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Katerina Kermeli
Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Review
Published: 28 July 2021 in Energy Efficiency
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Industry is the largest electricity consuming sector in the world. China consumes about 25% of global electricity demand, and 69% of this is used in industries. The high electricity demand in industry is responsible for 45% of CO2, 25% of SO2, 34% of NOx and 14% of PM emissions in China. This study aims to fill the knowledge gap on the potential for electricity savings in China’s industries, thereby providing important implications for the potential of reducing emissions in electricity-intensive industrial subsectors in general. Available studies are reviewed and compared to identify electricity-saving potentials. The findings show that China’s industrial energy system is shifting to higher electricity and relatively lower fossil fuel use due to accelerated end-use electrification. China’s industry can reduce electricity use by 7–24% in 2040, compared to baseline levels, and generate emission reductions of 192–1118 Mt-CO2, 385–2241 kt-SO2, 406–2362 kt-NOx and 92–534 kt-PM2.5. The iron & steel subsector has the largest contribution to the industrial electricity savings, followed by non-ferrous metals, chemicals, cement and pulp & paper. Policies that combine environmental targets, demand-side efficiency and supply-side retrofits in the power sector should be adopted. Given the different performance of policies in terms of energy savings and emission reduction, sector- and region-specific policies would be preferred.

ACS Style

Hui Yue; Ernst Worrell; Wina Crijns-Graus; Wen Liu; Shaohui Zhang. Saving energy in China’s industry with a focus on electricity: a review of opportunities, potentials and environmental benefits. Energy Efficiency 2021, 14, 1 -28.

AMA Style

Hui Yue, Ernst Worrell, Wina Crijns-Graus, Wen Liu, Shaohui Zhang. Saving energy in China’s industry with a focus on electricity: a review of opportunities, potentials and environmental benefits. Energy Efficiency. 2021; 14 (6):1-28.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hui Yue; Ernst Worrell; Wina Crijns-Graus; Wen Liu; Shaohui Zhang. 2021. "Saving energy in China’s industry with a focus on electricity: a review of opportunities, potentials and environmental benefits." Energy Efficiency 14, no. 6: 1-28.

Journal article
Published: 06 April 2021 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Coal-intensive power supply systems, along with a fast-growing electricity demand driven by industry has caused serious air pollution and health concerns. These concerns are particularly prominent in countries where electricity use is likewise dominated by industry and heavily dependent on coal-based electricity. A more efficient industry and coal-free electricity systems are the core components of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Previous studies rarely reflect on the impacts of the electricity savings of industrial consumers on the electricity supply sector with respect to future air emission changes, and also neglect the potential benefits of reducing investments in new generation capacity. Here, a comprehensive modeling framework is newly developed to quantify the connections of electricity savings, coal-based electricity systems, air pollutant emissions, and control investments in China, a country exposed to poor air quality. The modeling framework includes 175 energy efficiency technologies (covering multiple industrial sectors) and detailed information of power generation units (thermal efficiency, environmental performance, and lifespan), and allows for unit-by-unit assessment. We find that industrial efficiency improvements can significantly decrease the dependence on coal-fired power generation, particularly the most polluting power fleet. Efficient use of electricity in industry can drive all small high-polluting coal generation units (i.e. units below 300 MW, in total 753 units) to be phased out and effectively curb less efficient coal-fired plants to come online in China. Meanwhile, the air pollutant emissions can be significantly avoided because of the closed coal-fired power units. Developed cost portfolios demonstrate that improving industrial energy efficiency is more cost-effective than installing flue gas controls in coal-fired plants. We further reveal that a sustainable industry could contribute to climate change mitigation even if less remarkable than air quality improvement, while enabling the expansion of intermittent renewable power supply.

ACS Style

Hui Yue; Ernst Worrell; Wina Crijns-Graus; Shaohui Zhang. The potential of industrial electricity savings to reduce air pollution from coal-fired power generation in China. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021, 301, 126978 .

AMA Style

Hui Yue, Ernst Worrell, Wina Crijns-Graus, Shaohui Zhang. The potential of industrial electricity savings to reduce air pollution from coal-fired power generation in China. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 301 ():126978.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hui Yue; Ernst Worrell; Wina Crijns-Graus; Shaohui Zhang. 2021. "The potential of industrial electricity savings to reduce air pollution from coal-fired power generation in China." Journal of Cleaner Production 301, no. : 126978.

Journal article
Published: 29 January 2021 in Sustainability
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Energy-intensive industries across the EU-28 release unused heat into the environment. This excess heat can be utilized for district heating systems. However, this is the exception today, and the potential contribution to the decarbonization of district heating is not well quantified. An estimation of excess heat, based on industrial processes, and spatial matching to district heating areas is necessary. We present a georeferenced industrial database with annual production and excess heat potentials at different temperature levels matched with current and possible district heating areas. Our results show a total potential of 960 PJ/a (267 TWh/a) of excess heat when the exhaust gases are cooled down to 25 °C, with 47% of the 1.608 studied industrial sites inside or within a 10 km distance of district heating areas. The calculated potentials reveal that currently 230 PJ/a (64 TWh/a) of excess heat is available for district heating areas, about 17% of today's demand of buildings for district heating. In the future, widespread and low-temperature district heating areas increase the available excess heat to 258 PJ/a (72 TWh/a) at 55°C or 679 PJ/a (189 TWh/a) at 25°C. We show that industrial excess heat can substantially contribute to decarbonize district heating, however, the major share of heat will need to be supplied by renewables.

ACS Style

Pia Manz; Katerina Kermeli; Urban Persson; Marius Neuwirth; Tobias Fleiter; Wina Crijns-Graus. Decarbonizing District Heating in EU-27 + UK: How Much Excess Heat is Available from Industrial Sites? Sustainability 2021, 13, 1439 .

AMA Style

Pia Manz, Katerina Kermeli, Urban Persson, Marius Neuwirth, Tobias Fleiter, Wina Crijns-Graus. Decarbonizing District Heating in EU-27 + UK: How Much Excess Heat is Available from Industrial Sites? Sustainability. 2021; 13 (3):1439.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pia Manz; Katerina Kermeli; Urban Persson; Marius Neuwirth; Tobias Fleiter; Wina Crijns-Graus. 2021. "Decarbonizing District Heating in EU-27 + UK: How Much Excess Heat is Available from Industrial Sites?" Sustainability 13, no. 3: 1439.

Journal article
Published: 20 November 2020 in Applied Energy
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Moving to a sustainable industry and weaning electricity supply off coal are critical to mitigate ambient air pollution and climate change. This is particularly true in China which is globally the largest manufacturer and relies heavily on coal-fired electricity. Research that explores the linkages between industrial electricity use and the electricity supply sector to curb air pollution is limited. In this study, an integrated modeling framework is developed that quantifies the impact of industrial electricity savings on the evolution of the coal power plant fleet in China, and on air pollutants for the different power grids in the period 2016–2040. The framework includes a rich set of efficiency technologies and detailed unit-level information (geo-coordinates, thermal efficiency, environmental performance). We find that the reduced electricity load due to the industrial efficiency improvements can effectively scale down the coal power fleet, and most importantly allows closing the most polluting units. The potentials for electricity savings vary amongst the industrial sectors and provinces, resulting in significant heterogeneity of coal plant phaseout per power grid. Because energy-intensive industrial plants are mostly found in the North, Central and Northwest grids, these three grids provide 66% of the total displaced coal capacity. The closing of coal units leads to a variation in annual emission reductions per power grid of 13–85 kt-SO2, 19–129 kt-NOx, 3–17 kt-PM and 21–167 Mt-CO2, compared to business-as-usual emissions. The iron & steel, aluminium and chemical sectors, together contribute to 84% of the total electricity savings by 2040, and are thereby most important to target.

ACS Style

Hui Yue; Ernst Worrell; Wina Crijns-Graus. Impacts of regional industrial electricity savings on the development of future coal capacity per electricity grid and related air pollution emissions – A case study for China. Applied Energy 2020, 282, 116241 .

AMA Style

Hui Yue, Ernst Worrell, Wina Crijns-Graus. Impacts of regional industrial electricity savings on the development of future coal capacity per electricity grid and related air pollution emissions – A case study for China. Applied Energy. 2020; 282 ():116241.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hui Yue; Ernst Worrell; Wina Crijns-Graus. 2020. "Impacts of regional industrial electricity savings on the development of future coal capacity per electricity grid and related air pollution emissions – A case study for China." Applied Energy 282, no. : 116241.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2019 in Applied Energy
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ACS Style

Jing Hu; Robert Harmsen; Wina Crijns-Graus; Ernst Worrell. Geographical optimization of variable renewable energy capacity in China using modern portfolio theory. Applied Energy 2019, 253, 1 .

AMA Style

Jing Hu, Robert Harmsen, Wina Crijns-Graus, Ernst Worrell. Geographical optimization of variable renewable energy capacity in China using modern portfolio theory. Applied Energy. 2019; 253 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jing Hu; Robert Harmsen; Wina Crijns-Graus; Ernst Worrell. 2019. "Geographical optimization of variable renewable energy capacity in China using modern portfolio theory." Applied Energy 253, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2019 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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MESSAGEix model are widely used for forecasting long-term energy consumption and emissions, as well as modelling the possible GHGs mitigations. However, because of the complexity of manufacturing sectors, the MESSAGEix model aggregate detailed technology options and thereby miss linkages across sub-sectors, which leads to energy saving potentials are often not very realistic and cannot be used to design specific policies. Here, we integrate Material/Energy/water Flow Analysis (MEWFA) and nexus approach into the MESSAGEix to estimate resource-energy-environment nexus in China's iron and steel industry. Results show that between 2010 and 2050 energy efficiency measures and route shifting of China's steel industry will decrease raw material input by 14%, energy use by 7%, water consumption by 8%, CO2 emissions by 7%, NOx emissions by 9%, and SO2 emissions by 14%, respectively. However, water withdrawal and PM2.5 emissions will increase by 14% and 20%, respectively. The main reason is that water withdrawal and PM2.5 emissions in the process of BF-BOF are over 4 times lower than the process scrap-EAF. Therefore, policy makers should consider nexus effects when design integrated policy to achieve multiple targets. Finally, future directions on enhancing the representation of manufacturing sectors in IAMs are given.

ACS Style

Shaohui Zhang; Bo-Wen Yi; Ernst Worrell; Fabian Wagner; Wina Crijns-Graus; Pallav Purohit; Yoshihide Wada; Olli Varis. Integrated assessment of resource-energy-environment nexus in China's iron and steel industry. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 232, 235 -249.

AMA Style

Shaohui Zhang, Bo-Wen Yi, Ernst Worrell, Fabian Wagner, Wina Crijns-Graus, Pallav Purohit, Yoshihide Wada, Olli Varis. Integrated assessment of resource-energy-environment nexus in China's iron and steel industry. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 232 ():235-249.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shaohui Zhang; Bo-Wen Yi; Ernst Worrell; Fabian Wagner; Wina Crijns-Graus; Pallav Purohit; Yoshihide Wada; Olli Varis. 2019. "Integrated assessment of resource-energy-environment nexus in China's iron and steel industry." Journal of Cleaner Production 232, no. : 235-249.

Journal article
Published: 27 April 2019 in Energy
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The majority of energy used by the European Union has been imported from non-EU countries. The EU desires to increase its own renewable energy use to secure its future energy supply. In this paper, an assessment framework of technology dependence has been proposed that can be used to locate bottlenecks in the value chain of geothermal power generation. The framework consists of an ‘above ground’ and ‘underground’ domain. It was applied to binary Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) power plants as this type has the highest proliferation potential in the EU. The above ground domain aims to locate potential bottlenecks at a key-component level via a technology hierarchy analysis, company and trade analysis as well as a survey. The underground domain focuses on the potential bottlenecks embedded in the geothermal drilling industry by means of a drilling industry screening, rig screening and a survey. The results suggest that some Binary-ORC key-components may require attention. Furthermore, the geothermal drilling industry's dependence on the oil and gas industry can be seen as a major dependence bottleneck that might jeopardize the future proliferation of binary-ORC technologies in the EU.

ACS Style

Bram Vonsée; Wina Crijns-Graus; Wen Liu. Energy technology dependence - A value chain analysis of geothermal power in the EU. Energy 2019, 178, 419 -435.

AMA Style

Bram Vonsée, Wina Crijns-Graus, Wen Liu. Energy technology dependence - A value chain analysis of geothermal power in the EU. Energy. 2019; 178 ():419-435.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bram Vonsée; Wina Crijns-Graus; Wen Liu. 2019. "Energy technology dependence - A value chain analysis of geothermal power in the EU." Energy 178, no. : 419-435.

Journal article
Published: 26 February 2019 in Applied Energy
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Although the cement industry emits around 6% of global CO2 emissions, most global Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) barely represent this industrial subsector or do not cover all important processes. This study, describes the state-of-the-art of cement modelling in IAMs, suggests possible improvements and discusses the impacts of these on energy and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in the IMAGE global IAM. It is found that two cement-sector specific GHG mitigation measures are often not explicitly accounted for in IAMs, namely: (i) retrofitting and (ii) reducing the clinker to cement ratio. For retrofitting, many measures are identified as cost-effective and when incorporating these in the IMAGE model overall energy use reduces between 2010 and 2035 by 9.8 and 11 EJ (4% and 5%) under the baseline and GHG mitigation scenarios, respectively. When incorporating the clinker to cement ratio by linking material availability to the activities in the steel industry and coal-fired power plants, the 2050 energy use reduces by 15% under the baseline scenario and increases by 9% under the GHG mitigation scenario as fewer coal-fired power plants are in operation. This is even more prominent in the long term. The 2100 energy use is 14% higher in the GHG mitigation scenario as even fewer coal-fired power plants are used drastically limiting the potential for clinker substitution with fly ash. These results highlight the importance of capturing cross-sectoral relationships between industries and of including sector specific mitigation measures in long-term energy models.

ACS Style

Katerina Kermeli; Oreane Y. Edelenbosch; Wina Crijns-Graus; Bas van Ruijven; Silvana Mima; Detlef P. van Vuuren; Ernst Worrell. The scope for better industry representation in long-term energy models: Modeling the cement industry. Applied Energy 2019, 240, 964 -985.

AMA Style

Katerina Kermeli, Oreane Y. Edelenbosch, Wina Crijns-Graus, Bas van Ruijven, Silvana Mima, Detlef P. van Vuuren, Ernst Worrell. The scope for better industry representation in long-term energy models: Modeling the cement industry. Applied Energy. 2019; 240 ():964-985.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katerina Kermeli; Oreane Y. Edelenbosch; Wina Crijns-Graus; Bas van Ruijven; Silvana Mima; Detlef P. van Vuuren; Ernst Worrell. 2019. "The scope for better industry representation in long-term energy models: Modeling the cement industry." Applied Energy 240, no. : 964-985.

Journal article
Published: 13 September 2018 in Applied Energy
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Industry is a large electricity user. China’s chemical industry (globally the largest based on sales) contributes 7% to China’s GDP, while it consumes 11% of the total electricity consumption in industry and is responsible for 40% of total CO2eq, 40% of SO2, 59% of NOx and 18% of PM-emissions of the chemical industry emissions. The heterogeneity of GHG and air pollutant emissions across electricity grids (within a country) is rarely included in analyses. In this paper, electricity conservation supply curves are developed (distinguishing the grids) to estimate the cost-effective and technical potentials of electricity conservation in China’s chemical industry. The emission factors per grid for GHG (i.e. CO2, CH4 and N2O) and air pollutants (i.e. SO2, NOx and PM2.5) are calculated and used to quantify the emissions mitigation achieved by electricity saving technologies in the chemical industry for the period 2012–2035. Results show that significant multiple benefits can be obtained by implementing electricity efficiency measures. There are large differences among the six grids in terms electricity savings and emissions abatement of GHG and air pollutants. 83% of the total electricity saving potential is contributed by the North, Northwest and Central grids, equal to 32% of baseline electricity consumption in 2035. In 2035, 129 Mt of CO2, 33 kt CO2eq of CH4, 571 kt CO2eq of N2O, 235 kt of SO2, 275 kt of NOx and 52 kt of PM2.5 in these three grids can be avoided as a result of electricity savings (a reduction of 31–33% compared to baseline emissions). When decision-makers set targets for energy saving and emission reduction, the multiple benefits and grid heterogeneity should not be ignored.

ACS Style

Hui Yue; Ernst Worrell; Wina Crijns-Graus. Modeling the multiple benefits of electricity savings for emissions reduction on power grid level: A case study of China’s chemical industry. Applied Energy 2018, 230, 1603 -1632.

AMA Style

Hui Yue, Ernst Worrell, Wina Crijns-Graus. Modeling the multiple benefits of electricity savings for emissions reduction on power grid level: A case study of China’s chemical industry. Applied Energy. 2018; 230 ():1603-1632.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hui Yue; Ernst Worrell; Wina Crijns-Graus. 2018. "Modeling the multiple benefits of electricity savings for emissions reduction on power grid level: A case study of China’s chemical industry." Applied Energy 230, no. : 1603-1632.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2018 in Renewable Energy
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To effectively mitigate climate change, variable renewable electricity (VRE) is expected to substitute a great share of current fossil-fired electricity generation. However, VRE investments can be obstructed by many barriers, endangering the amount of investments needed in order to be consistent with the Paris 2°C target. To help policy-makers better understand and assess these barriers, an integrated framework was developed. It establishes a clear connection between barriers identified in literature and the investment decision-making process, based on the project life of VRE assets. Barriers in this framework are defined as factors hindering the realization of a positive final investment decision (FID), which can lead to investment withdrawal. Based on this research, we argue that addressing so-called “symptomatic” barriers alone is hardly effective when the “fundamental” barriers remain untouched. It also demonstrates that monetary and fiscal policies can have side-effects on VRE investments. We suggest that a comprehensive policy framework to support VRE should not be solely limited to the narrow context of climate and energy policy, and the electricity market. It should be incorporated in a broader context including monetary and fiscal policies. When re-designing these macroeconomic policies, their potential negative impacts on VRE investments should be considered.

ACS Style

Jing Hu; Robert Harmsen; Wina Crijns-Graus; Ernst Worrell. Barriers to investment in utility-scale variable renewable electricity (VRE) generation projects. Renewable Energy 2018, 121, 730 -744.

AMA Style

Jing Hu, Robert Harmsen, Wina Crijns-Graus, Ernst Worrell. Barriers to investment in utility-scale variable renewable electricity (VRE) generation projects. Renewable Energy. 2018; 121 ():730-744.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jing Hu; Robert Harmsen; Wina Crijns-Graus; Ernst Worrell. 2018. "Barriers to investment in utility-scale variable renewable electricity (VRE) generation projects." Renewable Energy 121, no. : 730-744.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2018 in Energy and Buildings
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ACS Style

A. Koezjakov; D. Urge-Vorsatz; Wina Crijns-Graus; M. Van Den Broek. The relationship between operational energy demand and embodied energy in Dutch residential buildings. Energy and Buildings 2018, 165, 233 -245.

AMA Style

A. Koezjakov, D. Urge-Vorsatz, Wina Crijns-Graus, M. Van Den Broek. The relationship between operational energy demand and embodied energy in Dutch residential buildings. Energy and Buildings. 2018; 165 ():233-245.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. Koezjakov; D. Urge-Vorsatz; Wina Crijns-Graus; M. Van Den Broek. 2018. "The relationship between operational energy demand and embodied energy in Dutch residential buildings." Energy and Buildings 165, no. : 233-245.

Research article
Published: 27 February 2018 in African and Asian Studies
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Although energy supply security is an important long-term goal of theeu, member states are in control over external supplies and their domestic energy mix, and an overarching institutional structure is lacking. In this paper, we focus on the availability of oil and gas and the risks of supply disruptions for theeu. The last two decades have been marked by a decrease in fossil fuel production and increasing import dependence. Proven oil and gas reserves in theeuare very limited. Especially in the case of oil the outlook of both global and owneureserves looks bleak. At the same time, global trends show an increasing demand for energy in the coming decades, concentrated mainly in developing countries, specifically in China. The Persian Gulf area and the Caspian Sea region hold some of the world’s largest oil and gas reserves, and these will make them increasingly significant in global markets. These factors create a setting for theeuof demand- and supply-induced and structural scarcity. The persistence of Arab patrimonial rentier states and societies are a domestic and geopolitical source of instability. These states’ Sovereign Wealth Funds are used by ruling elites to divert assets from socioeconomic development towards individual profit. Emerging Asian economies involved in themeand thecea, especially China, will influence the regions’ future geopolitical and geo-economic reality. China relies on resources for domestic development and the resource-rich Middle Eastern countries have long been a destination from which to acquire them.

ACS Style

Mehdi P. Amineh; Wina H. J. Crijns-Graus. The eu-Energy Security and Geopolitical Economy. African and Asian Studies 2018, 17, 145 -187.

AMA Style

Mehdi P. Amineh, Wina H. J. Crijns-Graus. The eu-Energy Security and Geopolitical Economy. African and Asian Studies. 2018; 17 (1-2):145-187.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mehdi P. Amineh; Wina H. J. Crijns-Graus. 2018. "The eu-Energy Security and Geopolitical Economy." African and Asian Studies 17, no. 1-2: 145-187.

Original article
Published: 14 February 2018 in Energy Efficiency
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Power generation from intermittent renewable energy sources in northwest Europe is expected to increase significantly in the next 20 years. This reduces the predictability of electricity generation and increases the need for flexibility in electricity demand. Data on demand response (DR) capacities of electricity-intensive consumers is limited for most countries. In this paper, we evaluate the DR potential that can be provided to the Dutch national grid by the integrated steelmaking site of Tata Steel in IJmuiden (TSIJ). TSIJ generates electricity from its works arising gases (WAGs). The DR potentials are evaluated by using a linear optimisation model that calculates the optimal allocation of WAGs of TSIJ in case of a call for DR by the transmission system operator. The optimisation is done subject to the technical constraints of the WAG distribution network, WAG storage capacities, the on-site demand for WAGs and the ramp-up rate of the power plant that runs on WAGs. Results show that TSIJ can supply 10 MW for two programme time units (equal to 15-min period in the Netherlands) of positive DR capacity (demand reduction) with an availability rate of 97%. This is not sufficient for participating in the current emergency capacity programs in the Netherlands, which require at least 20 MW for longer than one programme time unit. Tata Steel can provide 20 MW DR capacity with an availability rate of 65%. The negative DR capacity (demand increase) of Tata Steel in IJmuiden is found to be 20 MW supplied for three programme time units and four programme time units with doubling of blast furnace gas storage capacities.

ACS Style

Arzu Feta; Machteld Van Den Broek; Wina Crijns-Graus; Gerard Jagers. Technical demand response potentials of the integrated steelmaking site of Tata Steel in IJmuiden. Energy Efficiency 2018, 11, 1211 -1225.

AMA Style

Arzu Feta, Machteld Van Den Broek, Wina Crijns-Graus, Gerard Jagers. Technical demand response potentials of the integrated steelmaking site of Tata Steel in IJmuiden. Energy Efficiency. 2018; 11 (5):1211-1225.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Arzu Feta; Machteld Van Den Broek; Wina Crijns-Graus; Gerard Jagers. 2018. "Technical demand response potentials of the integrated steelmaking site of Tata Steel in IJmuiden." Energy Efficiency 11, no. 5: 1211-1225.

Review
Published: 01 January 2018 in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
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ACS Style

Jing Hu; Robert Harmsen; Wina Crijns-Graus; Ernst Worrell; Machteld Van Den Broek. Identifying barriers to large-scale integration of variable renewable electricity into the electricity market: A literature review of market design. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2018, 81, 2181 -2195.

AMA Style

Jing Hu, Robert Harmsen, Wina Crijns-Graus, Ernst Worrell, Machteld Van Den Broek. Identifying barriers to large-scale integration of variable renewable electricity into the electricity market: A literature review of market design. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2018; 81 ():2181-2195.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jing Hu; Robert Harmsen; Wina Crijns-Graus; Ernst Worrell; Machteld Van Den Broek. 2018. "Identifying barriers to large-scale integration of variable renewable electricity into the electricity market: A literature review of market design." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 81, no. : 2181-2195.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2017 in Energy Procedia
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Decentralized generation is often connected to the distribution grid and consumed by end-users in geographical proximity. Compared to large centralized power plants supplying electricity that flows down the voltage chain in a top-down manner, decentralized generation can avoid grid losses and save primary energy (PE). This paper developed and demonstrated a generic method to account for avoided grid losses and PE savings from decentralized generation, using the EU as the case-region. The method can serve as an easy tool to support the discussion and decision-making process regarding a technology choice between centralized and decentralized generation. Based on this method, we estimated that for each MWh of electricity produced from decentralized generation in the EU, it saves 0.136-0.350 MWh PE under on-site generation mode and 0.103-0.286 MWh PE under off-site generation mode due to avoided grid losses.

ACS Style

Jing Hu; Robert Harmsen; Wina Crijns-Graus. Developing a Method to Account for Avoided Grid Losses from Decentralized Generation: the EU Case. Energy Procedia 2017, 141, 604 -610.

AMA Style

Jing Hu, Robert Harmsen, Wina Crijns-Graus. Developing a Method to Account for Avoided Grid Losses from Decentralized Generation: the EU Case. Energy Procedia. 2017; 141 ():604-610.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jing Hu; Robert Harmsen; Wina Crijns-Graus. 2017. "Developing a Method to Account for Avoided Grid Losses from Decentralized Generation: the EU Case." Energy Procedia 141, no. : 604-610.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2017 in Energy
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ACS Style

Mats de Groot; Wina Crijns-Graus; Robert Harmsen. The effects of variable renewable electricity on energy efficiency and full load hours of fossil-fired power plants in the European Union. Energy 2017, 138, 575 -589.

AMA Style

Mats de Groot, Wina Crijns-Graus, Robert Harmsen. The effects of variable renewable electricity on energy efficiency and full load hours of fossil-fired power plants in the European Union. Energy. 2017; 138 ():575-589.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mats de Groot; Wina Crijns-Graus; Robert Harmsen. 2017. "The effects of variable renewable electricity on energy efficiency and full load hours of fossil-fired power plants in the European Union." Energy 138, no. : 575-589.

Original article
Published: 12 September 2017 in Energy Efficiency
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Given the booming economic growth and urbanization in China, cities have become crucial to sustaining this development and curbing national emissions. Understanding the key drivers underlying the rapid emissions growth is critical to providing local solutions for national climate targets. By using index decomposition analysis, we explore the factors contributing to the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Chinese megalopolises from 1985 to 2010. An additional decomposition analysis of the industry sector is performed because of its dominant contribution to the total emissions. The booming economy and expanding urban areas are the major drivers to the increasing CO2 emissions in Chinese megalopolises over the examined period. The significant improvement in energy intensity is the primary factor for reducing CO2 emissions, the declining trend of which, however, has been suspended or reversed since 2000. The decoupling effect of the adjustments in the economic structure only occurred in three megalopolises, namely, the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), the Beijing-Tianjin-Heibei Megalopolis (BTJ), and the Pearl River Delta (PRD). In comparison, the impacts of urban density and carbon intensity are relatively marginal. The further disaggregated decomposition analysis in the industry sector shows that energy intensity improvements were widely achieved in 36 sub-industries in the PRD. The results also indicate the concentrations of energy-intensive industries in the PRD, posing a major challenge to local governments for a low-carbon economy. As economic growth and urbanization continue, reductions in energy intensity and clean energy therefore warrant much more policy attentions due to their crucial roles in reducing carbon emissions and satisfying the energy demand.

ACS Style

Lina Meng; Wina H. J. Crijns-Graus; Ernst Worrell; Bo Huang. Impacts of booming economic growth and urbanization on carbon dioxide emissions in Chinese megalopolises over 1985–2010: an index decomposition analysis. Energy Efficiency 2017, 11, 203 -223.

AMA Style

Lina Meng, Wina H. J. Crijns-Graus, Ernst Worrell, Bo Huang. Impacts of booming economic growth and urbanization on carbon dioxide emissions in Chinese megalopolises over 1985–2010: an index decomposition analysis. Energy Efficiency. 2017; 11 (1):203-223.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lina Meng; Wina H. J. Crijns-Graus; Ernst Worrell; Bo Huang. 2017. "Impacts of booming economic growth and urbanization on carbon dioxide emissions in Chinese megalopolises over 1985–2010: an index decomposition analysis." Energy Efficiency 11, no. 1: 203-223.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2017 in Energy
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ACS Style

O.Y. Edelenbosch; K. Kermeli; Wina Crijns-Graus; E. Worrell; R. Bibas; B. Fais; Shinichiro Fujimori; Page Kyle; F. Sano; D.P. van Vuuren. Comparing projections of industrial energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions in long-term energy models. Energy 2017, 122, 701 -710.

AMA Style

O.Y. Edelenbosch, K. Kermeli, Wina Crijns-Graus, E. Worrell, R. Bibas, B. Fais, Shinichiro Fujimori, Page Kyle, F. Sano, D.P. van Vuuren. Comparing projections of industrial energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions in long-term energy models. Energy. 2017; 122 ():701-710.

Chicago/Turabian Style

O.Y. Edelenbosch; K. Kermeli; Wina Crijns-Graus; E. Worrell; R. Bibas; B. Fais; Shinichiro Fujimori; Page Kyle; F. Sano; D.P. van Vuuren. 2017. "Comparing projections of industrial energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions in long-term energy models." Energy 122, no. : 701-710.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2016 in Applied Energy
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Actions to reduce the combustion of fossil fuels often decrease GHG emissions as well as air pollutants and bring multiple benefits for improvement of energy efficiency, climate change, and air quality associated with human health benefits. The China’s cement industry is the second largest energy consumer and key emitter of CO2 and air pollutants, which accounts for 7% of China’s total energy consumption, 15% of CO2, and 14% of PM2.5, respectively. In this study, a state-of-the art modeling framework is developed that comprises a number of different methods and tools within the same platform (i.e. provincial energy conservation supply curves, the Greenhouse Gases and Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies, ArcGIS, the global chemistry Transport Model, version 5, and Health Impact Assessment) to assess the potential for energy savings and emission mitigation of CO2 and PM2.5, as well as the health impacts of pollution arising from China’s cement industry. The results show significant heterogeneity across provinces in terms of the potential for PM2.5 emission reduction and PM2.5 concentration, as well as health impacts caused by PM2.5. Implementation of selected energy efficiency measures would decrease total PM2.5 emissions by 2% (range: 1–4%) in 2020 and 4% (range: 2–8%) by 2030, compared to the baseline scenario. The reduction potential of provincial annual PM2.5 concentrations range from 0.03% to 2.21% by 2030 respectively, when compared to the baseline scenario. 10,000 premature deaths are avoided by 2020 and 2030 respectively relative to baseline scenario. The provinces of Henan and Hubei account for 43% of total avoided premature deaths, followed by Chongqing (9%) and Shanxi (10%), respectively. If only considering the energy saving benefits, 37% of energy efficiency measures are not cost effective. However, the co-benefits (including energy saving, CO2 reduction, and health benefits) are about two times higher than the costs of energy efficiency measures. Hence, this study clearly demonstrates that simultaneous planning of energy and air quality policies creates a possibility of increasing economic efficiency in both policy areas

ACS Style

Shaohui Zhang; Ernst Worrell; Wina Crijns-Graus; Maarten Krol; Marco de Bruine; Guangpo Geng; Fabian Wagner; Janusz Cofala. Modeling energy efficiency to improve air quality and health effects of China’s cement industry. Applied Energy 2016, 184, 574 -593.

AMA Style

Shaohui Zhang, Ernst Worrell, Wina Crijns-Graus, Maarten Krol, Marco de Bruine, Guangpo Geng, Fabian Wagner, Janusz Cofala. Modeling energy efficiency to improve air quality and health effects of China’s cement industry. Applied Energy. 2016; 184 ():574-593.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shaohui Zhang; Ernst Worrell; Wina Crijns-Graus; Maarten Krol; Marco de Bruine; Guangpo Geng; Fabian Wagner; Janusz Cofala. 2016. "Modeling energy efficiency to improve air quality and health effects of China’s cement industry." Applied Energy 184, no. : 574-593.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2016 in Energy Procedia
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This study explores past growth rates of renewable energy sources (1971-2012) and required future ones in 2 degrees scenarios. Results show that in spite of comparatively high growth of renewable energy in the period 2000-2012, the share of renewable energy in total energy use stayed the same (13%). The overall increase in renewable energy amounted to 2.2%/yr in the period 1971-2012 and 2.6%/yr in the period 2000-2012. In order to be consistent with a 2 degrees pathway the growth rate would need to increase to 3-5%/yr. Especially high growth would be required for wind, solar and geothermal (∼10%/yr). This would lead to a change in the mix of renewable energy used, with a much higher share of variable renewable energy sources. However most notable is the strong difference in the growth of energy use, compared to past trends. Primary energy use needs to consistently decrease by 0.1-0.5%/yr for OECD regions, up to 2050, which would require a breach from past trends. But especially for non-OECD regions the needed change is large. Regional growth rates for energy use in the period 2000-2012 range from 1.5%/yr to 6.1%/yr and should decrease to the range of -0.2%/yr to 0.9%/yr

ACS Style

Wina Crijns-Graus. Renewable Energy: Past Trends and Future Growth in 2 Degrees Scenarios. Energy Procedia 2016, 100, 14 -21.

AMA Style

Wina Crijns-Graus. Renewable Energy: Past Trends and Future Growth in 2 Degrees Scenarios. Energy Procedia. 2016; 100 ():14-21.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wina Crijns-Graus. 2016. "Renewable Energy: Past Trends and Future Growth in 2 Degrees Scenarios." Energy Procedia 100, no. : 14-21.