This paper presents the effect of a composite poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate PEDOT:PSS and copper-doped nickel oxide (Cu:NiO_x) hole transport layer (HTL) on the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Thin films of Cu:NiO_x were spin-coated onto fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrates using a blend of nickel acetate tetrahydrate, 2-methoxyethanol and monoethanolamine (MEA) and copper acetate monohydrate. The prepared solution was stirred at 65 °C for 4 h and spin-coated onto the FTO substrates at 3000 rpm for 30 s in a nitrogen glovebox. The Cu:NiOx/FTO/glass structure was then annealed in air at 400 °C for 30 min. A mixture of PEDOT:PSS and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) (in 1:0.05 wt%) was spun onto the Cu:NiO_x/FTO/glass substrate at 4000 rpm for 60 s. The multilayer structure was annealed at 130 °C for 15 min. Subsequently, the perovskite precursor (0.95 M) of methylammonium iodide (MAI) to lead acetate trihydrate (Pb(OAc)₂·3H₂O) was spin-coated at 4000 rpm for 200 s and thermally annealed at 80 °C for 12 min. The inverted planar perovskite solar cells were then fabricated by the deposition of a photoactive layer (CH3NH3PbI3), [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), and a Ag electrode. The mechanical behavior of the device during the fabrication of the Cu:NiO_x HTL was modeled with finite element simulations using Abaqus/Complete Abaqus Environment CAE. The results show that incorporating Cu:NiO_x into the PSC device improves its density–voltage (J–V) behavior, giving an enhanced photoconversion efficiency (PCE) of ~12.8% from ~9.8% and ~11.5% when PEDOT:PSS-only and Cu:NiO_x-only are fabricated, respectively. The short circuit current density J_sc for the 0.1 M Cu:NiO_x and 0.2 M Cu:NiO_x-based devices increased by 18% and 9%, respectively, due to the increase in the electrical conductivity of the Cu:NiO_x which provides room for more charges to be extracted out of the absorber layer. The increases in the PCEs were due to the copper-doped nickel oxide blend with the PEDOT:PSS which enhanced the exciton density and charge transport efficiency leading to higher electrical conductivity. The results indicate that the devices with the copper-doped nickel oxide hole transport layer (HTL) are slower to degrade compared with the PEDOT:PSS-only-based HTL. The finite element analyses show that the Cu:NiO_x layer would not extensively deform the device, leading to improved stability and enhanced performance. The implications of the results are discussed for the design of low-temperature solution-processed PSCs with copper-doped nickel oxide composite HTLs.

This review discusses the effects of substrates on devices fabricated for optoelectronic applications. It includes the types and characteristics of substrates, synthesis and fabrication of substrates, and the influence of substrates on the optical properties, surface morphology and current-voltage behaviour of optoelectronic devices. The study showed that two main types of substrates: planar and textured are commonly used in the industry. Flexibility, semi-rigidity and rigidity are characteristics of the substrates and they vary in modulus, transparency and texture. Whereas glass and metal substrates can be produced via melt casting, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), etc are produced by crosslinking polymer base materials with curing agents. The mechanical and current-voltage characteristics are also shown for planar and textured substrate-based devices. The textured substrates showed ridges, wrinkles, buckled surface morphology whereas the planar showed uniform and largely flat morphology. Textured substrates also recorded higher optical absorbance and improved device efficiencies compared with planar substrates. The molecular configuration of the polymer chains are edged-on for planar substrates and both edge-on and face-on for textured substrates. The findings and their implications have been discussed to highlight the importance of substrates in the fabrication and performance of optoelectronic devices.

This paper examines the effects of cyclic bending on the deformation and failure of layers that are relevant to flexible organic solar cells (with Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) substrates and Poly-3-hexylthiophene: [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P₃HT:PCBM) active layers). The deformation and cracking mechanisms are elucidated along with the stresses and crack driving forces associated with the bending of flexible organic solar cells. The changes in the optical properties (transmittance) of the individual layers and multilayers are then explored for layers/multilayers deformed to flexural strains and stresses that are computed using finite element models. The implications of the results are then discussed for the design of flexible organic solar cells.

This study explores the potential of copper-doped nickel oxide (Cu:NiO) as a hole transport layer (HTL) in flexible photovoltaic (PV) devices using a combined first-principles and finite element analysis approach. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that Cu doping introduces additional states in the valence band of NiO, leading to enhanced charge transport. Notably, Cu:NiO exhibits a direct band gap (reduced from 3.04 eV in NiO to 1.65 eV in the stable supercell structure), facilitating the efficient hole transfer from the active layer. Furthermore, the Fermi level shifts towards the valence band in Cu:NiO, promoting hole mobility. This translates to an improved photovoltaic performance, with Cu:NiO-based HTLs achieving ~18% and ~9% power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) in perovskite and poly 3-hexylthiophene: 1-3-methoxycarbonyl propyl-1-phenyl 6,6 C 61 butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) polymer solar cells, respectively. Finally, a finite element analysis demonstrates the potential of these composite HTLs with Poly 3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene)—polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) in flexible electronics design and the optimization of printing processes. Overall, this work highlights Cu:NiO as a promising candidate for high-performance and flexible organic–inorganic photovoltaic cells.