues have potential as feedstocks for a number of thermochemical conversion processes.

ACS Style

Clara Lisseth Mendoza Martinez; Jussi Saari; Yara Melo; Marcelo Cardoso; Gustavo Matheus de Almeida; Esa Vakkilainen. Evaluation of thermochemical routes for the valorization of solid coffee residues to produce biofuels: A Brazilian case. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2020, 137, 110585 .

AMA Style

Clara Lisseth Mendoza Martinez, Jussi Saari, Yara Melo, Marcelo Cardoso, Gustavo Matheus de Almeida, Esa Vakkilainen. Evaluation of thermochemical routes for the valorization of solid coffee residues to produce biofuels: A Brazilian case. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2020; 137 ():110585.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Clara Lisseth Mendoza Martinez; Jussi Saari; Yara Melo; Marcelo Cardoso; Gustavo Matheus de Almeida; Esa Vakkilainen. 2020. "Evaluation of thermochemical routes for the valorization of solid coffee residues to produce biofuels: A Brazilian case." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 137, no. : 110585.

Journal article
Published: 13 November 2020 in Renewable Energy
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European Union set an ambitious 20% target of its energy consumption from renewable resources 20% by 2020. The aim of this paper is to assess the contribution of solid biomass to renewables use in the EU. During 2010–2018 the share of solid biomass increased from 6.1% to 8.0% of total GFEC, an increase of almost 300 PJ. The paper identifies leading and lagging countries in biomass development by focusing on their current solid biomass share in GFEC. The study shows that leading countries have reached or are close to reach their target, while lagging countries are far from their targets. ETS and non-ETS targets play both a role in the growing use of solid biomass. Despite some challenges, the forest biomass sector allows the sustainable increase of bioenergy in the EU, when the harvest level remains below 90% of net annual increment (except for natural disasters) and there is a stable division between fuelwood and harvested wood for solid products. Forests available for wood supply (FAWS) should be treated differently from non-FAWS areas (protected forests, biodiversity areas), because of different carbon dynamics. The EU Member States may wish to introduce a fixed ratio between FAWS and non FAWS areas, in order to optimally meet the corresponding wishes in EU’s forest and biodiversity strategies.

ACS Style

Richard Sikkema; Svetlana Proskurina; Manjola Banja; Esa Vakkilainen. How can solid biomass contribute to the EU’s renewable energy targets in 2020, 2030 and what are the GHG drivers and safeguards in energy- and forestry sectors? Renewable Energy 2020, 165, 758 -772.

AMA Style

Richard Sikkema, Svetlana Proskurina, Manjola Banja, Esa Vakkilainen. How can solid biomass contribute to the EU’s renewable energy targets in 2020, 2030 and what are the GHG drivers and safeguards in energy- and forestry sectors? Renewable Energy. 2020; 165 ():758-772.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Richard Sikkema; Svetlana Proskurina; Manjola Banja; Esa Vakkilainen. 2020. "How can solid biomass contribute to the EU’s renewable energy targets in 2020, 2030 and what are the GHG drivers and safeguards in energy- and forestry sectors?" Renewable Energy 165, no. : 758-772.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2020 in Energies
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In the pulping industry, thermo-mechanical pulping (TMP) as a subdivision of the refiner-based mechanical pulping is one of the most energy-intensive processes where the core of the process is attributed to the refining process. In this study, to simulate the refining unit of the TMP process under different operational states, the idea of machine learning algorithms is employed. Complicated processes and prediction problems could be simulated and solved by utilizing artificial intelligence methods inspired by the pattern of brain learning. In this research, six evolutionary optimization algorithms are employed to be joined with the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to increase the refining simulation accuracy. The applied optimization algorithms are particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO), differential evolution (DE), biogeography-based optimization algorithm (BBO), genetic algorithm (GA), ant colony (ACO), and teaching learning-based optimization algorithm (TLBO). The simulation predictor variables are site ambient temperature, refining dilution water, refining plate gap, and chip transfer screw speed, while the model outputs are refining motor load and generated steam. Findings confirm the superiority of the PSO algorithm concerning model performance comparing to the other evolutionary algorithms for optimizing ANFIS method parameters, which are utilized for simulating a refiner unit in the TMP process.

ACS Style

Behnam Talebjedi; Ali Khosravi; Timo Laukkanen; Henrik Holmberg; Esa Vakkilainen; Sanna Syri. Energy Modeling of a Refiner in Thermo-Mechanical Pulping Process Using ANFIS Method. Energies 2020, 13, 5113 .

AMA Style

Behnam Talebjedi, Ali Khosravi, Timo Laukkanen, Henrik Holmberg, Esa Vakkilainen, Sanna Syri. Energy Modeling of a Refiner in Thermo-Mechanical Pulping Process Using ANFIS Method. Energies. 2020; 13 (19):5113.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Behnam Talebjedi; Ali Khosravi; Timo Laukkanen; Henrik Holmberg; Esa Vakkilainen; Sanna Syri. 2020. "Energy Modeling of a Refiner in Thermo-Mechanical Pulping Process Using ANFIS Method." Energies 13, no. 19: 5113.

Journal article
Published: 14 June 2020 in Energies
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Bioenergy with CO2 capture and storage (BECCS) is a promising negative emission technology (NET). When using sustainably produced biomass as fuel, BECCS allows the production of power and heat with negative CO2 emissions. The main technical challenges hindering the deployment of BECCS technologies include energy penalties associated with the capture process. This work evaluates the performance of an advanced CO2 capture technology, chemical looping with oxygen uncoupling (CLOU), in conjunction with biomass-fired combined heat and power (CHP) generation. Results from a MATLAB/Simulink reactor model were incorporated in a plant and integration model developed in a commercial process simulation software to quantify the key performance indicators of the CLOU-integrated CHP plant. Both energy and exergy analysis were conducted. The results show a remarkably low efficiency penalty of 0.7% compared to a conventional reference plant, and a high carbon capture efficiency of 97%. The low efficiency penalty is due to the high moisture and hydrogen contents of the biomass, and the separation of combustion products and excess air streams in the CLOU process; these together provide an opportunity to recover a significant amount of heat by flue gas condensation at a higher temperature level than what is possible in a conventional boiler. The condensing heat recovery yields an 18 MW generator power increase (3 MW loss in net power output) for the CLOU plant; in the reference plant with conventional boiler, the same scheme could achieve an increase of 9 MW (generator) and a decrease of 8 MW (net).

ACS Style

Jussi Saari; Petteri Peltola; Tero Tynjälä; Timo Hyppänen; Juha Kaikko; Esa Vakkilainen. High-Efficiency Bioenergy Carbon Capture Integrating Chemical Looping Combustion with Oxygen Uncoupling and a Large Cogeneration Plant. Energies 2020, 13, 1 .

AMA Style

Jussi Saari, Petteri Peltola, Tero Tynjälä, Timo Hyppänen, Juha Kaikko, Esa Vakkilainen. High-Efficiency Bioenergy Carbon Capture Integrating Chemical Looping Combustion with Oxygen Uncoupling and a Large Cogeneration Plant. Energies. 2020; 13 (12):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jussi Saari; Petteri Peltola; Tero Tynjälä; Timo Hyppänen; Juha Kaikko; Esa Vakkilainen. 2020. "High-Efficiency Bioenergy Carbon Capture Integrating Chemical Looping Combustion with Oxygen Uncoupling and a Large Cogeneration Plant." Energies 13, no. 12: 1.

Journal article
Published: 10 June 2020 in Energies
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Upgrading biomass waste streams can improve economics in wood industries by adding value to the process. This work considers use of a hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process for the residual feedstock after lignin and hemicelluloses extraction. Batch experiments were performed at 200–240 °C temperatures and three hours residence time with an 8:1 biomass to water ratio for two feedstocks: Raw spruce and spruce after lignin extraction. The proximate analysis and heating value showed similar results for both feedstocks, indicating that the thermochemical conversion is not impacted by the removal of lignin and hemicelluloses; the pretreatment processing slightly increases the heating value of the treated feedstock, but the HTC conversion process produces a consistent upgrading trend for both the treated and untreated feedstocks. The energy yield was 9.7 percentage points higher for the treated wood on average across the range temperatures due to the higher mass yield in the treated experiments. The energy densification ratio and the mass yield were strongly correlated with reaction temperature, while the energy yield was not. Lignocellulosic composition of the solid HTC product is mainly affected by HTC treatment, the effect of lignin extraction is negligible.

ACS Style

Anna Partridge; Ekaterina Sermyagina; Esa Vakkilainen. Impact of Pretreatment on Hydrothermally Carbonized Spruce. Energies 2020, 13, 2984 .

AMA Style

Anna Partridge, Ekaterina Sermyagina, Esa Vakkilainen. Impact of Pretreatment on Hydrothermally Carbonized Spruce. Energies. 2020; 13 (11):2984.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anna Partridge; Ekaterina Sermyagina; Esa Vakkilainen. 2020. "Impact of Pretreatment on Hydrothermally Carbonized Spruce." Energies 13, no. 11: 2984.

Journal article
Published: 26 September 2019 in Energies
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A key challenge in prevention of global warming is how to increase energy efficiency, to be able to deal with increased fossil CO2 emissions from rising energy usage. Increasing energy efficiency will decrease energy usage and is in a key role in emission mitigation. The focus is the pulp and paper industry, which is energy-intensive. Development of industrial energy efficiency has been studied before but the role of industrial transformation is still mostly unknown. The knowledge must be improved, to be able to predict future developments in the most effective way. In this research, impact of various production unit closures and start-ups on energy efficiency of the Finnish pulp and paper industry were studied utilizing statistical analysis. Results indicate that about 20% of the Finnish pulp and paper industry energy efficiency improvement between 2011 and 2017 is caused by the major structural changes. The rest, 80% of the progress, was mainly due to improved technology and more optimal operational modes. Additional findings suggest that modern mill start-ups have a significantly greater potential to reduce energy consumption than old mill closures.

ACS Style

Satu Kähkönen; Esa Vakkilainen; Timo Laukkanen. Impact of Structural Changes on Energy Efficiency of Finnish Pulp and Paper Industry. Energies 2019, 12, 3689 .

AMA Style

Satu Kähkönen, Esa Vakkilainen, Timo Laukkanen. Impact of Structural Changes on Energy Efficiency of Finnish Pulp and Paper Industry. Energies. 2019; 12 (19):3689.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Satu Kähkönen; Esa Vakkilainen; Timo Laukkanen. 2019. "Impact of Structural Changes on Energy Efficiency of Finnish Pulp and Paper Industry." Energies 12, no. 19: 3689.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2019 in TAPPI Journal
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This work describes and discusses sources of noncondensible gases (NCG) in modern kraft pulp mills and modern NCG collection from process units where odor emissions can occur if these gases are released to the surroundings. A mill-wide overview of NCG sources and collection in modern pulp mills is provided. Using modern practices, malodorous gases can be collected to the extent that a pulp mill is essentially odor free. The key to limiting complaint-causing odors is prevention of these emissions during process disturbances, equipment malfunctions, operator errors, and other unforeseen occurrences.

ACS Style

Kirsi Hovikorpi; Esa Vakkilainen. Sources, collection, and handling of noncondensible gases in modern kraft pulp mills. TAPPI Journal 2019, 18, 297 -305.

AMA Style

Kirsi Hovikorpi, Esa Vakkilainen. Sources, collection, and handling of noncondensible gases in modern kraft pulp mills. TAPPI Journal. 2019; 18 (5):297-305.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kirsi Hovikorpi; Esa Vakkilainen. 2019. "Sources, collection, and handling of noncondensible gases in modern kraft pulp mills." TAPPI Journal 18, no. 5: 297-305.

On the map
Published: 11 May 2019 in Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining
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This paper surveys the status and future prospects of bioenergy renewable energy source (RES) hybrids, i.e. energy conversion processes that have at least two renewable energy inputs, one of which is bioenergy. Finland, Austria, Germany and Denmark were the case study countries. We found that the implementation of bioenergy RES hybrids was already ongoing in various sectors, but a majority of them was focused on domestic heating applications. Bioenergy can be used to provide flexible resources for both energy supply and energy storage. An important motivation behind hybrid systems is the possibility of switching between different energy sources in an optimal way. No significant technical limitations were identified for surveyed hybrid systems, but the future economic potential of bioenergy RES hybrids remains difficult to estimate as the value of flexibility cannot be assessed in isolation from the energy system. © 2019 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts, and Biorefining published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

ACS Style

Elina Hakkarainen; Ilkka Hannula; Esa Vakkilainen. Bioenergy RES hybrids − assessment of status in Finland, Austria, Germany, and Denmark. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 2019, 13, 1402 -1416.

AMA Style

Elina Hakkarainen, Ilkka Hannula, Esa Vakkilainen. Bioenergy RES hybrids − assessment of status in Finland, Austria, Germany, and Denmark. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining. 2019; 13 (6):1402-1416.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elina Hakkarainen; Ilkka Hannula; Esa Vakkilainen. 2019. "Bioenergy RES hybrids − assessment of status in Finland, Austria, Germany, and Denmark." Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 13, no. 6: 1402-1416.

Journal article
Published: 26 February 2019 in Biomass and Bioenergy
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In this work, the production viability, physical, chemical and mechanical properties of briquettes produced from mixtures of coffee shrub residues and pinewood, were evaluated. The densification was carried out under constant operating conditions (temperature of 120 °C, pressure of 8.27 MPa) in a piston-press type laboratory-scale briquetting machine. Coffee shrub residues were mixed with pinewood in ratios of 25%, 50% and 75%. In addition, reference briquettes of pure pinewood and of each type of coffee shrub residue were produced. To characterize the raw material, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon together with the calorific value of produced samples, were measured. To characterize the suitability of the briquettes produced: apparent density, energy density, tensile strength, and equilibrium moisture content were determined. The highest values of energy density (19133–19899 MJ m−3), tensile strength (415–569 kgf), apparent density (1107–1163 kg m−3) and favorable values of equilibrium moisture content (9–11 wt %) were obtained from a mixing ratio of 75% of pinewood. The novel contribution of this research was to develop briquettes with appropriate physical and mechanical parameters from new raw materials that could serve as sustainable fuel sources for local firing systems.

ACS Style

Clara Lisseth Mendoza Martinez; Ekaterina Sermyagina; Angélica De Cassia Oliveira Carneiro; Esa Vakkilainen; Marcelo Cardoso. Production and characterization of coffee-pine wood residue briquettes as an alternative fuel for local firing systems in Brazil. Biomass and Bioenergy 2019, 123, 70 -77.

AMA Style

Clara Lisseth Mendoza Martinez, Ekaterina Sermyagina, Angélica De Cassia Oliveira Carneiro, Esa Vakkilainen, Marcelo Cardoso. Production and characterization of coffee-pine wood residue briquettes as an alternative fuel for local firing systems in Brazil. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2019; 123 ():70-77.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Clara Lisseth Mendoza Martinez; Ekaterina Sermyagina; Angélica De Cassia Oliveira Carneiro; Esa Vakkilainen; Marcelo Cardoso. 2019. "Production and characterization of coffee-pine wood residue briquettes as an alternative fuel for local firing systems in Brazil." Biomass and Bioenergy 123, no. : 70-77.

Original article
Published: 04 January 2019 in Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change
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Corporate image, European Emission Trading System and Environmental Regulations, encourage pulp industry to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Kraft pulp mills produce CO2 mainly in combustion processes. The largest sources are the recovery boiler, the biomass boiler, and the lime kiln. Due to utilizing mostly biomass-based fuels, the CO2 is largely biogenic. Capture and storage of CO2 (CCS) could offer pulp and paper industry the possibility to act as site for negative CO2 emissions. In addition, captured biogenic CO2 can be used as a raw material for bioproducts. Possibilities for CO2 utilization include tall oil manufacturing, lignin extraction, and production of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), depending on local conditions and mill-specific details. In this study, total biomass-based CO2 capture and storage potential (BECCS) and potential to implement capture and utilization of biomass-based CO2 (BECCU) in kraft pulp mills were estimated by analyzing the impacts of the processes on the operation of two modern reference mills, a Nordic softwood kraft pulp mill with integrated paper production and a Southern eucalyptus kraft pulp mill. CO2 capture is energy-intensive, and thus the effects on the energy balances of the mills were estimated. When papermaking is integrated in the mill operations, energy adequacy can be a limiting factor for carbon capture implementation. Global carbon capture potential was estimated based on pulp production data. Kraft pulp mills have notable CO2 capture potential, while the on-site utilization potential using currently available technologies is lower. The future of these processes depends on technology development, desire to reuse CO2, and prospective changes in legislation.

ACS Style

Katja Kuparinen; Esa Vakkilainen; Tero Tynjälä. Biomass-based carbon capture and utilization in kraft pulp mills. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 2019, 24, 1213 -1230.

AMA Style

Katja Kuparinen, Esa Vakkilainen, Tero Tynjälä. Biomass-based carbon capture and utilization in kraft pulp mills. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change. 2019; 24 (7):1213-1230.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katja Kuparinen; Esa Vakkilainen; Tero Tynjälä. 2019. "Biomass-based carbon capture and utilization in kraft pulp mills." Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 24, no. 7: 1213-1230.

Conference paper
Published: 05 December 2018 in MATEC Web of Conferences
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Low efficiency is the main stumbling block preventing the widespread adoption of small-scale gas turbines in distributed energy production. The evaporative gas turbine cycle has been proposed as a way to improve efficiency, but the large number of components required make the configuration complex and expensive. The condensing evaporator is a component that simplifies the evaporative gas turbine cycle. The heat and mass exchanger device is designed for an externally fired application, which means that the flue gas stream is replaced by moist air. The air-water mixture condenses inside a tube bank, releasing heat to the evaporating water film on the other side of the tubes. Similar inventions include the tubular humidifier and the Maisotsenko compressed air saturator, which also aim to make the evaporative gas turbine cycle more economically feasible. Available theory focuses on either humidification towers or evaporative condensers in HVAC applications. The tubular humidifier has been analyzed in a similar manner as humidification tower since the flow configurations of the two components are similar. However, the theory of humidification towers is not directly applicaple to the condensing evaporator. This study proposes a method of analysis of the condensing evaporator in power generation.

ACS Style

Aleksi Mankonen; Juha Kaikko; Esa Vakkilainen; Vitaly Sergeev. Thermodynamic analysis of a condensing evaporator in an evaporative gas turbine cycle. MATEC Web of Conferences 2018, 245, 07007 .

AMA Style

Aleksi Mankonen, Juha Kaikko, Esa Vakkilainen, Vitaly Sergeev. Thermodynamic analysis of a condensing evaporator in an evaporative gas turbine cycle. MATEC Web of Conferences. 2018; 245 ():07007.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aleksi Mankonen; Juha Kaikko; Esa Vakkilainen; Vitaly Sergeev. 2018. "Thermodynamic analysis of a condensing evaporator in an evaporative gas turbine cycle." MATEC Web of Conferences 245, no. : 07007.

Journal article
Published: 19 November 2018 in Biomass and Bioenergy
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Chemical quantitative characterization of biomass is relevant for waste to energy recovery technologies. In the present work, selected agroindustry solid residues from coffee crops – parchment and coffee shrub, i.e., stem, branches and leaves – were characterized. Properties such proximate, ultimate and biochemical composition, energy content, and thermogravimetric analysis, were evaluated. Results showed high values of higher heating value and volatile matter content. The silica contents are small for all samples. Additionally, the high content of extractives and lignin, reveal that these residual biomasses are more suitable for charcoal than cellulose pulp production. The extensive residue characterization provided valuable data that helped in outcome of the evaluation of different conversion technologies as being an environmentally friendly alternative, contributing to sustainable, reliable, carbon-neutral form of modern energy and upgrade the large quantity of waste generated by the coffee industry into energetically valued residues, by improving their management.

ACS Style

Clara Lisseth Mendoza Martinez; Elém Patrícia Alves Rocha; Angélica De Cassia Oliveira Carneiro; Fernando José Borges Gomes; Larisse Batalha; Esa Vakkilainen; Marcelo Cardoso. Characterization of residual biomasses from the coffee production chain and assessment the potential for energy purposes. Biomass and Bioenergy 2018, 120, 68 -76.

AMA Style

Clara Lisseth Mendoza Martinez, Elém Patrícia Alves Rocha, Angélica De Cassia Oliveira Carneiro, Fernando José Borges Gomes, Larisse Batalha, Esa Vakkilainen, Marcelo Cardoso. Characterization of residual biomasses from the coffee production chain and assessment the potential for energy purposes. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2018; 120 ():68-76.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Clara Lisseth Mendoza Martinez; Elém Patrícia Alves Rocha; Angélica De Cassia Oliveira Carneiro; Fernando José Borges Gomes; Larisse Batalha; Esa Vakkilainen; Marcelo Cardoso. 2018. "Characterization of residual biomasses from the coffee production chain and assessment the potential for energy purposes." Biomass and Bioenergy 120, no. : 68-76.

Journal article
Published: 16 October 2018 in Fuel
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This work aims to assess the adequacy of the often made two dimensional mesh simplification in ash deposition models. Little information is available regarding its validity due to the heavy computational costs that a proper three-dimensional grid model would entail. We have implemented a case study (a deposition probe in a kraft recovery furnace) with 2D and 3D mesh models in order to compare their results regarding the ash deposition and the fluid flow. An additional simulation has been carried out to compare the results between URANS and DES turbulence models. For the particular case studied in this article, the two-dimensional simplification is justified as the results did not vary notably whereas entailing remarkably smaller computational costs. Nonetheless, the usage of DES turbulence model yielded moderately different results, qualitatively closer to deposit observations, justifying perhaps the three-dimensional approach when accuracy is needed for the deposition of fine particles on the lee edges of the tubes.

ACS Style

Manuel García Pérez; Esa Vakkilainen. A comparison of turbulence models and two and three dimensional meshes for unsteady CFD ash deposition tools. Fuel 2018, 237, 806 -811.

AMA Style

Manuel García Pérez, Esa Vakkilainen. A comparison of turbulence models and two and three dimensional meshes for unsteady CFD ash deposition tools. Fuel. 2018; 237 ():806-811.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Manuel García Pérez; Esa Vakkilainen. 2018. "A comparison of turbulence models and two and three dimensional meshes for unsteady CFD ash deposition tools." Fuel 237, no. : 806-811.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2018 in Journal of Water Process Engineering
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The study analyzes a potential to improve the local waste and wastewater management in a Finnish community. The Lappeenranta wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is used as a case study. Two different technological setups are considered for improving the wastewater treatment plant. These are used to construct four alternative wastewater reclamation scenarios. The mass and energy balances for the considered scenarios are developed and used as input for the profitability evaluation. The utilization of the sewage sludge from the WWTP and municipal solid waste fraction that cannot be recycled for the generation of heat and electricity at the CHP plant is investigated with the aim to improve the economic performance of the wastewater treatment facility. The studied scenarios are initially compared based on their investment and operational costs. The cost of water treatment increases significantly in the case of the investigated tertiary treatment systems: higher amounts of chemicals and electricity are needed to improve the water quality. At the same time, the study indicates that the profitability of a WWTP integrated with a CHP plant can be reasonably high in a wide range of likely price scenarios for alternative wastewater purification systems. The results of the analysis showed a significant potential for the investigated wastewater reclamation systems to improve the efficiency of solid waste and wastewater management in the community.

ACS Style

Kirill Murashko; Markku Nikku; Ekaterina Sermyagina; Johanna Julia Vauterin; Timo Hyppänen; Esa Vakkilainen; Juha Pyrhönen. Techno-economic analysis of a decentralized wastewater treatment plant operating in closed-loop. A Finnish case study. Journal of Water Process Engineering 2018, 25, 278 -294.

AMA Style

Kirill Murashko, Markku Nikku, Ekaterina Sermyagina, Johanna Julia Vauterin, Timo Hyppänen, Esa Vakkilainen, Juha Pyrhönen. Techno-economic analysis of a decentralized wastewater treatment plant operating in closed-loop. A Finnish case study. Journal of Water Process Engineering. 2018; 25 ():278-294.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kirill Murashko; Markku Nikku; Ekaterina Sermyagina; Johanna Julia Vauterin; Timo Hyppänen; Esa Vakkilainen; Juha Pyrhönen. 2018. "Techno-economic analysis of a decentralized wastewater treatment plant operating in closed-loop. A Finnish case study." Journal of Water Process Engineering 25, no. : 278-294.