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Air pollution and climate change are closely interlinked, once both share common emission sources, which mainly arise from fuel combustion and industrial processes. Climate mitigation actions bring co-benefits on air quality and human health. However, specific solutions can provide negative trade-offs for one side. The Portuguese Carbon Neutrality Roadmap was developed to assess conceivable cost-effective pathways to achieve zero net carbon emissions by 2050. Assessing its impacts, on air pollutant emissions, is the main focus of the present work. The bottom-up linear optimization energy system the integrated MARKAL-EFOM system (TIMES) model was selected as a modeling tool for the decarbonization scenarios assessment. The estimation of air pollutant emissions was performed exogenously to the TIMES model. Results show that reaching net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is possible, and technologically feasible, in Portugal, by 2050. The crucial and most cost-effective vector for decarbonizing the national economy is the end-use energy consumption electrification, renewable based, across all end-use sectors. Decarbonization efforts were found to have strong co-benefits for reducing air pollutant emissions in Portugal. Transport and power generation are the sectors with the greatest potential to reduce GHG emissions, providing likewise the most significant reductions of air pollutant emissions. Despite the overall positive effects, there are antagonistic effects, such as the use of biomass, mainly in industry and residential sectors, which translates into increases in particulate matter emissions. This is relevant for medium term projections, since results show that, by 2030, PM2.5 emissions are unlikely to meet the emission reduction commitments set at the European level, if no additional control measures are considered.
Joana Monjardino; Luís Dias; Patrícia Fortes; Hugo Tente; Francisco Ferreira; Júlia Seixas. Carbon Neutrality Pathways Effects on Air Pollutant Emissions: The Portuguese Case. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 324 .
AMA StyleJoana Monjardino, Luís Dias, Patrícia Fortes, Hugo Tente, Francisco Ferreira, Júlia Seixas. Carbon Neutrality Pathways Effects on Air Pollutant Emissions: The Portuguese Case. Atmosphere. 2021; 12 (3):324.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoana Monjardino; Luís Dias; Patrícia Fortes; Hugo Tente; Francisco Ferreira; Júlia Seixas. 2021. "Carbon Neutrality Pathways Effects on Air Pollutant Emissions: The Portuguese Case." Atmosphere 12, no. 3: 324.
Statistical methods such as multiple linear regression (MLR) and classification and regression tree (CART) analysis were used to build prediction models for the levels of pollutant concentrations in Macao using meteorological and air quality historical data to three periods: (i) from 2013 to 2016, (ii) from 2015 to 2018, and (iii) from 2013 to 2018. The variables retained by the models were identical for nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter (PM10), PM2.5, but not for ozone (O3) Air pollution data from 2019 was used for validation purposes. The model for the 2013 to 2018 period was the one that performed best in prediction of the next-day concentrations levels in 2019, with high coefficient of determination (R2), between predicted and observed daily average concentrations (between 0.78 and 0.89 for all pollutants), and low root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and biases (BIAS). To understand if the prediction model was robust to extreme variations in pollutants concentration, a test was performed under the circumstances of a high pollution episode for PM2.5 and O3 during 2019, and the low pollution episode during the period of implementation of the preventive measures for COVID-19 pandemic. Regarding the high pollution episode, the period of the Chinese National Holiday of 2019 was selected, in which high concentration levels were identified for PM2.5 and O3, with peaks of daily concentration exceeding 55 μg/m3 and 400 μg/m3, respectively. The 2013 to 2018 model successfully predicted this high pollution episode with high coefficients of determination (of 0.92 for PM2.5 and 0.82 for O3). The low pollution episode for PM2.5 and O3 was identified during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic period, with a low record of daily concentration for PM2.5 levels at 2 μg/m3 and O3 levels at 50 μg/m3, respectively. The 2013 to 2018 model successfully predicted the low pollution episode for PM2.5 and O3 with a high coefficient of determination (0.86 and 0.84, respectively). Overall, the results demonstrate that the statistical forecast model is robust and able to correctly reproduce extreme air pollution events of both high and low concentration levels.
Man Tat Lei; Joana Monjardino; Luisa Mendes; David Gonçalves; Francisco Ferreira. Statistical Forecast of Pollution Episodes in Macao during National Holiday and COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 5124 .
AMA StyleMan Tat Lei, Joana Monjardino, Luisa Mendes, David Gonçalves, Francisco Ferreira. Statistical Forecast of Pollution Episodes in Macao during National Holiday and COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (14):5124.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMan Tat Lei; Joana Monjardino; Luisa Mendes; David Gonçalves; Francisco Ferreira. 2020. "Statistical Forecast of Pollution Episodes in Macao during National Holiday and COVID-19." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14: 5124.
The levels of air pollution in Macao often exceeded the levels recommended by WHO. In order for the population to take precautionary measures and avoid further health risks under high pollutant exposure, it is important to develop a reliable air quality forecast. Statistical models based on multiple regression (MR) analysis were developed successfully for Macao to predict the next day concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, and NO2. All the developed models were statistically significantly valid with a 95% confidence level with high coefficients of determination (from 0.89 to 0.92) for all pollutants. The models utilized meteorological and air quality variables based on five years of historical data, from 2013 to 2017. The data from 2013 to 2016 were used to develop the statistical models and data from 2017 were used for validation purposes. A wide range of meteorological and air quality variables were identified, and only some were selected as significant dependent variables. Meteorological variables were selected from an extensive list of variables, including geopotential height, relative humidity, atmospheric stability, and air temperature at different vertical levels. Air quality variables translate the resilience of the recent past concentrations of each pollutant and usually are maximum and/or the average of latest 24-hour levels. The models were applied in forecasting the next day average daily concentrations for PM10, PM2.5, and NO2 for the air quality monitoring stations. The results are expected to be an operational air quality forecast for Macao.
M Lei; Joana Monjardino; Luísa Mendes; D Gonçalves; Francisco Ferreira. Statistical Forecast Applied to Two Macao Air Monitoring Stations. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2020, 489, 1 .
AMA StyleM Lei, Joana Monjardino, Luísa Mendes, D Gonçalves, Francisco Ferreira. Statistical Forecast Applied to Two Macao Air Monitoring Stations. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2020; 489 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM Lei; Joana Monjardino; Luísa Mendes; D Gonçalves; Francisco Ferreira. 2020. "Statistical Forecast Applied to Two Macao Air Monitoring Stations." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 489, no. : 1.
The levels of air pollution in Macao often exceeded the levels recommended by WHO. In order for the population to take precautionary measures and avoid further health risks under high pollutant exposure, it is important to develop a reliable air quality forecast. Statistical models based on linear multiple regression (MR) and classification and regression trees (CART) analysis were developed successfully, for Macao, to predict the next day concentrations of NO2, PM10, PM2.5, and O3. All the developed models were statistically significantly valid with a 95% confidence level with high coefficients of determination (from 0.78 to 0.93) for all pollutants. The models utilized meteorological and air quality variables based on 5 years of historical data, from 2013 to 2017. Data from 2013 to 2016 were used to develop the statistical models and data from 2017 was used for validation purposes. A wide range of meteorological and air quality variables was identified, and only some were selected as significant independent variables. Meteorological variables were selected from an extensive list of variables, including geopotential height, relative humidity, atmospheric stability, and air temperature at different vertical levels. Air quality variables translate the resilience of the recent past concentrations of each pollutant and usually are maximum and/or the average of latest 24-h levels. The models were applied in forecasting the next day average daily concentrations for NO2 and PM and maximum hourly O3 levels for five air quality monitoring stations. The results are expected to be an operational air quality forecast for Macao.
Man Tat Lei; Joana Monjardino; Luisa Mendes; David Gonçalves; Francisco Ferreira. Macao air quality forecast using statistical methods. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 2019, 12, 1049 -1057.
AMA StyleMan Tat Lei, Joana Monjardino, Luisa Mendes, David Gonçalves, Francisco Ferreira. Macao air quality forecast using statistical methods. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health. 2019; 12 (9):1049-1057.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMan Tat Lei; Joana Monjardino; Luisa Mendes; David Gonçalves; Francisco Ferreira. 2019. "Macao air quality forecast using statistical methods." Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 12, no. 9: 1049-1057.
Man Tat Lei; Joana Monjardino; Luísa Mendes; Francisco Ferreira. Macao air quality forecast using statistical methods. International Journal of Environmental Impacts: Management, Mitigation and Recovery 2019, 2, 1 .
AMA StyleMan Tat Lei, Joana Monjardino, Luísa Mendes, Francisco Ferreira. Macao air quality forecast using statistical methods. International Journal of Environmental Impacts: Management, Mitigation and Recovery. 2019; 2 (3):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMan Tat Lei; Joana Monjardino; Luísa Mendes; Francisco Ferreira. 2019. "Macao air quality forecast using statistical methods." International Journal of Environmental Impacts: Management, Mitigation and Recovery 2, no. 3: 1.
Airports have been identified as a significant source of ultrafine particulate matter (UFP, particulate matter with diameter less than 0.1 μm), which may induce or aggravate pulmonary or cardio-respiratory health conditions, if prolonged exposure to high concentrations of UFP occur. Thus, assessing its impacts is vital to estimate UFP contribution to air quality degradation within the city and the degree of population exposure. However, there is lack of information regarding UFP concentrations in the vicinity of airports. This work aims to study the influence of air traffic and ground activities of Lisbon Airport (LA), in the surrounding urban area, focusing on the UFP concentrations. An UFP monitoring campaign was carried out in 2017 and 2018, for a 19 non-consecutive days period. The monitoring network was designed to include several sampling sites in the vicinity of LA and a set of sites further away of the LA, under the landing or take-off path. Based on the information collected, correlation analysis between air traffic activity and UFP concentrations was conducted. The results show the occurrence of high UFP concentrations in LA vicinity. Considering 10-min means, the particle counting increased 18–26-fold at locations near the airport, downwind, and 4-fold at locations up to 1 km distance to LA. Adverse orographic conditions leads to UFP punctual and average high concentrations. Results show that particle number increases with the number of flights and decreases with the distance to LA.
Margarida Lopes; Ana Russo; Joana Monjardino; Célia Gouveia; Francisco Ferreira. Monitoring of ultrafine particles in the surrounding urban area of a civilian airport. Atmospheric Pollution Research 2019, 10, 1454 -1463.
AMA StyleMargarida Lopes, Ana Russo, Joana Monjardino, Célia Gouveia, Francisco Ferreira. Monitoring of ultrafine particles in the surrounding urban area of a civilian airport. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2019; 10 (5):1454-1463.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMargarida Lopes; Ana Russo; Joana Monjardino; Célia Gouveia; Francisco Ferreira. 2019. "Monitoring of ultrafine particles in the surrounding urban area of a civilian airport." Atmospheric Pollution Research 10, no. 5: 1454-1463.
Joana Monjardino; Nelson Barros; Francisco Ferreira; H. Tente; Tânia Fontes; P. Pereira; Maria Da Conceição Manso. Improving Air Quality in Lisbon: modelling emission abatement scenarios. IFAC-PapersOnLine 2018, 51, 61 -66.
AMA StyleJoana Monjardino, Nelson Barros, Francisco Ferreira, H. Tente, Tânia Fontes, P. Pereira, Maria Da Conceição Manso. Improving Air Quality in Lisbon: modelling emission abatement scenarios. IFAC-PapersOnLine. 2018; 51 (5):61-66.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoana Monjardino; Nelson Barros; Francisco Ferreira; H. Tente; Tânia Fontes; P. Pereira; Maria Da Conceição Manso. 2018. "Improving Air Quality in Lisbon: modelling emission abatement scenarios." IFAC-PapersOnLine 51, no. 5: 61-66.
Air pollution levels within Lisbon city limits have been exceeding the limit values established in European Union and national legislation since 2001, with the most problematic cases related to the levels of fine particles (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), mainly originated by road traffic. With the objective of answering this public health issue, an Air Quality Action Plan was developed in 2006 and the respective Enforcement Plan was published in 2009. From the overall strategy, one of the major measures presented in this strategy was the creation of a Low Emission Zone (LEZ) in Lisbon, which has been operating since July 2011. Implemented at different stages it has progressively expanded its area, including more vehicle types and adopting more stringent requirements in terms of minimum emission standards (currently LEZ phase 2 with EURO 2 in the city center – zone 1 and EURO 1 in the rest of the LEZ area – zone 2). At the same time the road axis comprised of Marquês de Pombal square and Avenida da Liberdade was subjected to profound changes in its traffic circulation model, reducing road traffic volumes. The analysis of the air quality data before and after the LEZ phase 2 has shown positive evolution when comparing the period between 2011 (before measures) and 2013 (after measures). In 2013, there was a reduction in PM10 annual average concentration of 23 % and NO2 annual average concentrations of 12 %, compared with the year 2011. Although PM10 reductions were more significant inside the LEZ area, the same was not valid for NO2, suggesting that the implementation of these measures was not as effective in reducing NO2 levels as shown by results in other cities like Berlin and London. The results from road traffic characterization indicate a relevant effect on fleet renewal with an overall decrease in the relative weight of pre-EURO 2 vehicles in 2012/2013, compared with data from 2011. An important increase in the share of EURO 4 and EURO 5 vehicles was also observed. Our conclusions show that the level of ambition is relevant for the observed effects. Therefore, stricter restriction standards should be enforced in the future stages of the Lisbon LEZ in conjunction with a higher effort and investment on LEZ enforcement.
Francisco Ferreira; P. Gomes; H. Tente; A.C. Carvalho; P. Pereira; J. Monjardino. Air quality improvements following implementation of Lisbon's Low Emission Zone. Atmospheric Environment 2015, 122, 373 -381.
AMA StyleFrancisco Ferreira, P. Gomes, H. Tente, A.C. Carvalho, P. Pereira, J. Monjardino. Air quality improvements following implementation of Lisbon's Low Emission Zone. Atmospheric Environment. 2015; 122 ():373-381.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancisco Ferreira; P. Gomes; H. Tente; A.C. Carvalho; P. Pereira; J. Monjardino. 2015. "Air quality improvements following implementation of Lisbon's Low Emission Zone." Atmospheric Environment 122, no. : 373-381.
The city of Lisbon, like many others in the EU region, introduced a Low Emission Zone (LEZ) as a tool for improving air quality in its city centre. This kind of emission reduction schemes is always controversial since it might lead to significant changes in the daily behaviours of its inhabitants. In order to evaluate the effects of the measure, an estimation of the impact of the introduction of the Lisbon LEZ was performed. Real traffic counting and fleet characterization combined with CORINAR-based emission inventory methodology allowed to estimate the impacts of three different scenarios applied to the “business as usual” condition (current vehicle fleet) ranging from “no circulation from non- compliant vehicles” to an “aggressive fleet renewal”. Results highlight the high percentage of atmospheric emissions of PM10 and NOx that might result from certain fleets like taxis and buses, especially because there was an emphasis in standardized/normalized estimations (emissions per 1000 vehicles) in order to allow different strategic approaches. The total reduction of PM10 emissions associated to each scenario vary between 6 ton.year-1 (scenario 2) and 8 ton.year-1 (scenario 1), or 25% and 34% less emissions. In terms of NOxemission reductions vary between 6 ton.year-1 (scenario 2) and 57 ton.year-1 (scenario 1), or 1% and 7% less emissions. The Lisbon LEZ is therefore much more efficient in reducing PM10 emissions compared to NOx. Major reduction in PM10 and NOx emissions are to be expected with a moderate intervention in the (relatively old) taxi fleet in Lisbon while for passenger cars the impact is limited. However in absolute terms and due to its urban mileage passenger cars should also continue being included in Lisbon LEZ. Simultaneously, an effort in the increase of dedicated lanes for public transport should be made, for further reductions in PM10 and NOx emissions.
Francisco Ferreira; Pedro Gomes; Ana Cristina Carvalho; Hugo Tente; Joana Monjardino; Helena Brás; Paulo Pereira. Evaluation of the Implementation of a Low Emission Zone in Lisbon. Journal of Environmental Protection 2012, 03, 1188 -1205.
AMA StyleFrancisco Ferreira, Pedro Gomes, Ana Cristina Carvalho, Hugo Tente, Joana Monjardino, Helena Brás, Paulo Pereira. Evaluation of the Implementation of a Low Emission Zone in Lisbon. Journal of Environmental Protection. 2012; 03 (09):1188-1205.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancisco Ferreira; Pedro Gomes; Ana Cristina Carvalho; Hugo Tente; Joana Monjardino; Helena Brás; Paulo Pereira. 2012. "Evaluation of the Implementation of a Low Emission Zone in Lisbon." Journal of Environmental Protection 03, no. 09: 1188-1205.
According to the Council Decision 97/101/EC on Exchange of Information, stations should be classified in relation to the type of area where they are located and according to the type of dominant emission sources influencing the air pollutant concentrations at the station. A detailed methodology was developed for the validation of the classification of Portuguese air quality monitoring stations, through objective criteria to assure a harmonised interpretation of the definitions, from region to region. In relation to the criteria for area types, best results were found for the population density within a 1 km radius in the surroundings of each station. In relation to dominant emission sources, recommended criteria are pointed out based upon several pollutants concentrations.
Joana Monjardino; Francisco Ferreira; Sandra Mesquita; Ana Teresa Perez; Dilia Jardim. Air quality monitoring: establishing criteria for station classification. International Journal of Environment and Pollution 2009, 39, 321 .
AMA StyleJoana Monjardino, Francisco Ferreira, Sandra Mesquita, Ana Teresa Perez, Dilia Jardim. Air quality monitoring: establishing criteria for station classification. International Journal of Environment and Pollution. 2009; 39 (3/4):321.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoana Monjardino; Francisco Ferreira; Sandra Mesquita; Ana Teresa Perez; Dilia Jardim. 2009. "Air quality monitoring: establishing criteria for station classification." International Journal of Environment and Pollution 39, no. 3/4: 321.
Joana Monjardino; S. Mesquita; H. Tente; Francisco Ferreira; P. Gomes; N. Franco. Evaluating ozone spatial distribution in Portugal using passive samplers. Water Pollution VIII: Modelling, Monitoring and Management 2007, 101, 1 .
AMA StyleJoana Monjardino, S. Mesquita, H. Tente, Francisco Ferreira, P. Gomes, N. Franco. Evaluating ozone spatial distribution in Portugal using passive samplers. Water Pollution VIII: Modelling, Monitoring and Management. 2007; 101 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoana Monjardino; S. Mesquita; H. Tente; Francisco Ferreira; P. Gomes; N. Franco. 2007. "Evaluating ozone spatial distribution in Portugal using passive samplers." Water Pollution VIII: Modelling, Monitoring and Management 101, no. : 1.