The rise of interconnected devices through wireless networks provides two sides consequences. On one side, it helps many human tasks; on the other hand, the prone wireless medium opens the vulnerable system to be exploited by adversaries. An Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is one method to inspect the network traffic by leveraging state-of-the-art anomaly detection techniques. Deep learning models have been utilized to distinguish the benign and malicious traffic. However, projecting the tabular data into images before the image classification has been the main challenge of leveraging deep learning for IDS purposes. We propose the novel projection of tabular data into 2-coded color mapping for IDS purposes. The proposed method employs a feature selection method to ensure optimal dimensionality. We examined the different number of attribute subsets to obtain the relationship between the attributes. Furthermore, it takes advantage of the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model to classify the Wi-Fi attacks. We evaluate the proposed model using the most common Wi-Fi attacks dataset, Aegean Wi-Fi Intrusion Dataset (AWID2). The proposed method achieved an F1 score of 99.73% and a false positive rate of 0.24%. This study highlights the importance of addressing the mapping procedures from tabular data into grid-based data before deep learning training and validates the effectiveness of CNN to detect multiple types of wireless network attacks.

This study assesses the impacts of urban configurations on thermal perceptions in Flat Bandar Tasik Selatan (FBTS) and Surya Magna (SM) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It aims to understand the impacts of urban configurations on thermal perceptions in outdoor spaces. The study addresses the following research questions: (1) Do urban configurations influence outdoor comfort? (2) Do urban configurations also have significant impacts on thermal perceptions? We mapped out the sites to understand their configurations. The research considered on-site measurements of the environmental conditions and carried out modelling and simulations (ENVI-met V3.1) of the sites. Mathematical models (Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT), Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), and Standard Effective Temperature (SET)) were used to determine the thermal indices and the impact of the urban configurations on outdoor comfort. The thermal indices varied from 25.44 to 34.75 °C. In terms of the main contribution of this work, the results show that in hot and humid climate regions, urban configurations plus other design variables (e.g., orientation towards the Sun’s path) and environmental parameters influence occupants’ comfort and perceptions. Our findings show that high solar radiation and the need for a better thermal environment in hot and humid climates are the contributing factors for developing alternative urban configurations.

The increase of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) is a continuing phenomenon in dense cities. Technically, the building of heat gain generated from modified solar radiation in tropical urban spaces requires the scientific solution. The investigation on the behavior of urban microclimate, especially solar radiation in the urban canyon, was comprehensively investigated by early urban energy studies. However, the solar radiation trapping effect as the behavior of solar radiation in different type of urban configurations is still unclear. This study, therefore, aims to investigate the impact of urban configurations on the solar radiation performance in Kuala Lumpur tropical context. By using ENVI-met V3.1, this study simulates four urban configurations situated in two scenarios of canyon directions; East-West and South-North. The results recorded that the short wave and long wave solar radiation varies in a different type of urban configurations. It concludes that besides the Sky View Factor (SVF) and Height to Width (H/W) aspect ratio, the direction of urban canyon towards the exposure of the source of solar radiation significantly influences the solar radiation trapping effect. This finding will be a significant reference to strategies for the urban configuration to improve the microclimate in the urban spaces and mitigating climate change.