Energy is a major component in enhancing agricultural productivity for the rapidly growing world population. From that fact, a comprehensive analysis of energy inputs and outputs is required to conserve energy for future generations without threatening the food supply. Therefore, this study was performed in wheat production across important cropping zones of Punjab, Pakistan. In this study, the energy use pattern of wheat production was analyzed, and the degrees of technical efficiency of Decision Making Units (DMUs) were examined using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Based on the results of the DEA analysis, the inefficient energy inputs were identified and further explored with the core objective of a significant reduction of excess valuable resources. Data were collected from conducting a face-to-face questionnaire of 200 farmers. The farms for sample were chosen randomly by a stratified normal approach. The results disclosed that the input energy of 34,430.98 MJ ha⁻¹ was used up for wheat production with an output energy of 48,267.05 MJ ha⁻¹. Energy use efficiency, specific energy, energy productivity, and net energy gain in wheat production were calculated as 1.4 MJ kg⁻¹, 9.27 MJ kg⁻¹, 0.10 MJ kg⁻¹ and 13,836.07 MJ kg⁻¹, respectively. The average technical, pure technical, and scale efficiency of DMUs were 0.668, 0.776, and 0.828, respectively, and 0.74% of consulted DMUs were functioning at decreasing returns to scale. Additionally, the significant energy consumption belongs to fertilizer, and diesel fuel, which contribute 65% of the total energy input. If these inputs are applied and managed in line with ours optimize value (29,388.5 MJ ha⁻¹) could save 14.65% resources, which will eventually add the equal quantity in wheat-yield. The total Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions were calculated to be 866.43 kg CO₂-eq ha⁻¹. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that there is sensible capacity for enhancing the energy efficiency of wheat production in Pakistan by accompanying the recommendations for economical energy management, sustainable and efficient use of energy is extremely encouraged.

Agricultural policies should be aimed at enhancing production per unit area and help to reduce the cultivated area. To that end, it is critical to conserve soil fertility, promote ecological agriculture, employ climate change adaptation technology, significantly enhance irrigated agriculture, and decrease agricultural production risks. Sustainable agricultural production requires optimized land usage, increased energy efficiency, reduced use of fossil fuels, and minimized environmental consequences. Energy has been used in agriculture in a dramatically increased manner, and the agri-food chain now accounts for 30% of the total global energy use. Energy analysis quantifies the amount of energy used in agricultural production, so it may be used to optimize energy consumption and boost energy efficiency, further propelling the sustainable development of agriculture. Recently, the Mongolian government has expressed concerns about how to realize food sustainability and self-sufficiency in wheat production and agriculture, while also maintaining environmental sustainability. However, there is a substantial study gap between agriculture and energy analysis in Mongolia. This study investigated energy consumption and the effects of energy inputs and energy types on the agricultural production of Mongolia from 2005 to 2018. The output was calculated based on the annual wheat equivalent for the 14 major provinces as a whole. The output level is given as a function of human labor, machinery, electricity, diesel fuel, fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation water, and seed energy, and the yield and different energy inputs are determined using the ordinary least squares of the Cobb–Douglas function. Total energy input grew from 2359.50 MJ ha⁻¹ in 2005 to 3047.61 MJ ha⁻¹ in 2018, while total output energy increased from 2312.08 MJ ha⁻¹ to 4562.56 MJ ha⁻¹. During this period, the energy use efficiency (input–output ratio), energy productivity, and net energy of wheat production were studied. The fertilizer inputs were statistically significant. The contribution of nitrogen, diesel, and irrigation water towards the production level was 3.52, 3.09, and 2.33, respectively. As a result, the data indicated that non-renewable, direct, and indirect energy sources all had a positive impact on the output level. Furthermore, non-renewable energy in Mongolian agriculture has been used in a significantly increased manner.

Grasslands ecosystem provides a habitat for a variety of life forms, but the ecosystem continues to deteriorate year by year due to climate change and human activities. The main dominant plant communities in any ecosystem are formed by influencing the characteristics of the species that make up the community, such as the cover, abundance, density, and height, as a result of changes due to abiotic and biotic factors. Therefore, we need to study how parameters such as the cover and number of individuals of the main dominant species respond to the effects of weather and livestock grazing in order to find out the reasons for the degradation of the plant community in that ecosystem. We conducted this study at 45°44´10.1˝ N latitude, 108°43’14.8˝ east longitude, near Bor-Ovoonii Shand in Ikh Nart Natural Reserve, Dalanjargalan Sum, Dornogovi Province, at an altitude of 1246 m above sea level. It was carried out in the research area of long-term vegetation monitoring of the Stipa gobica-Allium polyrhizum-Artemisia frigida community in the desert steppe. The average air temperature for 2010–2023 was 3.3°C; the lowest value was 0.9°C in 2020, and the highest was 5.4°C in 2019. In terms of precipitation, the average for 2010–2023 was 133.8 mm, with a minimum of 48.7 mm in 2014 and a maximum of 228.5 mm in 2018. In the study, the total number and number of breeding individuals of Allium polyrhizum, an edificator of degraded fields, were determined in grazed and non-grazed. Correlations between the number of individuals and weather parameters in non-grazed field, and the number of domestic animals in the area in grazed field were determined using pearson correlation analysis. As a result, in the non-grazed field total number of plants have a negative relationship with the average annual air temperature and a positive relationship with the total annual precipitation. On the other hand, the total number of plants in grazed field were positively related to the livestock number. Цөлөрхөг хээрийн эдификатор Таана (Allium polyrhizum Turcz.)-ийн бодгалийн тоонд цаг агаар болон мал бэлчээрлэлтийн үзүүлэх нөлөө Хураангуй. Хээрийн экосистем нь төрөл бүрийн амьдралын хэлбэрүүдийн амьдрах орчныг бүрдүүлдэг ч тухайн экосистем нь уур амьсгалын өөрчлөлт, хүний үйл ажиллагааны улмаас жилээс жилд доройтсоор байна. Ямар ч экосистем дэх гол зонхилогч ургамал бүлгэмдлүүд нь абиотик болон биотик хүчин зүйлсийн нөлөөгөөр өөрчлөгдөж байгаагын цаана тухайн бүлгэмдлийг үүсгэгч зүйлүүдийн тусгагийн бүрхэц, арви, нягтшил, өндөр зэрэг үзүүлэлтүүдэд нөлөөлснөөр үүсэж байдаг. Иймд бид тухайн экосистемийн ургамал бүлгэмдэл доройтож байгаагын шалтгааныг илрүүлэхийн тулд гол зонхилогч зүйлүүдийн бүрхэц, бодгалийн тоо зэрэг үзүүлэлтүүд нь цаг агаар болон мал бэлчээрлэлтийн нөлөөлөлд хэрхэн хариу үзүүлж байгааг судлах шаардлагатай. Бид энэхүү судалгаагаар Цөлөрхөг хээрийн Агь-таана-говийн хялганат бүлгэмдлийн гол зонхилогчдын нэг Allium polyrhizum Turcz. буюу Таана ургамлын бодгалийн тоонд цаг агаар болон мал бэлчээрлэлт хэрхэн нөлөөлж байгааг илрүүлэхийг зорилоо. Таана нь тухайн хээрийн экосистемийн эдификатор зүйл буюу цаг агаарын өөрчлөгдөлд хамгийн мэдрэг индикатор зүйл юм. Тус судалгааг Дорноговь аймгийн Даланжаргалан сумын Их Нартын Байгалийн нөөц газар дах Бор-Овооны шанд орчим хойт өргөргийн ХӨ 45°44´10.1˝, зүүн уртрагийн ЗУ 108°43’14.8˝ солбицолд, д.т.д 1246 м-ийн өндөрт байрладаг цөлөрхөг хээрийн Агь-таана-говийн хялганат бүлгэмдлийн урт хугацааны ургамалжлын мониторингийн судалгааны талбайд хийж гүйцэтгэлээ. 2010-2023 оны агаарын дундаж температур нь 3.3°C, хамгийн бага утга 2020 онд 0.9°C, хамгийн өндөр нь 2019 онд 5.4°C байв. Хур тунадасны хувьд 2010-2023 онд дунджаар 133.8 мм ба 2014 онд хамгийн бага 48.7 мм, 2018 онд хамгийн өндөр 228.5 мм байв. Судалгаанд цөлөрхөг хээрийн эдификатор Allium polyrhizum-ийн нийт болон үржлийн бодгалийн тооны хөдлөлзүйг мал бэлчээрлэлттэй болон бэлчээрлэлтгүй талбайд гаргасан. Харин мал бэлчээрлэлтгүй талбайн бодгалийн тоо, цаг агаарын үзүүлэлтүүдийн харилцан хамаарлыг, мал бэлчээрлэлттэй талбайн малын тооны харилцан хамаарлыг персоны хамаарлын анализ ашиглан гаргалаа. Бодгалийн тоо цаг агаар үзүүлэлтүүдийн харилцан хамаарлыг шалгасан үр дүнд...

Interspecific differences in cone and seed morphology between three Larch species, Larix sibirica, Larix gmelinii, and Larix czekanowskii, in the Khentii Mountains of Mongolia are investigated in this study over six years (2016–2021). We collected 1620 cone samples and related seed from nine study areas. Measurements and statistical analyses were performed on morphometric characteristics, such as cone length, width, scale number, seed size, wing morphology, and germination potential. The findings revealed that all attributes under investigation exhibited substantial interspecific differences (p < 0.001). L. sibirica demonstrated the highest germination rates and the largest cone and seed diameters, indicating its robust capacity for regeneration. L.gmelinii showed the tiniest and most homogeneous cones and seeds, suggesting genetic stability and adaptation to cold, dry conditions. The natural hybrid Larix czekanowskii exhibited variable and intermediate features, indicating that it could be utilized for seed selection and afforestation in a changing climate. The morphological distinction at the species level was further confirmed by cluster analysis. With ramifications for seed zone delineation, forest regeneration planning, and conservation strategies in Mongolia’s boreal forest ecosystems, these findings offer crucial insights into the ecological flexibility and genetic diversity of Larch species.

Pinus sibirica is spread over 612.7 thousand hectares or 5.2 percent of the 13.8 million hectares of forest areas in the northern part of Mongolia between 68˚30`and 46˚30` north latitude.The forest with Cedar is important effective for surface water runoff, and protects soil from erosion, increases river flow, improves climate, absorbs carbon through plant photosynthesis, creates a habitat for animals, plants, and microorganisms, and maintains permafrost, emits phytoncides and cleans the air.In our research, 12 sample plots of Cedar forests of Khangai and Khentii mountains were established and 6 parameters of general characteristics of cones and seeds were compared. Therefore, the indicator of the Cedar cone in the Khangai mountains are higher than in the Khentii mountains. Conversely, the number of seeds and scales in one cone of Khentii mountains are higher than the Khangai mountains.1000 seed weight and number of scales in Cedar cones are inversely related to geographic location, and the width of the cones is positively and directly related to the fact that could be that the altitude of Khentii mountains is 1400-1700m from above sea level, and the Cedar of the Khangai mountains grows at an average height if 2000m from above sea level. Хангай, Хэнтийн нурууны Сибирь хушны боргоцой болон үрийн зарим үзүүлэлтүүдийн ялгаа Хураангуй. Сибирь хуш нь Монгол орны хойт өргөргийн 68°30’ -аас 46°30’-ын хооронд умард хэсгийн ой бүхий талбай 13.8 сая га байгаагийн 5.2 хувь буюу 612.7 мянган га талбайд тархан ургадаг. Хушин ой нь хөрсний гадаргын усны урсацыг шингээж, хөрсийг элэгдэл эвдрэлээс хамгаалах, гол мөрний усны урсацыг нэмэгдүүлэх, уур амьсгалыг зөөлрүүлэх, ургамлын фотосинтезээр нүүрстөрөгчийг нөөцлөх, амьтан, ургамал, бичил биетний амьдрах орчныг бүрдүүлэх, мөнх цэвдгийг тогтоон барих, фитонцид ялгаруулж, агаар цэвэршүүлэх зэрэг экологид чухал үүрэг гүйцэтгэдэг. Бидний судалгаагаар Хангай, Хэнтийн нурууны хушны ой бүхий 12 дээж талбай байгуулан боргоцой болон үрийн ерөнхий шинж бүхий 6 үзүүлэлтийг харьцуулан үзэхэд Хангайн нурууны хушны боргоцойн үзүүлэлтүүд Хэнтийн нуруунаас өндөр байна. Харин Хэнтийн нурууны хушны нэг боргоцойн дахь үрийн тоо болон хайрсны тоо нь Хангайн нурууны дээжнээс өндөр байна. Хушны боргоцойн 1000 үрийн жин болон хайрсны тоо нь газарзүйн байршлаас урвуу сул хамааралтай, боргоцойн өргөн нь эерэг шууд хамааралтай байгаа нь Хэнтийн нурууны д.т.д өндөршил нь 1400-1700 м бол, Хангайн нурууны хуш нь дунджаар 2000 м өндөрт тархан ургаж байгаатай холбоотой байж болох юм. Түлхүүр үгс: Сибирь хуш, Хангай, Хэнтийн нуруу, боргоцойн урт, өргөн, 1000 үрийн жин