This page has only limited features, please log in for full access.

Dr. Nicolas Berthet
The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai – Chinese Academy of Sciences, Discovery and Molecular Characterization of Pathogens, Shanghai 200031, China

Basic Info

Basic Info is private.

Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Cervical Cancer
0 HPV
0 Monkeypox virus
0 emerging viruses
0 pathogen discovery

Honors and Awards

The user has no records in this section


Career Timeline

The user has no records in this section.


Short Biography

The user biography is not available.
Following
Followers
Co Authors
The list of users this user is following is empty.
Following: 0 users

Feed

Journal article
Published: 22 June 2021 in Scientific Reports
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Monkeypox is an emerging infectious disease, which has a clinical presentation similar to smallpox. In the two past decades, Central Africa has seen an increase in the frequency of cases, with many monkeypox virus (MPXV) isolates detected in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and the Central African Republic (CAR). To date, no complete MPXV viral genome has been published from the human cases identified in the CAR. The objective of this study was to sequence the full genome of 10 MPXV isolates collected during the CAR epidemics between 2001 and 2018 in order to determine their phylogenetic relationships among MPXV lineages previously described in Central Africa and West Africa. Our phylogenetic results indicate that the 10 CAR isolates belong to three lineages closely related to those found in DRC. The phylogenetic pattern shows that all of them emerged in the rainforest block of the Congo Basin. Since most human index cases in CAR occurred at the northern edge of western and eastern rainforests, transmissions from wild animals living in the rainforest is the most probable hypothesis. In addition, molecular dating estimates suggest that periods of intense political instability resulting in population movements within the country often associated also with increased poverty may have led to more frequent contact with host wild animals. The CAR socio-economic situation, armed conflicts and ecological disturbances will likely incite populations to interact more and more with wild animals and thus increase the risk of zoonotic spillover.

ACS Style

Nicolas Berthet; Stéphane Descorps-Declère; Camille Besombes; Manon Curaudeau; Andriniaina Andy Nkili Meyong; Benjamin Selekon; Ingrid Labouba; Ella Cyrielle Gonofio; Rita Sem Ouilibona; Huguette Dorine Simo Tchetgna; Maxence Feher; Arnaud Fontanet; Mirdad Kazanji; Jean-Claude Manuguerra; Alexandre Hassanin; Antoine Gessain; Emmanuel Nakoune. Genomic history of human monkey pox infections in the Central African Republic between 2001 and 2018. Scientific Reports 2021, 11, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Nicolas Berthet, Stéphane Descorps-Declère, Camille Besombes, Manon Curaudeau, Andriniaina Andy Nkili Meyong, Benjamin Selekon, Ingrid Labouba, Ella Cyrielle Gonofio, Rita Sem Ouilibona, Huguette Dorine Simo Tchetgna, Maxence Feher, Arnaud Fontanet, Mirdad Kazanji, Jean-Claude Manuguerra, Alexandre Hassanin, Antoine Gessain, Emmanuel Nakoune. Genomic history of human monkey pox infections in the Central African Republic between 2001 and 2018. Scientific Reports. 2021; 11 (1):1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nicolas Berthet; Stéphane Descorps-Declère; Camille Besombes; Manon Curaudeau; Andriniaina Andy Nkili Meyong; Benjamin Selekon; Ingrid Labouba; Ella Cyrielle Gonofio; Rita Sem Ouilibona; Huguette Dorine Simo Tchetgna; Maxence Feher; Arnaud Fontanet; Mirdad Kazanji; Jean-Claude Manuguerra; Alexandre Hassanin; Antoine Gessain; Emmanuel Nakoune. 2021. "Genomic history of human monkey pox infections in the Central African Republic between 2001 and 2018." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1: 1-11.

Journal article
Published: 13 May 2021 in Scientific Reports
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Arenaviruses represent a family of viruses that are naturally present in rodents belonging to subfamily Murinae, Neotominae or Sigmodontinae. Except for Lassa virus, little information is available on other Old-World arenaviruses. Here, we describe strain AnRB3214, a virus isolated from a presumed Praomys sp. rodent in the Central African Republic in 1981 and assigned to Ippy virus based on antigenic similarity. The strain was simultaneously sequenced on Illumina NovaSeq 6000 and MinION Mk1B devices and analysed with various bioinformatics tools. We show that the best genome coverage and depth were obtained with the Kaiju and Minimap2 classification and identification tools, on either the MinION or the Illumina reads. The genetic analysis of AnRB3214 fragments showed 68% to 79% similarity with the Mobala and Gairo mammarenaviruses at the nucleic acid level. Strain AnRB3214 had a truncated nucleoprotein smaller than that of other Old World arenaviruses. Molecular clock analysis suggests that this strain diverged from Mobala virus at least 400 years ago. Finally, this study illustrates the importance of genomics in the identification of archived viruses and expands on the diversity of African arenaviruses, because strain AnRB3214 is either a variant or a close relative of Mobala virus, and not Ippy virus.

ACS Style

Huguette Simo Tchetgna; Stephane Descorps-Declère; Benjamin Selekon; Aurelia Kwasiborski; Mathias Vandenbogaert; Jean-Claude Manuguerra; Antoine Gessain; Valérie Caro; Emmanuel Nakouné; Nicolas Berthet. Molecular characterization of a new highly divergent Mobala related arenavirus isolated from Praomys sp. rodents. Scientific Reports 2021, 11, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Huguette Simo Tchetgna, Stephane Descorps-Declère, Benjamin Selekon, Aurelia Kwasiborski, Mathias Vandenbogaert, Jean-Claude Manuguerra, Antoine Gessain, Valérie Caro, Emmanuel Nakouné, Nicolas Berthet. Molecular characterization of a new highly divergent Mobala related arenavirus isolated from Praomys sp. rodents. Scientific Reports. 2021; 11 (1):1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Huguette Simo Tchetgna; Stephane Descorps-Declère; Benjamin Selekon; Aurelia Kwasiborski; Mathias Vandenbogaert; Jean-Claude Manuguerra; Antoine Gessain; Valérie Caro; Emmanuel Nakouné; Nicolas Berthet. 2021. "Molecular characterization of a new highly divergent Mobala related arenavirus isolated from Praomys sp. rodents." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1: 1-11.

Journal article
Published: 19 January 2021 in Viruses
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Since the identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as the etiological agent of the current COVID-19 pandemic, a rapid and massive effort has been made to obtain the genomic sequences of this virus to monitor (in near real time) the phylodynamic and diversity of this new pathogen. However, less attention has been given to the assessment of intra-host diversity. RNA viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 inhabit the host as a population of variants called quasispecies. We studied the quasispecies diversity in four of the main SARS-CoV-2 genes (ORF1a, ORF1b, S and N genes), using a dataset consisting of 210 next-generation sequencing (NGS) samples collected between January and early April of 2020 in the State of Victoria, Australia. We found evidence of quasispecies diversity in 68% of the samples, 76% of which was nonsynonymous variants with a higher density in the spike (S) glycoprotein and ORF1a genes. About one-third of the nonsynonymous intra-host variants were shared among the samples, suggesting host-to-host transmission. Quasispecies diversity changed over time. Phylogenetic analysis showed that some of the intra-host single-nucleotide variants (iSNVs) were restricted to specific lineages, highlighting their potential importance in the epidemiology of this virus. A greater effort must be made to determine the magnitude of the genetic bottleneck during transmission and the epidemiological and/or evolutionary factors that may play a role in the changes in the diversity of quasispecies over time.

ACS Style

Alix Armero; Nicolas Berthet; Jean-Christophe Avarre. Intra-Host Diversity of SARS-Cov-2 Should Not Be Neglected: Case of the State of Victoria, Australia. Viruses 2021, 13, 133 .

AMA Style

Alix Armero, Nicolas Berthet, Jean-Christophe Avarre. Intra-Host Diversity of SARS-Cov-2 Should Not Be Neglected: Case of the State of Victoria, Australia. Viruses. 2021; 13 (1):133.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alix Armero; Nicolas Berthet; Jean-Christophe Avarre. 2021. "Intra-Host Diversity of SARS-Cov-2 Should Not Be Neglected: Case of the State of Victoria, Australia." Viruses 13, no. 1: 133.

Research article
Published: 29 April 2020 in PLoS ONE
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are the seventh most frequent cancers. Among HNSCCs, oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) include several anatomical locations of the oral cavity, but exclude the oropharynx. The known risk factors for OSCCs are mainly alcohol consumption and tobacco use for at least 75–80% of cases. In addition to these risk factors, Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18, classified as high-risk (HR) HPV genotypes, are considered as risk factors for oropharyngeal cancers, but their role in the development of OSCC remains unclear. We tested the hypothesis of viral etiology in a series of 68 well-characterized OSCCs and 14 potentially malignant disorders (PMD) in non-smoking, non-drinking (NSND) patients using broad-range, sensitive molecular methodologies. Deep-sequencing of the transcriptome did not reveal any vertebrate virus sequences other than HPV transcripts, detected in only one case. In contrast, HPV DNA was detected in 41.2% (28/68) and 35.7% (5/14) of OSCC and PMD cases, respectively. Importantly, 90.9% (30/33) of these belonged to the Betapapillomavirus genus, but no viral transcripts were detected. Finally, high-throughput sequencing revealed reads corresponding to transcripts of the Trichomonas vaginalis virus (TVV), which were confirmed by RT-PCR in two OSCCs. Our results strongly suggest that Alphapapillomavirus genotypes classified as HR are not involved in the development of OSCCs in NSND patients and that known oncogenic infectious agents are absent in these specific OSCCs. Any possible direct or indirect role of Betapapillomavirus genus members and TVV in OSCCs remains speculative and requires further investigation.

ACS Style

Philippe Pérot; Michaël Falguieres; Laurence Arowas; Hélène Laude; Jean-Philippe Foy; Patrick Goudot; Nicole Corre-Catelin; Marie-Noëlle Ungeheuer; Valérie Caro; Isabelle Heard; Marc Eloit; Antoine Gessain; Chloé Bertolus; Nicolas Berthet. Investigation of viral etiology in potentially malignant disorders and oral squamous cell carcinomas in non-smoking, non-drinking patients. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0232138 .

AMA Style

Philippe Pérot, Michaël Falguieres, Laurence Arowas, Hélène Laude, Jean-Philippe Foy, Patrick Goudot, Nicole Corre-Catelin, Marie-Noëlle Ungeheuer, Valérie Caro, Isabelle Heard, Marc Eloit, Antoine Gessain, Chloé Bertolus, Nicolas Berthet. Investigation of viral etiology in potentially malignant disorders and oral squamous cell carcinomas in non-smoking, non-drinking patients. PLoS ONE. 2020; 15 (4):e0232138.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Philippe Pérot; Michaël Falguieres; Laurence Arowas; Hélène Laude; Jean-Philippe Foy; Patrick Goudot; Nicole Corre-Catelin; Marie-Noëlle Ungeheuer; Valérie Caro; Isabelle Heard; Marc Eloit; Antoine Gessain; Chloé Bertolus; Nicolas Berthet. 2020. "Investigation of viral etiology in potentially malignant disorders and oral squamous cell carcinomas in non-smoking, non-drinking patients." PLoS ONE 15, no. 4: e0232138.

Journal article
Published: 06 February 2019 in Scientific Reports
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is recognised as the cause of precancerous and cancerous cervical lesions. Furthermore, in high-grade lesions, HPV is frequently integrated in the host cell genome and associated with the partial or complete loss of the E1 and E2 genes, which regulate the activity of viral oncoproteins E6 and E7. In this study, using a double-capture system followed by high-throughput sequencing, we determined the HPV integration status present in liquid-based cervical smears in an urban Gabonese population. The main inclusion criteria were based on cytological grade and the detection of the HPV16 genotype using molecular assays. The rate of HPV integration in the host genome varied with cytological grade: 85.7% (6/7), 71.4% (5/7), 66.7% (2/3) 60% (3/5) and 30.8% (4/13) for carcinomas, HSIL, ASCH, LSIL and ASCUS, respectively. For high cytological grades (carcinomas and HSIL), genotypes HPV16 and 18 represented 92.9% of the samples (13/14). The integrated form of HPV16 genotype was mainly found in high-grade lesions in 71.4% of samples regardless of cytological grade. Minority genotypes (HPV33, 51, 58 and 59) were found in LSIL samples, except HPV59, which was identified in one HSIL sample. Among all the HPV genotypes identified after double capture, 10 genotypes (HPV30, 35, 39, 44, 45, 53, 56, 59, 74 and 82) were detected only in episomal form. Our study revealed that the degree of HPV integration varies with cervical cytological grade. The integration event might be a potential clinical prognostic biomarker for the prediction of the progression of neoplastic lesions.

ACS Style

Andriniaina Andy Nkili-Meyong; Pamela Moussavou-Boundzanga; Ingrid Labouba; Ismaël Hervé Koumakpayi; Emmanuelle Jeannot; Stéphane Descorps-Declère; Xavier Sastre-Garau; Eric M. Leroy; Ernest Belembaogo; Nicolas Berthet. Genome-wide profiling of human papillomavirus DNA integration in liquid-based cytology specimens from a Gabonese female population using HPV capture technology. Scientific Reports 2019, 9, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Andriniaina Andy Nkili-Meyong, Pamela Moussavou-Boundzanga, Ingrid Labouba, Ismaël Hervé Koumakpayi, Emmanuelle Jeannot, Stéphane Descorps-Declère, Xavier Sastre-Garau, Eric M. Leroy, Ernest Belembaogo, Nicolas Berthet. Genome-wide profiling of human papillomavirus DNA integration in liquid-based cytology specimens from a Gabonese female population using HPV capture technology. Scientific Reports. 2019; 9 (1):1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andriniaina Andy Nkili-Meyong; Pamela Moussavou-Boundzanga; Ingrid Labouba; Ismaël Hervé Koumakpayi; Emmanuelle Jeannot; Stéphane Descorps-Declère; Xavier Sastre-Garau; Eric M. Leroy; Ernest Belembaogo; Nicolas Berthet. 2019. "Genome-wide profiling of human papillomavirus DNA integration in liquid-based cytology specimens from a Gabonese female population using HPV capture technology." Scientific Reports 9, no. 1: 1-11.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2015 in Infection, Genetics and Evolution
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus transmitted by the bite of mosquito vectors. Over the past 10years, the virus has gained mutations that enhance its transmissibility by the Aedes albopictus vector, resulting in massive outbreaks in the Indian Ocean, Asia and Central Africa. Recent introduction of competent A. albopictus vectors into the Central African Republic (CAR) pose a threat of a Chikungunya fever (CHIKF) epidemic in this region. We undertook this study to assess the genetic diversity and background of CHIKV strains isolated in the CAR between 1975 and 1984 and also to estimate the ability of local strains to adapt to A. albopictus. Our results suggest that, local CHIKV strains have a genetic background compatible with quick adaptation to A. albopictus, as previously observed in other Central African countries. Intense surveillance of the human and vector populations is necessary to prevent or anticipate the emergence of a massive CHIKF epidemic in the CAR.

ACS Style

Marion Desdouits; Basile Kamgang; Nicolas Berthet; Vianney Tricou; Carine Ngoagouni; Antoine Gessain; Jean-Claude Manuguerra; Emmanuel Nakouné; Mirdad Kazanji. Genetic characterization of Chikungunya virus in the Central African Republic. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 2015, 33, 25 -31.

AMA Style

Marion Desdouits, Basile Kamgang, Nicolas Berthet, Vianney Tricou, Carine Ngoagouni, Antoine Gessain, Jean-Claude Manuguerra, Emmanuel Nakouné, Mirdad Kazanji. Genetic characterization of Chikungunya virus in the Central African Republic. Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 2015; 33 ():25-31.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marion Desdouits; Basile Kamgang; Nicolas Berthet; Vianney Tricou; Carine Ngoagouni; Antoine Gessain; Jean-Claude Manuguerra; Emmanuel Nakouné; Mirdad Kazanji. 2015. "Genetic characterization of Chikungunya virus in the Central African Republic." Infection, Genetics and Evolution 33, no. : 25-31.

Letter
Published: 24 November 2014 in Viruses
Reads 0
Downloads 0

In 2014, Ebola virus (EBOV) was identified as the etiological agent of a large and still expanding outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in West Africa and a much more confined EVD outbreak in Middle Africa. Epidemiological and evolutionary analyses confirmed that all cases of both outbreaks are connected to a single introduction each of EBOV into human populations and that both outbreaks are not directly connected. Coding-complete genomic sequence analyses of isolates revealed that the two outbreaks were caused by two novel EBOV variants, and initial clinical observations suggest that neither of them should be considered strains. Here we present consensus decisions on naming for both variants (West Africa: “Makona”, Middle Africa: “Lomela”) and provide database-compatible full, shortened, and abbreviated names that are in line with recently established filovirus sub-species nomenclatures.

ACS Style

Jens H. Kuhn; Kristian G. Andersen; Sylvain Baize; Yiming Bao; Sina Bavari; Nicolas Berthet; Olga Blinkova; J. Rodney Brister; Anna N. Clawson; Joseph Fair; Martin Gabriel; Robert F. Garry; Stephen K. Gire; Augustine Goba; Jean-Paul Gonzalez; Stephan Günther; Christian T. Happi; Peter B. Jahrling; Jimmy Kapetshi; Gary Kobinger; Jeffrey R. Kugelman; Eric M. Leroy; Gaël Darren Maganga; Placide K. Mbala; Lina M. Moses; Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum; Magassouba N'faly; Stuart T. Nichol; Sunday A. Omilabu; Gustavo Palacios; Daniel J. Park; Janusz T. Paweska; Sheli R. Radoshitzky; Cynthia A. Rossi; Pardis C. Sabeti; John S. Schieffelin; Randal J. Schoepp; Rachel Sealfon; Robert Swanepoel; Jonathan S. Towner; Jiro Wada; Nadia Wauquier; Nathan L. Yozwiak; Pierre Formenty. Nomenclature- and Database-Compatible Names for the Two Ebola Virus Variants that Emerged in Guinea and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2014. Viruses 2014, 6, 4760 -4799.

AMA Style

Jens H. Kuhn, Kristian G. Andersen, Sylvain Baize, Yiming Bao, Sina Bavari, Nicolas Berthet, Olga Blinkova, J. Rodney Brister, Anna N. Clawson, Joseph Fair, Martin Gabriel, Robert F. Garry, Stephen K. Gire, Augustine Goba, Jean-Paul Gonzalez, Stephan Günther, Christian T. Happi, Peter B. Jahrling, Jimmy Kapetshi, Gary Kobinger, Jeffrey R. Kugelman, Eric M. Leroy, Gaël Darren Maganga, Placide K. Mbala, Lina M. Moses, Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum, Magassouba N'faly, Stuart T. Nichol, Sunday A. Omilabu, Gustavo Palacios, Daniel J. Park, Janusz T. Paweska, Sheli R. Radoshitzky, Cynthia A. Rossi, Pardis C. Sabeti, John S. Schieffelin, Randal J. Schoepp, Rachel Sealfon, Robert Swanepoel, Jonathan S. Towner, Jiro Wada, Nadia Wauquier, Nathan L. Yozwiak, Pierre Formenty. Nomenclature- and Database-Compatible Names for the Two Ebola Virus Variants that Emerged in Guinea and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2014. Viruses. 2014; 6 (11):4760-4799.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jens H. Kuhn; Kristian G. Andersen; Sylvain Baize; Yiming Bao; Sina Bavari; Nicolas Berthet; Olga Blinkova; J. Rodney Brister; Anna N. Clawson; Joseph Fair; Martin Gabriel; Robert F. Garry; Stephen K. Gire; Augustine Goba; Jean-Paul Gonzalez; Stephan Günther; Christian T. Happi; Peter B. Jahrling; Jimmy Kapetshi; Gary Kobinger; Jeffrey R. Kugelman; Eric M. Leroy; Gaël Darren Maganga; Placide K. Mbala; Lina M. Moses; Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum; Magassouba N'faly; Stuart T. Nichol; Sunday A. Omilabu; Gustavo Palacios; Daniel J. Park; Janusz T. Paweska; Sheli R. Radoshitzky; Cynthia A. Rossi; Pardis C. Sabeti; John S. Schieffelin; Randal J. Schoepp; Rachel Sealfon; Robert Swanepoel; Jonathan S. Towner; Jiro Wada; Nadia Wauquier; Nathan L. Yozwiak; Pierre Formenty. 2014. "Nomenclature- and Database-Compatible Names for the Two Ebola Virus Variants that Emerged in Guinea and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2014." Viruses 6, no. 11: 4760-4799.

Commentary
Published: 30 May 2012 in Infectious Agents and Cancer
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Head & Neck Cancer (HNC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and among oral neoplasias about 90-92% are squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC). Alcohol and tobacco consumption have been recognized as the main risk factors for development of OSCC. However, 10 to 20% of patients suffering from OSCC have no history of use of these substances. Clinico-pathological evidence suggests that we are dealing with virally-induced cancers, and that HPV should not be a relevant candidate. A systematic search of HPV in OSCC has no real relevance in current clinical practice even although it is still relevant in organized research protocols. Further studies are ongoing, with the aim of identifying other infectious agents, including viruses, in OSCC.

ACS Style

Chloé Bertolus; Patrick Goudot; Antoine Gessain; Nicolas Berthet. Clinical relevance of systematic human papillomavirus (HPV) diagnosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Infectious Agents and Cancer 2012, 7, 13 -13.

AMA Style

Chloé Bertolus, Patrick Goudot, Antoine Gessain, Nicolas Berthet. Clinical relevance of systematic human papillomavirus (HPV) diagnosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Infectious Agents and Cancer. 2012; 7 (1):13-13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chloé Bertolus; Patrick Goudot; Antoine Gessain; Nicolas Berthet. 2012. "Clinical relevance of systematic human papillomavirus (HPV) diagnosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma." Infectious Agents and Cancer 7, no. 1: 13-13.

Journal article
Published: 20 October 2010 in BMC Genomics
Reads 0
Downloads 0

A resequencing microarray called PathogenID v2.0 has been developed and used to explore various strategies of sequence selection for its design. The part dedicated to influenza viruses was based on consensus sequences specific for one gene generated from global alignments of a large number of influenza virus sequences available in databanks.

ACS Style

India Leclercq; Nicolas Berthet; Christophe Batejat; Claudine Rousseaux; Philip Dickinson; Iain G Old; Katherine Kong; Giulia C Kennedy; Stewart T Cole; Jean-Claude Manuguerra. Use of consensus sequences for the design of high density resequencing microarrays: the influenza virus paradigm. BMC Genomics 2010, 11, 586 -586.

AMA Style

India Leclercq, Nicolas Berthet, Christophe Batejat, Claudine Rousseaux, Philip Dickinson, Iain G Old, Katherine Kong, Giulia C Kennedy, Stewart T Cole, Jean-Claude Manuguerra. Use of consensus sequences for the design of high density resequencing microarrays: the influenza virus paradigm. BMC Genomics. 2010; 11 (1):586-586.

Chicago/Turabian Style

India Leclercq; Nicolas Berthet; Christophe Batejat; Claudine Rousseaux; Philip Dickinson; Iain G Old; Katherine Kong; Giulia C Kennedy; Stewart T Cole; Jean-Claude Manuguerra. 2010. "Use of consensus sequences for the design of high density resequencing microarrays: the influenza virus paradigm." BMC Genomics 11, no. 1: 586-586.