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Access to credit is essential for sustainable agricultural development. This paper evaluates the impact of formal and informal agricultural credit, access to extension services, and different combinations of agricultural credit and extension services on the economic outcomes of farming households in Afghanistan. This study applies a quasi-experimental approach (propensity score matching) and inverse-probability-weighted regression adjustment (IPWRA) analysis. The data comes from a survey of 277 randomly selected farming households in the three districts of rural Afghanistan. The results show that having access to formal agricultural credit has a positive and differentiated impact on the farming costs and net revenue of farming households. However, the effects increase when a farming household has access to both formal credit and extension services. The results also reveal that credit constraints affect farming costs and net revenue. The study provides some practical implications for agricultural development policymakers. First, formal agricultural credit affects farm revenue in rural Afghanistan. Second, the impact of credit bundled with agricultural extension services on farm revenue is higher than the impact of the provision of each service separately. Therefore, a more sustainable agricultural credit arrangement should be supplemented by extension services for farmers in Afghanistan.
Masaood Moahid; Ghulam Khan; Yuichiro Yoshida; Niraj Joshi; Keshav Maharjan. Agricultural Credit and Extension Services: Does Their Synergy Augment Farmers’ Economic Outcomes? Sustainability 2021, 13, 3758 .
AMA StyleMasaood Moahid, Ghulam Khan, Yuichiro Yoshida, Niraj Joshi, Keshav Maharjan. Agricultural Credit and Extension Services: Does Their Synergy Augment Farmers’ Economic Outcomes? Sustainability. 2021; 13 (7):3758.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMasaood Moahid; Ghulam Khan; Yuichiro Yoshida; Niraj Joshi; Keshav Maharjan. 2021. "Agricultural Credit and Extension Services: Does Their Synergy Augment Farmers’ Economic Outcomes?" Sustainability 13, no. 7: 3758.
The growing concern for sustainability in agri-food systems and the parallel decrease in the number of people engaged in agriculture, especially in the Global North, is starting to draw attention to new entrant farmers from non-farming backgrounds (“newcomer” farmers). Newcomers, however, especially if interested in sustainable agriculture, face considerable barriers to entry, and their support needs are often not adequately met by conventional agricultural institutions and support structures. Several studies have highlighted the importance of formal and informal farmer-to-farmer networks and communities of practice for newcomers to receive support, but such networks are usually geographically dispersed. Dynamics of spatial clustering of sustainable farmers, on the other hand, have so far received less attention, particularly in relation to their role in supporting the establishment of newcomers. This study examines the barriers to entry faced by newcomer organic farmers in Japan and the relevance of geographically proximate “clusters” of organic farmers to address such barriers. The results highlight the environmental and social factors that can facilitate the formation of organic clusters in the first place, and how spatial proximity facilitates different forms of cooperation among newcomers. The paper concludes by discussing the potential role of clusters in scaling sustainable agri-food practices.
Simona Zollet; Keshav Maharjan. Overcoming the Barriers to Entry of Newcomer Sustainable Farmers: Insights from the Emergence of Organic Clusters in Japan. Sustainability 2021, 13, 866 .
AMA StyleSimona Zollet, Keshav Maharjan. Overcoming the Barriers to Entry of Newcomer Sustainable Farmers: Insights from the Emergence of Organic Clusters in Japan. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (2):866.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSimona Zollet; Keshav Maharjan. 2021. "Overcoming the Barriers to Entry of Newcomer Sustainable Farmers: Insights from the Emergence of Organic Clusters in Japan." Sustainability 13, no. 2: 866.
The riverine ecosystems of the Mekong River Basin possess the world’s most productive inland fishery and provide highly productive food crops for millions of people annually. The development of hydropower potential in the Mekong River has long been of interest to governments in the region. Among the existing 64 dams, 46 dams have been built in the Lower Mekong Basin (LMB) to produce up to 8650 MW of electricity. Additionally, of the 123 proposed built hydropower dams, eleven hydropower plants have been nominated for the river mainstream and are expected to install a total of 13,000 MW in the LMB countries. However, serious concerns have intensified over the potential negative economic consequences, especially on fisheries and agriculture in Cambodia and Vietnam. To date, most of the concerns have concentrated on the impacts on hydrology, environment, livelihood, and diversity in the LMB attributed to hydropower development. This paper, however, discusses the fishery and agricultural sectors of the LMB and focuses on the downstream floodplains of Cambodia and Vietnam. The dam construction has caused greater losses of biodiversity and fisheries than climate change in the LMB. The reduction of 276,847 and 178,169 t of fish, 3.7% and 2.3% of rice, 21.0% and 10.0% of maize will contribute to a decrease of 3.7% and 0.3% of the GDP of Cambodia and Vietnam, respectively. Lao PDR may benefit the most revenue from electricity generation than the other country in the LMB, as most of the proposed dams are projected in the country. Cambodia burdens 3/4 of the reduction of total capture fishery destruction, whilst Lao PDR, Thailand, and Vietnam endure the remaining 1/3 losses. The tradeoff analyses reveal that losses of capture fisheries, sediment or nutrients, and social mitigation costs are greater than the benefits from electricity generation, improved irrigation, and flood control of the LMB region. The socioeconomic and environmental damage caused by hydropower dams in developing countries, including the Mekong, is greater than the early costs in North America and Europe. It is proposed that dam construction for hydropower in the Mekong River, as well as other rivers in developing countries, should be gradually removed and shifted toward solar, wind, and other renewable resources.
Yuichiro Yoshida; Han Soo Lee; Bui Huy Trung; Hoang-Dung Tran; Mahrjan Keshlav Lall; Kifayatullah Kakar; Tran Dang Xuan. Impacts of Mainstream Hydropower Dams on Fisheries and Agriculture in Lower Mekong Basin. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2408 .
AMA StyleYuichiro Yoshida, Han Soo Lee, Bui Huy Trung, Hoang-Dung Tran, Mahrjan Keshlav Lall, Kifayatullah Kakar, Tran Dang Xuan. Impacts of Mainstream Hydropower Dams on Fisheries and Agriculture in Lower Mekong Basin. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (6):2408.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYuichiro Yoshida; Han Soo Lee; Bui Huy Trung; Hoang-Dung Tran; Mahrjan Keshlav Lall; Kifayatullah Kakar; Tran Dang Xuan. 2020. "Impacts of Mainstream Hydropower Dams on Fisheries and Agriculture in Lower Mekong Basin." Sustainability 12, no. 6: 2408.
Adequate access to credit is necessary for the sustainable development of agriculture. This study uses a double hurdle model to investigate what affects farming households’ credit participation and amount, and a Probit model to find out credit constraints. For this purpose, the data from a survey of 292 farming households in Afghanistan was utilized. The study finds that households obtain credit for their agricultural activities from various formal and informal sources. The results of the double hurdle model reveal that the financial activities of the households were positively determined by crop diversity, education, number of adults in a household, size of land, and access to extension. Non-agricultural income decreases the likelihood of participation. The results of the analysis of credit constraints indicate that formal credit did not help small-scale and remoter farming households; however, these households relied on informal credit, especially when they faced income shock. Furthermore, religious belief increased the chances of avoiding formal credit but not informal credit. It is suggested that formal credit should be expanded to rural areas, especially to small-scale farming households. Policy makers should also consider increasing access to extension. Formal financial institutions should provide Sharia-compliant credit, which increases the confidence level of households in using formal credit in Afghanistan.
Masaood Moahid; Keshav Lall Maharjan. Factors Affecting Farmers’ Access to Formal and Informal Credit: Evidence from Rural Afghanistan. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1268 .
AMA StyleMasaood Moahid, Keshav Lall Maharjan. Factors Affecting Farmers’ Access to Formal and Informal Credit: Evidence from Rural Afghanistan. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (3):1268.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMasaood Moahid; Keshav Lall Maharjan. 2020. "Factors Affecting Farmers’ Access to Formal and Informal Credit: Evidence from Rural Afghanistan." Sustainability 12, no. 3: 1268.
Shree Maharjan; Keshav Maharjan. Roles and contributions of community seed banks in climate adaptation in Nepal. Development in Practice 2018, 28, 292 -302.
AMA StyleShree Maharjan, Keshav Maharjan. Roles and contributions of community seed banks in climate adaptation in Nepal. Development in Practice. 2018; 28 (2):292-302.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShree Maharjan; Keshav Maharjan. 2018. "Roles and contributions of community seed banks in climate adaptation in Nepal." Development in Practice 28, no. 2: 292-302.
Various studies of satisfaction rarely focus on livelihood satisfaction. They focus on job satisfaction which does not provide a comprehensive understanding in terms of livelihood studies. Moreover, these studies use the normal ordered logistic model in the study of satisfaction even though the parallel lines assumption associated with this model is often violated. This current study proposes a framework for studying livelihood satisfaction and adopts a generalised ordered logit model to explain the determinants of livelihood satisfaction in Ghana. The sample consisted of 11,490 household’s heads based on current data from the Ghana Living Standard Survey. The study found that self-employees are overall very satisfied with their livelihoods than paid employees contrary to a perception that the latter are more satisfied. It also found that aged and married household’s heads are associated with higher probabilities of being very satisfied with their livelihoods while female-headed household’s heads are less likely to be very satisfied. Characteristics of livelihoods such as the security, type of livelihood strategy, nature of work schedule and compensation are equally significant determinants of livelihood satisfaction. The study concludes that improving satisfaction especially for paid employees requires adequate remuneration and flexible work schedule. It further recommends that livelihood interventions should support self-employed agricultural and non-agricultural livelihood strategies to facilitate development and at the same time the satisfaction of households.
Tiah A-K. Mahama; Keshav Lall Maharjan. Generalised Ordered Model for Conceptualising and Ascertaining the Determinants of Livelihood Satisfaction in Ghana. Journal of Happiness Studies 2017, 19, 1195 -1216.
AMA StyleTiah A-K. Mahama, Keshav Lall Maharjan. Generalised Ordered Model for Conceptualising and Ascertaining the Determinants of Livelihood Satisfaction in Ghana. Journal of Happiness Studies. 2017; 19 (4):1195-1216.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTiah A-K. Mahama; Keshav Lall Maharjan. 2017. "Generalised Ordered Model for Conceptualising and Ascertaining the Determinants of Livelihood Satisfaction in Ghana." Journal of Happiness Studies 19, no. 4: 1195-1216.
Designed to promote community participation , decentralization aims to replace the state led rural development previously applied. However, after the authorities were transferred, the question remains whether the system can truly facilitate community participation. Some locally made regulations have deviated from spirit of participatory development mandated by national regulations. The non-existence of guidelines on how to involve the community in decision making has resulted in the differences of types of planning meetings. Some villages apply open meetings , while others apply representative meetings . In implementation, community involvement is prominent, yet the system cannot fully abolish the practice of coercive mobilization of local resources . In the evaluation stage, the community is not involved much in evaluating projects and government accountability is weak. The community has no power to access budget reports and to hold the village government accountable. The village head is still orienting its accountability to the district government.
Sutiyo; Keshav Lall Maharjan. Community Participation in Rural Development. Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia 2017, 125 -138.
AMA StyleSutiyo, Keshav Lall Maharjan. Community Participation in Rural Development. Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia. 2017; ():125-138.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSutiyo; Keshav Lall Maharjan. 2017. "Community Participation in Rural Development." Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia , no. : 125-138.
The lack of a budget for rural development and the weak capacity of government institutions to manage a database of poor households create implementation gaps in many poverty alleviation programs implemented in Indonesia. The Program of Health Insurance for the Poor (Askeskin ) is a program suffering from serious under coverage. Furthermore, some programs distributing benefits in hand like the program of Rice for the Poor ( Raskin ) and the Program of Women’s Saving Group (PWSG) suffer from leakage because the kinds are distributed to almost all villagers. Mistargeting in poverty alleviation programs has no correlation to kinship relations with village officers , but is more due to the principle of solidarity among rural residents to distribute the programs equally, even to the non-poor. Under coverage as well as leakage of the programs makes them unable to achieve their objective to alleviate poverty. Only rural infrastructure development significantly improves respondents’ access to some selected public services.
Sutiyo; Keshav Lall Maharjan. Does Decentralization Matter in Rural Poverty Alleviation? Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia 2017, 139 -149.
AMA StyleSutiyo, Keshav Lall Maharjan. Does Decentralization Matter in Rural Poverty Alleviation? Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia. 2017; ():139-149.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSutiyo; Keshav Lall Maharjan. 2017. "Does Decentralization Matter in Rural Poverty Alleviation?" Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia , no. : 139-149.
The design of decentralization in Indonesia includes the transfer of political, fiscal and administrative power from central to local governments , mainly to district governments. Politically, decentralization creates power separation between a local executive and the local council , empowers the local council and gives them discretion to manage domestic affairs based on local initiatives . Fiscally, it guarantees larger shares of the budget to local governments and discretion to spend them based on local needs. Administratively, decentralization transfers most civil servants and public services to local governments. The implications of decentralization for village governments and rural development are great because it aims to democratize village governments, empower communities and change rural development from a top-down to a bottom-up approach .
Sutiyo; Keshav Lall Maharjan. Design of Decentralization in Indonesia. Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia 2017, 27 -39.
AMA StyleSutiyo, Keshav Lall Maharjan. Design of Decentralization in Indonesia. Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia. 2017; ():27-39.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSutiyo; Keshav Lall Maharjan. 2017. "Design of Decentralization in Indonesia." Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia , no. : 27-39.
Social capital in rural Indonesia mainly exists within informal institutions. Various types of informal ruralinstitutions are active in conducting periodical meetings and addressing common livelihood problems. However, although social capital exists, it is not well utilized to execute decentralization. Village governments are still monopolized by several formal institutions, namely village officers, village council and village development committees. The informal institutions are given no opportunity to enter the village political arena. These imply the lack of empowerment for the villagers within decentralization. Although the institutions are internally strong, the lack of connection with the village government makes the institutions unable to control village decision making.
Sutiyo; Keshav Lall Maharjan. Social Capital for Decentralized Rural Development. Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia 2017, 89 -98.
AMA StyleSutiyo, Keshav Lall Maharjan. Social Capital for Decentralized Rural Development. Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia. 2017; ():89-98.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSutiyo; Keshav Lall Maharjan. 2017. "Social Capital for Decentralized Rural Development." Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia , no. : 89-98.
Decentralization in Indonesia has several potentials, which include the strong social capital within the rural community, the good individual capacity of village officers and the functioning rural community leaders. At the same time, decentralization has challenges including the low political commitment of the district government in prioritizing rural development in the local budget , the low efficiency of district agencies, the low capacity of district council for analyzing the budget, the inconsistency of local implementing regulations in defining decentralization and establishing a participatory mechanism , the tradition of formalization within the village government , and the problematic capacity realization of village government due to lack of motivation, incentives and coordination. Thus, to improve decentralization, the government of Indonesia should strengthen legislation on decentralization , deliver capacity development to rural institutions , and institutionalize participation of rural community, especially the poor, in rural development and poverty alleviation programs.
Sutiyo; Keshav Lall Maharjan. Policy Options for Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia. Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia 2017, 151 -157.
AMA StyleSutiyo, Keshav Lall Maharjan. Policy Options for Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia. Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia. 2017; ():151-157.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSutiyo; Keshav Lall Maharjan. 2017. "Policy Options for Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia." Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia , no. : 151-157.
The post Suharto administration launched Indonesia’s decentralization policy to facilitate democratization at the local level. Disappointment in the centralized regime that suppressed civil society, liquidated traditional institution, homogenized local governments, and famously abused power formed the background of decentralization. This background is very important to understanding the institutional choices, implementation gaps and political and economic challenges of decentralization. While the expectations for decentralization are quite high, which are to develop local democracy and pursue successful development at the same time, decentralization in Indonesia faces great challenges because the long tenure of the previous regime has left many negative consequences.
Sutiyo; Keshav Lall Maharjan. Historical Background of Decentralization in Indonesia. Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia 2017, 1 -11.
AMA StyleSutiyo, Keshav Lall Maharjan. Historical Background of Decentralization in Indonesia. Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia. 2017; ():1-11.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSutiyo; Keshav Lall Maharjan. 2017. "Historical Background of Decentralization in Indonesia." Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia , no. : 1-11.
Budget allocation is a reliable proxy for evaluating the prioritization of government policies . While decentralization has significantly increased fiscal transfers to local governments , rural development is still not prioritized in district spending . Most of the local budget is spent on recurrent expenditures consisting mainly of salaries and operational costs . Through some interventions from the central government, spending on education and health care has increased. However, spending on agriculture and infrastructure has been relatively stagnant over the years. The implications of local budgeting on rural development can be seen from the progress of several socio-economic indicators. Indicators in the education and health sectors have improved to some extent, while agriculture and infrastructure have remained relatively stagnant after decentralization. Reforming district organization to be more efficient is a solution to decrease recurrent expenditures . In the mean time, the central government should improve its monitoring of the utilization of district budgets .
Sutiyo; Keshav Lall Maharjan. District Budgeting for Rural Development. Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia 2017, 55 -76.
AMA StyleSutiyo, Keshav Lall Maharjan. District Budgeting for Rural Development. Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia. 2017; ():55-76.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSutiyo; Keshav Lall Maharjan. 2017. "District Budgeting for Rural Development." Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia , no. : 55-76.
The roles of rural community leaders in decentralization cannot be underestimated, as they are the main actors organizing villagers in executing rural development programs. Four kinds of community leaders exist in rural Indonesia, namely the village head , hamlet head , upper neighborhood head and lower neighborhood head . Through cases study in Serang , Kedarpan and Sumilir villages, it is found that majority of their leadership capacity indicators were good enough, especially in terms of being informed, creativity , fairness , encouragement , responsiveness and submission to consensus . However, their accountability is perceived to be low. Among them, the neighborhood head is perceived to be the most popular leader. It is seen that the lower neighborhood head has become the safety guard that improves information access and accountability reports for the community while the village head is not optimally performing it. Rural community leaders are the key actors to make decentralization succeed. Their capacity to organize communities can be strengthened through capacity development , establishing clear institutional arrangements and providing sufficient incentives.
Sutiyo; Keshav Lall Maharjan. Rural Community Leadership in Decentralization. Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia 2017, 99 -110.
AMA StyleSutiyo, Keshav Lall Maharjan. Rural Community Leadership in Decentralization. Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia. 2017; ():99-110.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSutiyo; Keshav Lall Maharjan. 2017. "Rural Community Leadership in Decentralization." Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia , no. : 99-110.
Despite arguments that decentralization creates successful rural development, studies in many countries find that the adoption of decentralization does not always make rural development more effective. While decentralization theoretically offers substantial opportunities for successful rural development, all too often the implementation is hampered by various challenges depending on the specific characteristic of a country and locality. This chapter deals with this challenging issue, which is to identify the potentialities and challenges brought by decentralization for rural development. Through literature reviews, this chapter suggests that countries applying decentralization and expecting the benefits in rural development pay attention to several factors: formulation of the local budget, social capital, local capacity and community participation.
Sutiyo Sutiyo; Keshav Lall Maharjan. Decentralization: Potential and Challenges for Rural Development. Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia 2017, 13 -26.
AMA StyleSutiyo Sutiyo, Keshav Lall Maharjan. Decentralization: Potential and Challenges for Rural Development. Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia. 2017; ():13-26.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSutiyo Sutiyo; Keshav Lall Maharjan. 2017. "Decentralization: Potential and Challenges for Rural Development." Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia , no. : 13-26.
The participatory budgeting established in Indonesia after decentralization provides the community an opportunity to participate in local budgeting . While the meetings and public hearing are procedurally seen as good enough for accommodating community proposals , the result is perceived as far from being participative and accommodating. The low willingness of district governments to share budget information has hindered public participation . The non-existence of clear procedures to screen village proposals and the low capacity of district councils make the selection of village proposals not based on scale of priorities . Participatory budgeting just becomes a formality where rural residents still cannot influence budgetary decision making .
Sutiyo; Keshav Lall Maharjan. Participatory Budgeting: Between Procedures and Realities. Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia 2017, 77 -87.
AMA StyleSutiyo, Keshav Lall Maharjan. Participatory Budgeting: Between Procedures and Realities. Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia. 2017; ():77-87.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSutiyo; Keshav Lall Maharjan. 2017. "Participatory Budgeting: Between Procedures and Realities." Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia , no. : 77-87.
The success of decentralization in rural areas heavily depends on the capacity of village government institutions, mainly the village officers , village council and village development committee . Through the case study in Serang, Kedarpan and Sumilir , it was found that the majority of individual capacity indicators were perceived to be good enough. However, institutional capacity is not simply the capacity of the members, but more importantly, their ability to work together to perform the tasks of the organization. In fact, capacity realization of most members is hampered by problems of weak coordination and low incentives . Therefore, for the success of decentralization, the government should overcome problems of weak coordination and provide incentives to these institutions.
Sutiyo; Keshav Lall Maharjan. Institutional Capacity of Village Government. Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia 2017, 111 -123.
AMA StyleSutiyo, Keshav Lall Maharjan. Institutional Capacity of Village Government. Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia. 2017; ():111-123.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSutiyo; Keshav Lall Maharjan. 2017. "Institutional Capacity of Village Government." Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia , no. : 111-123.
Policies of rural development in Indonesia have evolved over time. It began with the land reform policy implemented in the 1960s, then the Green Revolution was implemented in the 1970s and 1980s, the Backward Village Program was implemented in 1990s, the Kecamatan Development Program was implemented in 2000s, and Social Protection Programs were implemented thereafter. The programs have had positive impacts on rural livelihood , but most of them have not been completely successful. Various implementation gaps can be identified from the programs, which mostly lie in the weak capacity of the bureaucracy to implement the programs, insufficient funding , and the weak management of the poverty database . Therefore, the future of rural development in Indonesia will depend on the government’s capacity to manage the programs, the political commitment of national and local leaders to create pro-rural development budgeting , and support from local institutions through decentralization to improve the targeting of poverty alleviation programs.
Sutiyo; Keshav Lall Maharjan. Rural Development Policy in Indonesia. Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia 2017, 41 -54.
AMA StyleSutiyo, Keshav Lall Maharjan. Rural Development Policy in Indonesia. Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia. 2017; ():41-54.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSutiyo; Keshav Lall Maharjan. 2017. "Rural Development Policy in Indonesia." Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia , no. : 41-54.
This book integrates the fundamental theories of decentralization and rural development, providing a comprehensive explanation of how they can be successfully implemented to improve the livelihoods of rural communities in Indonesia. The topics addressed in this book include participatory budgeting, social capital, community participation, local capacity development, and poverty alleviation, which are discussed in detail from the perspectives of local politics, public administration, rural economy, and community studies. The multifaceted interrelations between these disciplines are analyzed to formulate a framework identifying the opportunities and challenges involved in formulating guiding principles for the implementation of decentralization. Readers are provided with the necessary intellectual groundwork through theoretical discussions and case studies involving grassroots realities in Indonesian villages. This book is highly recommended for all readers who are seeking an in-depth understanding of modern efforts to effectively implement decentralization in developing countries to promote local democratization, community empowerment, and poverty alleviation.
Sutiyo; Keshav Lall Maharjan. Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia. Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia 2017, 1 .
AMA StyleSutiyo, Keshav Lall Maharjan. Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia. Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia. 2017; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSutiyo; Keshav Lall Maharjan. 2017. "Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia." Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia , no. : 1.
An understanding of the dynamics of persistent poverty that is not static, contrary to its portrayal in the literature, is important for policy-makers. We therefore performed multinomial logistic regression and binary logistic regression on panel data to capture rural poverty dynamics in Nepal's Far-Western Hills. The former revealed that the risk of experiencing chronic poverty was significantly higher for households in the more remote village development committee of Melauli, those headed by women or older men with less education, and those with higher dependency ratios and lower participation levels in community-based organisations. The latter, entailing disaggregation of transient poverty, revealed a higher risk of moving into poverty for members of occupational castes (OCs) and housevholds in Melauli because of their limited socioeconomic assets. The occurrence of natural disasters also increased households’ risks of moving into poverty. Conversely, more years of schooling among household heads facilitated movements out of poverty. Thus, poverty reduction programmes focusing on relatively remote villages and OCs that promote educational access and employment generation are necessary to address chronic and transient poverty. Further, the introduction of temporary relief programmes following natural disasters, and of insurance schemes for covering associated losses, will alleviate transient poverty.
Niraj Prakash Joshi; Luni Piya; Keshav Lall Maharjan. Rural household poverty dynamics in the Far-Western Hills of Nepal: empirical evidence from panel data. International Social Science Journal 2016, 66, 205 -220.
AMA StyleNiraj Prakash Joshi, Luni Piya, Keshav Lall Maharjan. Rural household poverty dynamics in the Far-Western Hills of Nepal: empirical evidence from panel data. International Social Science Journal. 2016; 66 (219-220):205-220.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNiraj Prakash Joshi; Luni Piya; Keshav Lall Maharjan. 2016. "Rural household poverty dynamics in the Far-Western Hills of Nepal: empirical evidence from panel data." International Social Science Journal 66, no. 219-220: 205-220.